This document discusses induction of labor, including common indications and contraindications, available methods, and risks. Some key points: - Induction of labor is indicated when benefits of delivery outweigh continuing pregnancy, for maternal or fetal reasons like post-term pregnancy or fetal anomaly. - Methods include mechanical (balloon catheters), chemical (prostaglandins like misoprostol, dinoprostone), and oxytocin. Choice depends on cervical status using the Bishop score. - Risks include failed induction requiring C-section, uterine hyperstimulation, fetal distress. Careful patient selection and monitoring during induction are important.

1. INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Dr. Ei Shwe Syn
JC
CWH

2. Learning Objectives
1) List common indications and contraindications for
induction of labor
2) Describe methods available for labor induction
3) Understand appropriate use of each method of
induction
4) Discuss challenges faced with labor induction

3. What is IOL?
Definition
Artificial stimulation of uterine
contractions before spontaneous onset of
labour with the purpose of accomplishing
successful vaginal delivery

4. Augmentation
Augmentation is the process of stimulation of the uterine
contraction that are already present but found to be
inadequate.

5. Indication
 IOL is indicated when:
 The benefits of delivery to the mother or fetus outweighs
those of continuing the pregnancy.

6. MATERNAL
 Post-term pregnancy
 PROM
 Preeclampsia, eclampsia
 Abruptio placenta
 Chorioamnionitis
 Medical conditions-
DM,Heart ds, Renal
ds,Chr. HT etc
FETAL
 IUFD
 Fetal anomaly
incompatible with life
 Severe IUGR without Fetal
compromise
 Rh isoimmunisation
 Macrosomia
Indications

7. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Any contraindication for normal vaginal delivery:

Severe degree CPD

Major degree placenta praevia

Transverse lie

Previous classical CS,Myomectomy

Previous>= 2 LSCS

Grand multiparity

Active genital herpes

Hypersensitivity to inducing agent

8. 
Failure leading to CS

Uterine hyperstimulation

Fetal distress,death

Rupture uterus

Intrauterine infection,sepsis

Iatrogenic delivery of preterm infant

Precipitate/dysfunctional labour

Inc. risk of operative vaginal delivery

Inc. risk of birth trauma

Inc. risk of PPH
Risks of IOL

9. PREREQUISITES

Establish indication clearly

Informed consent

Conformation of gestational age

Assessment of fetal size & presentation

Pelvic assessment

Cervical assessment (BISHOPs score)

Availability of trained personnel

Place of IOL_ where facility for Fetal monitoring & intervention
is available

10. SCORE 0 1 2 3
DILATATION 0 1-2 3-4 >4
EFFACEMENT 0-30% 40-50% 60-70% >80%
STATION -3 -2 -1/0 +1,+2,+3
CONSISTENCY firm medium soft
POSITION posterior mid anterior
Modified Bishop’s Score
• Unfavorable cervix: Bishops score less than or equal to 6
– Probability of vaginal delivery is lower if labor is induced
• Favorable cervix: Bishops score greater than 8
• In general: Patient’s with an unfavorable cervix will benefit from
initiation with cervical ripening

11. NATURAL
Breast/nipple stimulation
Sexual intercourse
Membrane stripping
Amniotomy
Acupuncture
MECHANICAL
Balloon catheters
Lamineria tents
Synthetic osmotic dilators
CHEMICAL
NONHORMONAL
Herbs,evening primrose oil
Homeopathic prep
Enemas
Castor oil
HORMONAL
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins –
PGE2,Misoprostol
Relaxin
Nitric oxide donors
mifepristone
Methods for Induction

12. Stripping of the Membranes
Stripping of the membranes causes an increase in the
activity of phospholipase and prostaglandin as well as causing
mechanical dilation of the cervix, which releases
prostaglandins.
The membranes are stripped by inserting the examining
finger through the internal cervical os and moving it in a
circular direction to detach the inferior pole of the
membranes from the lower uterine segment.

14. Risks of this technique include:
infection,
bleeding,
accidental rupture of the membranes,
 patient discomfort

15. Increased likelihood of spontaneous labor in 48
hours or delivery within 1 week
Compared to no intervention, reduced frequency of
pregnancy continuing beyond 41 weeks 42 weeks
Reduced frequency for formal induction compared to
no intervention

16. Amniotomy
• Deliberate rupture of the amniotic sac to
induce or expedite labor
• Ensure head is well applied to reduce risk of
prolapse of cord or fetal part

18. Risks associated with this procedure include:
umbilical cord prolapse or compression,
 maternal or neonatal infection,
FHR deceleration,
bleeding from placenta previa or low-lying placenta, and
possible fetal injury.

19. In one RCT, routine early amniotomy in nulliparous labor
induction shortened the time to delivery by > 2 hours and
increased the proportion of deliveries within 24 hours

20. • May place during digital
exam or with speculum
using a ring forceps or
urologic sound
• May leave in place until
extruded or for up to 12
hours
• Goal is to have
intrauterine balloon
distended with saline
and retracted so it rests
against the internal os
Balloon Catheters

22. Misoprostol
• Prostaglandin E1
• Brand name: Cytotec
• FDA approved for treatment and prevention of
gastric ulcers
• Off label use for labor induction in women
without history of cesarean section

24. • Available in 100 mcg and 200 mcg tablets
• Route: oral, sublingual, buccal or vaginal
• Typical use:25mcg vaginally every 3-6 hours

25. Outcomes using vaginal misoprostol
• Compared to no treatment/placebo
– Improved rates of vaginal delivery within 24 hours
• Compared to other prostaglandins
– Decreased risk of failure to achieve vaginal delivery within 24
hours
– Decreased need for oxytocin augmentation
• Compared to balloon catheters
– No statistically significant difference in likelihood of vaginal
delivery within 24 hours
– No statistically significant difference in cesarean delivery rates
• Compared to oxytocin
– Reduced risk of failure to achieve vaginal delivery in 24 hours
– Reduced cesarean delivery rate

26. Dinoprostone
• ProstaglandinE2
• Brand Names:
– Prepidil: Gel, contains 0.5 mg dinoprostone in 2.5
mL of gel
– Cervidil: Vaginal insert, contains 10 mg dinoprostone
in time release formulation (0.3 mg/h)
_ Prostin : Vaginal Tab (3mg)

28. Outcomes using dinoprostone
• Compared to placebo/no treatment
– Reduced likelihood of vaginal delivery not achieved in 24 hours
Reduced rate of continuation of unfavorable cervix after 12-24 hours
– Reduced need for oxytocin augmentation
• Compared to balloon catheters
– Proportion of women who did not achieve vaginal delivery within 24 hours
was not significantly different

29. Risks of Prostaglandins
 Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
 Bronchospasm
 Tachysystole
 Hyperstimulation of Ut
 Fetal distress
 Ruptured uterus

30. Oxytocin
• Synthetic analog of oxytocin
• Mechanism of action
– Stimulates uterine contractions by activating G- protein coupled
receptors that trigger increases in intracellular calcium levels in
uterine myofibrils
– Increased local prostaglandin production, further stimulating uterine
contractions
• In general, less successful when used in women with a low Bishop
score, and as such, a ripening process should be used prior to
administering oxytocin to women with unfavorable cervixes

31. • For IOL, typically given IV
• Low dose and high dose protocols
given through infusion pumps
• Goal to have strong contractions
every 2-3 minutes
• No benefit in increasing dose
when one of these endpoints is
achieved

32. Failed IOL
Failed induction is defined as labour not starting after
one cycle of treatment

33.  If induction fails, decisions about further management
should be made in accordance with the woman's wishes,
and should take into account the clinical circumstances.
 If induction fails, the subsequent management options
include:
_a further attempt to induce labour (the timing should
depend on the clinical situation and the woman's wishes)
_caesarean section

34. Questions?