The document discusses in-house composting of poultry flocks infected with avian influenza. It describes how in-house composting was tested and validated in 2003 as an effective method for disposing of large numbers of bird carcasses. This method was then used successfully during an avian influenza outbreak in Delaware in 2004, containing the virus to only three farms. In-house composting generates high temperatures that effectively inactivate the virus while avoiding further disease spread that can occur from transporting infected carcasses. The method has been adopted as a preferred disposal option by the poultry industry due to being practical, cost-effective, and environmentally safe.
Interepidemic Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Garissa, KenyaMark Nanyingi
Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is caused by phlebovirus and transmitted primarily by aedes mosquitoes. RVF outbreaks have led to significant effects to human and animal health in the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula. The economic impact of 1997-98, 2000 and 2006-2007 outbreaks due to massive livestock abortions, deaths, acute human illness and deaths was estimated at over $ 500 million. We hypothesize there is consistent virus circulation in RVF endemic areas of Northern Kenya and RVF epidemics have potential associations with environmental and climatic parameters. The objective of this study was to detect circulation of RVFV in goats, sheep and cattle in Garissa County, Kenya during the inter-epidemic period (IEP).
Methodology: We performed a cross-sectional surveillance of ruminants in RVF high risk areas of Garissa County, Kenya. Periodic blood sampling of sheep, goats and cattle was done in March 2012 and July 2013. Serological analysis for total antiRVF antibodies for 370 ruminants was investigated using a multispecies competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Host risk factors for RVFV seropositivity were examined by both univariable analysis and mixed effects logistic regression model. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were estimated using log linear regression model.
Results: The overall seroprevalence for the 370 ruminants was 27.6%. Sheep (n= 87) and cattle (n= 12) had higher prevalence 32.2% (CI [20.6 -31]) and 33.3% (CI [6.7 -60]) respectively than goats (n = 271), 25.8% (CI [22.4 – 42]). Seropostivity in males was 31.8% (CI [22.2-31.8]) higher than 27% (CI [18.1-45.6]) in females. There was an increased likelihood of higher seropositivity in old (OR 18.24, CI [5.26 -116.4]), p < 0.0001) than young animals.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the widespread serological evidence and potential RVFV circulation among domestic ruminants in Garissa district thus indicative of an endemic reservoir of infection. There is need for increased preparedness and response in RVF endemic areas by conducting animal-human syndromic sero-surveillance as part of one health early warning system.
Frequency and Risk-Factors Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Bali-CattleUniversitasGadjahMada
Cattle are known as the main reservoir of zoonotic agents verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. These bacteria are usually isolated from calves with diarrhea and / or mucus and blood. Tolerance of these agents to the environmental conditions will strengthen of their transmission among livestock. A total of 238 cattle fecal samples from four sub-districts in Badung, Bali were used in this study. Epidemiological data observed include cattle age, sex, cattle rearing system, the source of drinking water, weather, altitude, and type of cage floor, the cleanliness of cage floor, the slope of cage floor, and the level of cattle cleanliness. The study was initiated by culturing of samples onto eosin methylene blue agar, then Gram stained, and tested for indole, methyl-red, voges proskauer, and citrate, Potential E.coli isolates were then cultured onto sorbitol MacConkey agar, and further tested using O157 latex agglutination test and H7 antisera. Molecular identification was performed by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and epidemiological data was analyzed using
STATA 12.0 software. The results showed, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle at Badung regency was 6.30% (15/238) covering four sub districts i.e. Petang, Abiansemal, Mengwi, and Kuta which their prevalence was 8.62%(5/58), 10%(6/60), 3.33%(2/60), and 3.33(2/60)%, respectively. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene confirmed of isolates as an E. coli O157:H7 strain with 99% similarities. Furthermore, the risk factors analysis showed that the slope of the cage floor has a highly significant effect (P<0.05) to the distribution of infection. Consequently, implementing this factor must be concerned in order to decrease of infection.
Interepidemic Seroepidemiological Survey of Rift Valley Fever in Garissa, KenyaMark Nanyingi
Background: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that is caused by phlebovirus and transmitted primarily by aedes mosquitoes. RVF outbreaks have led to significant effects to human and animal health in the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula. The economic impact of 1997-98, 2000 and 2006-2007 outbreaks due to massive livestock abortions, deaths, acute human illness and deaths was estimated at over $ 500 million. We hypothesize there is consistent virus circulation in RVF endemic areas of Northern Kenya and RVF epidemics have potential associations with environmental and climatic parameters. The objective of this study was to detect circulation of RVFV in goats, sheep and cattle in Garissa County, Kenya during the inter-epidemic period (IEP).
Methodology: We performed a cross-sectional surveillance of ruminants in RVF high risk areas of Garissa County, Kenya. Periodic blood sampling of sheep, goats and cattle was done in March 2012 and July 2013. Serological analysis for total antiRVF antibodies for 370 ruminants was investigated using a multispecies competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Host risk factors for RVFV seropositivity were examined by both univariable analysis and mixed effects logistic regression model. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for seropositivity were estimated using log linear regression model.
Results: The overall seroprevalence for the 370 ruminants was 27.6%. Sheep (n= 87) and cattle (n= 12) had higher prevalence 32.2% (CI [20.6 -31]) and 33.3% (CI [6.7 -60]) respectively than goats (n = 271), 25.8% (CI [22.4 – 42]). Seropostivity in males was 31.8% (CI [22.2-31.8]) higher than 27% (CI [18.1-45.6]) in females. There was an increased likelihood of higher seropositivity in old (OR 18.24, CI [5.26 -116.4]), p < 0.0001) than young animals.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates the widespread serological evidence and potential RVFV circulation among domestic ruminants in Garissa district thus indicative of an endemic reservoir of infection. There is need for increased preparedness and response in RVF endemic areas by conducting animal-human syndromic sero-surveillance as part of one health early warning system.
Frequency and Risk-Factors Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Bali-CattleUniversitasGadjahMada
Cattle are known as the main reservoir of zoonotic agents verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. These bacteria are usually isolated from calves with diarrhea and / or mucus and blood. Tolerance of these agents to the environmental conditions will strengthen of their transmission among livestock. A total of 238 cattle fecal samples from four sub-districts in Badung, Bali were used in this study. Epidemiological data observed include cattle age, sex, cattle rearing system, the source of drinking water, weather, altitude, and type of cage floor, the cleanliness of cage floor, the slope of cage floor, and the level of cattle cleanliness. The study was initiated by culturing of samples onto eosin methylene blue agar, then Gram stained, and tested for indole, methyl-red, voges proskauer, and citrate, Potential E.coli isolates were then cultured onto sorbitol MacConkey agar, and further tested using O157 latex agglutination test and H7 antisera. Molecular identification was performed by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and epidemiological data was analyzed using
STATA 12.0 software. The results showed, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle at Badung regency was 6.30% (15/238) covering four sub districts i.e. Petang, Abiansemal, Mengwi, and Kuta which their prevalence was 8.62%(5/58), 10%(6/60), 3.33%(2/60), and 3.33(2/60)%, respectively. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene confirmed of isolates as an E. coli O157:H7 strain with 99% similarities. Furthermore, the risk factors analysis showed that the slope of the cage floor has a highly significant effect (P<0.05) to the distribution of infection. Consequently, implementing this factor must be concerned in order to decrease of infection.
Final presentation(image enhancement system)Hammaad Khan
Title: Image Enhancement System.
Our project was in MATLAB simulation..
All the work we have done on images... This was our presentation done on our finel viva in International confrence 2013.. thanks honorable Sir Salman AWKUM.. This man helped us much..
Final presentation(image enhancement system)Hammaad Khan
Title: Image Enhancement System.
Our project was in MATLAB simulation..
All the work we have done on images... This was our presentation done on our finel viva in International confrence 2013.. thanks honorable Sir Salman AWKUM.. This man helped us much..
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or NeutralizationHarm Kiezebrink
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
Transmission dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica, Escheri...ILRI
Poster by Dickson Ndoboli, Irene Mbatidde, Dreck Ayebare, Eddie Wampande, Bernd-Alois Tenhagen, John Emarld Olsen, Kristina Roesel and Arshnee Moodley presented at the Boosting Uganda's Investment in Livestock Development (BUILD) project annual planning meeting, Kampala, Uganda, 20–22 September 2022.
Effective pest management incorporates pest awareness education as part of its strategy to sustain a business food safety and assurance process.
Learn more: http://goo.gl/tMGBHD
GFS Poultry Protect - Green poultry house sanitizer & litter ammendmentGlobal Future Solutions
GFS has been announced as a Global Top 30 company for 2014 in the Global Cleantech Cluster Awards.
Finishing in the Top 3 in our sector, Food & Urban Agriculture, we were nominated for your product for the poultry industry, GFS Poultry Protect
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of thermophilic Campyloba...ILRI
Poster prepared by Seble Hailemariam, Aklilu Feleke, Barbara Szonyi, Reinhard Fries, Maximilian Baumann and Delia Grace presented at the 3rd International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI), Chiang Mai, Thailand, 6-8 August 2015.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Disinfection of Mycotic Species Isolated from Cases of Bovine Mastitis Showin...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Disinfection of Mycotic Species Isolated from Cases of Bovine Mastitis Showing Antifungal Resistance by Elaine Meade in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
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1. Controlling Avian Influenza Through In-House Composting of Depopulated Flocks:
Sharing Delmarva’s Experience
Nathaniel L. Tablante
Extension Poultry Veterinarian
University of Maryland College Park
301-314-6810
nlt@umd.edu
George W. Malone
Extension Poultry Specialist
University of Delaware
302-856-2585
malone@udel.edu
Introduction
The importance of having effective and pre-approved carcass disposal options became
apparent during the 2002 outbreak of Low Pathogenic H7N2 Avian Influenza (AI) in Virginia.
To prepare for a possible AI outbreak on Delmarva, an evaluation and demonstration of in-house
composting of catastrophic poultry mortalities was conducted by the University of Maryland and
the University of Delaware in 2003. The project validated appropriate procedures and showed
that in-house composting was a viable, economical, biosecure, and practical option for disposal
of catastrophic poultry mortalities. When the Delmarva Peninsula experienced an outbreak of
Low Pathogenic H7N2 AI in 2004, in-house composting was chosen by State officials as the
method for containment, virus inactivation, and carcass disposal. This procedure was well
received by the poultry industry, government agencies, and the general public and was largely
credited for limiting the outbreak to three farms. This method is documented in a compact disk
presentation which was incorporated into a National Training Program on Depopulation and
Carcass Disposal Options. Success of these outreach programs has stimulated in-house
composting demonstrations and publications in other regions of the country. In-house
composting is rapidly becoming the preferred method of carcass disposal by most meat-type
poultry operations and USDA-APHIS because of its major advantages.
Can catastrophic poultry mortalities be composted inside a poultry house?
Composting of poultry mortalities is a widely accepted method of carcass disposal.
Various configurations of bin systems have been used for disposal of routine mortalities.
Outside, windrow composting has also been used for disposal of catastrophic events such as
major heat losses. However, economical, biosecure, and acceptable methods for disposal of
catastrophic poultry mortalities due to highly pathogenic diseases are limited. Murphy (1992)
reported success with in-house composting of 86,000, 4½ pound broilers on a four-house
commercial farm. After 10 days in the windrows, the compost material from this agricultural
herbicide contaminated flock was removed, applied to cropland and incorporated as fertilizer.
In-house composting has also been used on a limited scale for avian influenza (AI) broiler and
turkey flocks in Pennsylvania. However, widespread acceptability of this procedure has been
limited due to lack of detailed guidelines and experience. In order to address this deficiency, an
2. evaluation and demonstration of various methods of in-house composting of catastrophic poultry
mortalities was conducted by the University of Maryland and the University of Delaware in 2003
(Tablante 2003). Processing plant dead-on-arrival (DOA) birds were used to simulate a wholehouse depopulation of market age birds with a highly infectious disease. The following
combinations of composting variables were studied; bird size (broiler vs. roaster), carbon source
(litter vs. sawdust) water (added vs. no water), and carcass type (whole vs. shredded). During the
first 18-day primary heat, all treatments achieved temperatures conducive to virus inactivation.
Carcasses for all treatments at 18 (windrows turned) and 63 (study completed) days ranged from
55-97 percent and 95-99 percent degraded, respectively. Any intact carcass portions were fully
“cooked” and often fell apart in the turning process. A “mix and pile” procedure was found to be
very effective and cost an estimated 50-75 percent less than the alternative disposal option, a
sanitary landfill. After observing first hand this in-house composting process, our local poultry
industry and agency personnel were more receptive to this disposal option.
In the winter of 2004, three Delmarva farms were found to be positive for Low
Pathogenic H7N2 avian influenza virus. To minimize potential spread of the virus and to address
environmental concerns, in-house composting was identified as the disposal method of choice.
Details on this procedure and its application during the 2004 AI outbreak on Delmarva are
discussed by Malone et al. (2004). Farm A had two houses with 12,000 dual-purpose birds
ranging from 3 to 26 weeks of age, Farm B had three houses with 74,000 five week old broilers,
and Farm C had four houses with 119,000 six week old broilers. Litter depth on all three farms
averaged 3 to 3½ inches. A single 14 foot wide windrow was formed in each house using a mix
and pile procedure. These 4 to 5 foot high windrows were capped with a minimum of 3 inches
of litter or fresh sawdust to cover any exposed carcasses. Windrows were turned inside the
house, consolidated and capped with additional sawdust at 14 to 19 days. After ~4 to 5 weeks,
the compost was removed, stockpiled on the farm and covered for an additional month.
Although the litter moisture was not ideal for composting, temperatures in these windrows often
exceeded 130oF for most of the process. Carcass degradation at turning and upon removal from
the house has been excellent for the broilers and good with the dual-purpose birds. As an
additional measure to inactivate this heat-sensitive virus, all houses were heated to 100° F for
three consecutive days after forming the windrows and again after turning the piles. All virus
isolation samples from the compost and house environment prior to turning and again before
compost removal from the house were negative for AI virus.
Comprehensive guidelines were developed and used to train poultry company personnel
on in-house composting procedures. All results suggest in-house composting of avian influenza
infected flocks is a biosecure, cost effective, and environmentally acceptable method of disposal
of broiler carcasses in clear-span houses.
Challenges
When AI was confirmed on the first farm (index case) in Delaware in 2004, poultry
industry, state, and federal emergency response personnel realized that they lacked a pre-approved
list of vendors that met our biosecurity guidelines and were willing to get involved with the AI
outbreak. It was difficult to find skid-steer operators, sawdust suppliers, and truckers who had
minimal or no contact with the poultry industry on short notice. Many operators and vendors have
direct daily contact with poultry farms and are concerned with getting involved with AI-infected
3. farms for fear of repercussions on their business. It also became obvious on the index case that we
did not have enough personnel to perform depopulation and carcass disposal tasks. After the
second outbreak on a nearby farm, comprehensive in-house composting guidelines were developed
and used to train a coordinator for each Delmarva poultry complex. This training and additional
support helped distribute the coordination and labor burden for subsequent farm activities. When a
third farm broke with AI a month after the second outbreak, we had already refined and improved
most of the procedures and material needs to accomplish the tasks in a more efficient manner. As
a result of sharing Delmarva’s experiences in a highly successful lecture-type National Training
Program on Mass Depopulation and Disposal Options for Catastrophic Poultry Disease Events,
the poultry industry nationwide is now considering in-house composting as the method of choice
for carcass disposal of meat-type poultry. This training also identified the need for national,
comprehensive hands-on training program on depopulation and in-house composting procedures
which has recently been funded by the USDA. A demonstration on foam depopulation and in
house composting was conducted in Maryland in October 2006 and at least two more
demonstrations are scheduled in other major poultry producing regions in 2007
.
Responding to a catastrophic disease event like Avian Influenza is no easy task. There is
no “textbook recipe” for success and, as we learned, there are some problems but plenty of
opportunities for improved communications, implementation, and coordination in all aspects of the
outbreak response, including depopulation and carcass disposal.
Conclusion
In-house composting of poultry carcasses from depopulated AI-infected flocks was tested and
proved to be a practical, cost-effective, and biosecure method of carcass disposal during the 2004
AI outbreak on the Delmarva Peninsula. Not only was the virus completely inactivated (as proven
by the negative virus isolation test results at the first turning and prior to compost removal), but the
outbreak was contained effectively as evidenced by consistently negative AI surveillance tests
more than a month after the last reported outbreak on March 5, 2004. Unlike the disastrous AI
outbreaks in Virginia in 2002 and British Columbia in 2004 where removal of infected carcasses
from poultry houses may have played some role in the spread of the disease, in-house composting
of AI-infected carcass on Delmarva confined the virus inside the poultry houses and prevented
further spread of the disease. As a result, the Delmarva AI outbreak was limited to only three farms
in a densely populated poultry production area. Other factors that contributed to Delmarva’s
success in controlling the 2004 AI outbreak were team work and preparedness. Despite our lack of
field experience in dealing with an AI outbreak, we did have basic procedural guidelines for in
house composting (from our 2003 study) and were able to apply these procedures during a real
outbreak of AI. In retrospect, AI could have spread like wildfire to adjacent farms had it not been
for in-house composting which was not only effective but was also well-received by the general
public.
Countries or regions where meat-type birds are raised on floor litter may consider in
house composting as a viable alternative to landfill disposal, burial, incineration, or rendering
when an AI outbreak occurs because:
1. the high temperature (135-145oF) generated by the composting process inactivates the
virus;
4. 2. avoiding the transport of infected carcasses to landfills prevents further spread of the
virus;
3. the process averts groundwater pollution associated with burial, prevents air pollution
generated by incineration, and avoids the high costs associated with transport to landfills
and associated tipping fees.
References
Malone, G.W., S. Cloud, R. Alphin, L. Carr, and N. Tablante. 2004. Delmarva in-house composting
experiences. Proceedings 39th National Meeting on Poultry Health and Processing. Ocean City, MD.
Murphy, D. 1992. Massive depopulation and disposal by composting. Proceedings 96th Meeting of
US Animal Health Association.
Tablante, N. 2003. In-house composting of catastrophic poultry mortalities. Proceedings 38th
National Meeting on Poultry Health and Processing. Ocean City, MD.