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Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) uses gamma-ray emitting radiotracers and gamma cameras to produce 3D images of organ function. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radiotracers that emit positrons and detects coincident gamma rays to produce 3D images of metabolic processes. Hybrid imaging combines anatomical and functional imaging by performing PET/CT or SPECT/CT scans, allowing correlation of metabolic and functional data with anatomical structures.
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RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS
Radiation can cause both deterministic and stochastic effects. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose and increase in severity with higher doses, while stochastic effects like cancer have no threshold and risk increases with any dose but severity is independent of dose. Studies of radiation exposures from radium dial painters, atomic bomb survivors, and medical treatments provide data showing radiation is a carcinogen and mutagen, and the risk of cancer increases linearly with dose without a threshold. The lifetime cancer risk from radiation is estimated to be 10% per sievert of exposure at high doses.
Index
This document provides an index for a medical textbook on nuclear medicine. It lists topics covered in the textbook alphabetically from A to Z. For each topic, it provides the relevant page numbers for figures, tables, and boxes pertaining to that topic within the textbook. The index allows readers to quickly look up and locate information on specific topics covered in the textbook.
Preface
The preface summarizes updates to the 4th edition of the textbook "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites". Several advances in radiopharmaceuticals and imaging instrumentation are described, including the increasing clinical use of hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT systems. New FDA-approved radiotracers like DaTscan and Amyvid are mentioned. Part I includes a new chapter on molecular imaging and revisions to physics, instrumentation, and imaging chapters. Part II's oncology and pearls chapters were extensively updated. The book continues to provide an organized overview of nuclear medicine principles and clinical applications for medical residents and practitioners.
Fmatter
This document is the fourth edition of the textbook "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites" by Harvey A. Ziessman, Janis P. O'Malley, and James H. Thrall, with Frederic H. Fahey as Associate Editor. The book provides an overview of nuclear medicine and is authored by experts in the field, including professors of radiology and directors of nuclear medicine programs at major hospitals and universities.
Normal organ biological effective dose azmal su jamila
This document discusses the concept of biological effective dose (BED) which is a radiobiological model used to predict clinical outcomes when radiation treatment parameters are altered. It defines BED and provides the formula. It also discusses α and β values, dose limiting organs for various radiopharmaceutical therapies, and safety measures and dose limits reported in literature to protect organs like the kidney, liver, lung, and bone marrow.
8 hbs
This document discusses hepatobiliary scintigraphy and cholescintigraphy. It provides details on:
- The radiopharmaceuticals used, including technetium-99m labeled hepatobiliary agents.
- The normal physiology and pharmacokinetics of radiotracer uptake, distribution in the liver and biliary system, and clearance from the body.
- The standard protocol for performing cholescintigraphy and interpreting normal versus abnormal findings to diagnose hepatobiliary diseases.
17 pearls pitfalls & faq
This chapter provides pearls, pitfalls, and frequently asked questions about radiopharmaceuticals, nuclear medicine physics, radiation detection and instrumentation. It contains brief explanations and definitions in response to multiple choice questions on these topics. The questions and answers reinforce key concepts and provide practical knowledge for day-to-day practice.
Foreword
The foreword discusses the updates made in the fourth edition of the textbook "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites". It notes that the fields of nuclear medicine have continued advancing, with SPECT evolving into SPECT/CT and the increased use of PET and PET/CT. New radiopharmaceuticals have also been developed. These updates have injected new vitality into the specialty of nuclear medicine. The foreword hopes that this edition of the textbook will serve as a concise introduction and review text for residents, fellows, and specialists in nuclear medicine and radiology.
Recommended
RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS
Radiation can cause both deterministic and stochastic effects. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose and increase in severity with higher doses, while stochastic effects like cancer have no threshold and risk increases with any dose but severity is independent of dose. Studies of radiation exposures from radium dial painters, atomic bomb survivors, and medical treatments provide data showing radiation is a carcinogen and mutagen, and the risk of cancer increases linearly with dose without a threshold. The lifetime cancer risk from radiation is estimated to be 10% per sievert of exposure at high doses.
Index
This document provides an index for a medical textbook on nuclear medicine. It lists topics covered in the textbook alphabetically from A to Z. For each topic, it provides the relevant page numbers for figures, tables, and boxes pertaining to that topic within the textbook. The index allows readers to quickly look up and locate information on specific topics covered in the textbook.
Preface
The preface summarizes updates to the 4th edition of the textbook "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites". Several advances in radiopharmaceuticals and imaging instrumentation are described, including the increasing clinical use of hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT systems. New FDA-approved radiotracers like DaTscan and Amyvid are mentioned. Part I includes a new chapter on molecular imaging and revisions to physics, instrumentation, and imaging chapters. Part II's oncology and pearls chapters were extensively updated. The book continues to provide an organized overview of nuclear medicine principles and clinical applications for medical residents and practitioners.
Fmatter
This document is the fourth edition of the textbook "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites" by Harvey A. Ziessman, Janis P. O'Malley, and James H. Thrall, with Frederic H. Fahey as Associate Editor. The book provides an overview of nuclear medicine and is authored by experts in the field, including professors of radiology and directors of nuclear medicine programs at major hospitals and universities.
Normal organ biological effective dose azmal su jamila
This document discusses the concept of biological effective dose (BED) which is a radiobiological model used to predict clinical outcomes when radiation treatment parameters are altered. It defines BED and provides the formula. It also discusses α and β values, dose limiting organs for various radiopharmaceutical therapies, and safety measures and dose limits reported in literature to protect organs like the kidney, liver, lung, and bone marrow.
8 hbs
This document discusses hepatobiliary scintigraphy and cholescintigraphy. It provides details on:
- The radiopharmaceuticals used, including technetium-99m labeled hepatobiliary agents.
- The normal physiology and pharmacokinetics of radiotracer uptake, distribution in the liver and biliary system, and clearance from the body.
- The standard protocol for performing cholescintigraphy and interpreting normal versus abnormal findings to diagnose hepatobiliary diseases.
17 pearls pitfalls & faq
This chapter provides pearls, pitfalls, and frequently asked questions about radiopharmaceuticals, nuclear medicine physics, radiation detection and instrumentation. It contains brief explanations and definitions in response to multiple choice questions on these topics. The questions and answers reinforce key concepts and provide practical knowledge for day-to-day practice.
Foreword
The foreword discusses the updates made in the fourth edition of the textbook "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites". It notes that the fields of nuclear medicine have continued advancing, with SPECT evolving into SPECT/CT and the increased use of PET and PET/CT. New radiopharmaceuticals have also been developed. These updates have injected new vitality into the specialty of nuclear medicine. The foreword hopes that this edition of the textbook will serve as a concise introduction and review text for residents, fellows, and specialists in nuclear medicine and radiology.
Cwr
This 3 sentence summary provides high-level information about the document:
The document includes copyright information for the book "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites" published in 2014 by Elsevier, covering topics such as radiopharmaceuticals, emission computed tomography, and nuclear medicine methods. It also contains standard legal disclaimers about changes in medical knowledge and treatment over time, and limitations of liability for any injuries resulting from use of content in the book. The book is part of the "Requisites" series on radiology.
16 cardiac
Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy uses radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m sestamibi, Tc-99m tetrofosmin, and Tl-201 chloride to evaluate regional myocardial blood flow and viability. These agents are extracted by viable myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow. Defects seen on scintigraphy indicate reduced perfusion due to ischemia or infarction. Over time, Tl-201 redistributes within the myocardium and blood, allowing assessment of both flow and volume. Newer Tc-99m agents provide better image quality than Tl-201 and allow imaging at earlier timepoints.
3 physics of nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine involves administering radioactive pharmaceuticals to patients for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. For diagnosis, radiation emitted from these radiopharmaceuticals must be detected externally to determine their distribution in the body. For therapy, some emitted radiation must be absorbed by targeted tissues. Understanding the nature of radioactivity, amount administered, radiation emissions, and how radiation interacts with matter is essential in nuclear medicine.
11 oncol pet
Positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) has expanded for clinical oncology applications. PET provides metabolic tumor imaging, which can complement anatomical imaging from computed tomography (CT). F-18 FDG uptake is increased in cancer cells due to higher glucose metabolism. Combined PET/CT imaging provides precise anatomical localization of metabolic abnormalities seen on PET. PET can help characterize tumors, detect recurrence, and assess treatment response in ways that CT cannot by directly measuring cellular activity levels. Standard protocols involve patient preparation, intravenous F-18 FDG injection, and imaging after uptake and clearance periods.
12 oncol non pet
This document discusses non-PET imaging techniques for oncology applications. It focuses on peptide receptor imaging using radiolabeled somatostatin analogs such as In-111 pentetreotide, which binds to somatostatin receptors overexpressed on many neuroendocrine tumors. In-111 pentetreotide scintigraphy has high sensitivity for detecting carcinoid tumors and other neuroendocrine tumors but lower sensitivity for insulinomas. It provides whole body imaging of tumor lesions and localization of disease when combined with SPECT or SPECT/CT. While F-18 FDG PET is useful for more aggressive tumors, In-111 pentetreotide remains an important functional imaging tool for somatostatin receptor-expressing neuro
9 genitourinary
This document summarizes renal anatomy and function and provides an overview of nuclear medicine techniques used to evaluate the kidneys. It describes how radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m MAG3 are used to measure glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. Tc-99m MAG3 has largely replaced previous agents due to its high extraction efficiency and ability to provide both functional and anatomic renal imaging. The document outlines the clearance pathways and kinetics of various renal radiotracers and provides examples of their ability to detect abnormalities.
6 endocrine
This document discusses thyroid scintigraphy and uptake studies using various radiopharmaceuticals. It begins by describing the early use of radioactive iodine in nuclear medicine and its continued importance in thyroid diagnosis and therapy. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland and iodine metabolism. The remainder of the document focuses on the radiopharmaceuticals used in thyroid scintigraphy, including their physical properties, dosimetry considerations, and imaging characteristics. In particular, it compares the properties and use of radioactive iodine isotopes I-123 and I-131 as well as technetium-99m pertechnetate.
13 gis
Radionuclide imaging can detect gastrointestinal motility disorders by visualizing the movement of radiolabeled liquids and foods through the esophagus and stomach. Esophageal transit scintigraphy involves having the patient swallow small amounts of radiotracer every 30 seconds to assess esophageal emptying, which is slowed in conditions like achalasia. Gastroesophageal reflux can also be identified and quantified by detecting spikes of radiotracer moving from the stomach into the esophagus. These nuclear medicine studies provide a physiological evaluation of gastrointestinal motility that is helpful for diagnosing disorders noninvasively.
4 radiation detection
This document discusses different types of radiation detectors used in nuclear medicine, including gas detectors, scintillators, and semiconductors. It describes key properties and operating principles of each type. Gas detectors like ionization chambers and Geiger-Müller counters are used to measure radiation exposure and detect contamination. Scintillation detectors like sodium iodide crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes are common for clinical imaging due to their higher sensitivity compared to gas detectors. Semiconductor detectors provide the best energy resolution but require cryogenic cooling, while newer room-temperature semiconductors are being developed for nuclear medicine applications.
Myocardial viability
Basics of myocardial viability, stunned and hibernating myocardium and modalities of its assessment, mechanism of each modality and its compatision
5 spect pet & hybrid imaging
This document discusses tomographic imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine, specifically single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). It describes how these modalities acquire projection data at different angles around the patient, which is then reconstructed into cross-sectional images. Filtered backprojection is the most common reconstruction method, though iterative techniques are increasingly used due to producing images with less noise and artifacts. The document focuses on the geometry of data acquisition, representation of projection data as sinograms, and image reconstruction methods.
7 skeletal
The document summarizes skeletal scintigraphy (bone scan) imaging. It describes how bone scan works by using radiotracers that localize to areas of bone formation/turnover. Technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (Tc-99m MDP) is commonly used as it rapidly distributes to bone and is cleared from soft tissues. Imaging involves whole body scans 2-4 hours later to visualize bone abnormalities indicative of tumors, fractures or infections. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provides three-dimensional localization of lesions and improved specificity when fused to CT images. The distribution of uptake in normal bone changes with age and osteoarthritic changes are common benign findings.
10 pulmonary
This document summarizes pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis. It states that over 650,000 PE cases are diagnosed annually in the US, with a mortality rate of 30% that can be reduced to 3-10% with treatment. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) has become widely used as the primary diagnostic method, though some patients cannot undergo CTA due to contrast allergy or renal failure. Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scanning remains important and has significantly lower radiation exposure than CTA, making it preferable for some patients. Both CTA and V/Q scanning have limitations and neither has proven clearly superior to the other for PE diagnosis.
1 radiopharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceuticals are a combination of a radioactive molecule (radionuclide) and a biologically active molecule that determines localization in the body. Technetium-99m is commonly used due to its ideal gamma emissions and half-life. It is produced via elution from a molybdenum-99/technetium-99m generator, where molybdenum-99 decays to produce technetium-99m over time. Quality control is required with each generator elution to test for contaminants like molybdenum-99 and ensure the eluted technetium-99m meets regulatory standards for patient safety and diagnostic accuracy.
2 molecular imaging
This document summarizes various molecular imaging techniques. It discusses how nuclear medicine involves molecular imaging by combining detectable labels with biologically important molecules to assess cellular functions. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allow noninvasive assessment and quantification of small differences between patients. New molecular imaging agents currently in clinical trials will help transform imaging and therapy by quantifying targets like gene expression, receptors, and tumor metabolism. The document outlines different imaging modalities including PET, SPECT, magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging, ultrasound, and identifies various biomarkers that can be used as imaging targets.
Myocardial perfusion imaging SPECT basics
This document discusses myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), a nuclear imaging technique used to detect coronary artery disease. It describes the indications for MPI, including detecting CAD, assessing stenosis, evaluating prognosis, and assessing medical therapy. Risk factors for CAD like smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol are outlined. The document details how CAD causes reduced blood flow and describes associated symptoms. Treatment options for CAD include drugs, angioplasty, stents, and bypass surgery. Imaging protocols and reconstruction techniques for MPI are also summarized.
Unresolved Issues In Myocardial Viability
This document discusses myocardial viability and techniques to detect viable myocardium. It begins by defining viable myocardium and explaining why detection is important for predicting prognosis and response to revascularization. It then reviews techniques to detect viability including those assessing contractile reserve using stress echocardiography, SPECT, or MRI as well as techniques evaluating preserved metabolism using PET tracers or cell membrane integrity using thallium or sestamibi SPECT. The document compares the sensitivity and specificity of different techniques and concludes that while techniques assessing contractile reserve are highly specific, nuclear techniques provide good sensitivity for viability assessment.
Digital Techniques For Myocardial Perfusion Spect
This document provides an overview of digital techniques for myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. It describes SPECT equipment components like the gamma camera and workstation. It explains tomographic acquisition parameters and technical considerations. Image processing techniques are covered like filtered back projection, filtering, and iterative reconstruction. Quantitative analysis methods like bullseye displays and segmental analysis are also summarized.
MDCT for Congenital Heart Disease
This document discusses the use of different diagnostic modalities for assessing congenital heart disease, including echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac MDCT. It notes that echocardiography is very useful for initial diagnosis by providing information about intra-cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics, but has limitations in delineating extra-cardiac vessels. Cardiac catheterization is the gold standard for hemodynamic data and defining accessible chambers and vessels, but is invasive and cannot assess vessels beyond high-grade stenosis or atresia. Cardiac MDCT is highlighted as a noninvasive option that allows for a global assessment of cardiac and extra-cardiac structures through its 3D imaging capabilities, though it provides no hemodynamic information
Cardiac mdct for determining aetiology of pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac MDCT can help identify the underlying causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension that may be missed by echocardiography alone. The study examined 60 patients with severe PAH using cardiac MDCT in addition to echocardiography. Cardiac MDCT identified more underlying causes than echocardiography alone, finding 7 patients with patent ductus arteriosus, 6 with atrial septal defects, 5 with pulmonary embolisms, and 3 with underlying lung diseases. The document concludes that cardiac MDCT has incremental diagnostic value over echocardiography for determining the secondary causes of PAH.
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Cwr
This 3 sentence summary provides high-level information about the document:
The document includes copyright information for the book "Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites" published in 2014 by Elsevier, covering topics such as radiopharmaceuticals, emission computed tomography, and nuclear medicine methods. It also contains standard legal disclaimers about changes in medical knowledge and treatment over time, and limitations of liability for any injuries resulting from use of content in the book. The book is part of the "Requisites" series on radiology.
16 cardiac
Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy uses radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m sestamibi, Tc-99m tetrofosmin, and Tl-201 chloride to evaluate regional myocardial blood flow and viability. These agents are extracted by viable myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow. Defects seen on scintigraphy indicate reduced perfusion due to ischemia or infarction. Over time, Tl-201 redistributes within the myocardium and blood, allowing assessment of both flow and volume. Newer Tc-99m agents provide better image quality than Tl-201 and allow imaging at earlier timepoints.
3 physics of nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine involves administering radioactive pharmaceuticals to patients for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. For diagnosis, radiation emitted from these radiopharmaceuticals must be detected externally to determine their distribution in the body. For therapy, some emitted radiation must be absorbed by targeted tissues. Understanding the nature of radioactivity, amount administered, radiation emissions, and how radiation interacts with matter is essential in nuclear medicine.
11 oncol pet
Positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) has expanded for clinical oncology applications. PET provides metabolic tumor imaging, which can complement anatomical imaging from computed tomography (CT). F-18 FDG uptake is increased in cancer cells due to higher glucose metabolism. Combined PET/CT imaging provides precise anatomical localization of metabolic abnormalities seen on PET. PET can help characterize tumors, detect recurrence, and assess treatment response in ways that CT cannot by directly measuring cellular activity levels. Standard protocols involve patient preparation, intravenous F-18 FDG injection, and imaging after uptake and clearance periods.
12 oncol non pet
This document discusses non-PET imaging techniques for oncology applications. It focuses on peptide receptor imaging using radiolabeled somatostatin analogs such as In-111 pentetreotide, which binds to somatostatin receptors overexpressed on many neuroendocrine tumors. In-111 pentetreotide scintigraphy has high sensitivity for detecting carcinoid tumors and other neuroendocrine tumors but lower sensitivity for insulinomas. It provides whole body imaging of tumor lesions and localization of disease when combined with SPECT or SPECT/CT. While F-18 FDG PET is useful for more aggressive tumors, In-111 pentetreotide remains an important functional imaging tool for somatostatin receptor-expressing neuro
9 genitourinary
This document summarizes renal anatomy and function and provides an overview of nuclear medicine techniques used to evaluate the kidneys. It describes how radiopharmaceuticals like Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m MAG3 are used to measure glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. Tc-99m MAG3 has largely replaced previous agents due to its high extraction efficiency and ability to provide both functional and anatomic renal imaging. The document outlines the clearance pathways and kinetics of various renal radiotracers and provides examples of their ability to detect abnormalities.
6 endocrine
This document discusses thyroid scintigraphy and uptake studies using various radiopharmaceuticals. It begins by describing the early use of radioactive iodine in nuclear medicine and its continued importance in thyroid diagnosis and therapy. It then provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland and iodine metabolism. The remainder of the document focuses on the radiopharmaceuticals used in thyroid scintigraphy, including their physical properties, dosimetry considerations, and imaging characteristics. In particular, it compares the properties and use of radioactive iodine isotopes I-123 and I-131 as well as technetium-99m pertechnetate.
13 gis
Radionuclide imaging can detect gastrointestinal motility disorders by visualizing the movement of radiolabeled liquids and foods through the esophagus and stomach. Esophageal transit scintigraphy involves having the patient swallow small amounts of radiotracer every 30 seconds to assess esophageal emptying, which is slowed in conditions like achalasia. Gastroesophageal reflux can also be identified and quantified by detecting spikes of radiotracer moving from the stomach into the esophagus. These nuclear medicine studies provide a physiological evaluation of gastrointestinal motility that is helpful for diagnosing disorders noninvasively.
4 radiation detection
This document discusses different types of radiation detectors used in nuclear medicine, including gas detectors, scintillators, and semiconductors. It describes key properties and operating principles of each type. Gas detectors like ionization chambers and Geiger-Müller counters are used to measure radiation exposure and detect contamination. Scintillation detectors like sodium iodide crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes are common for clinical imaging due to their higher sensitivity compared to gas detectors. Semiconductor detectors provide the best energy resolution but require cryogenic cooling, while newer room-temperature semiconductors are being developed for nuclear medicine applications.
Myocardial viability
Basics of myocardial viability, stunned and hibernating myocardium and modalities of its assessment, mechanism of each modality and its compatision
5 spect pet & hybrid imaging
This document discusses tomographic imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine, specifically single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). It describes how these modalities acquire projection data at different angles around the patient, which is then reconstructed into cross-sectional images. Filtered backprojection is the most common reconstruction method, though iterative techniques are increasingly used due to producing images with less noise and artifacts. The document focuses on the geometry of data acquisition, representation of projection data as sinograms, and image reconstruction methods.
7 skeletal
The document summarizes skeletal scintigraphy (bone scan) imaging. It describes how bone scan works by using radiotracers that localize to areas of bone formation/turnover. Technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (Tc-99m MDP) is commonly used as it rapidly distributes to bone and is cleared from soft tissues. Imaging involves whole body scans 2-4 hours later to visualize bone abnormalities indicative of tumors, fractures or infections. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provides three-dimensional localization of lesions and improved specificity when fused to CT images. The distribution of uptake in normal bone changes with age and osteoarthritic changes are common benign findings.
10 pulmonary
This document summarizes pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis. It states that over 650,000 PE cases are diagnosed annually in the US, with a mortality rate of 30% that can be reduced to 3-10% with treatment. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) has become widely used as the primary diagnostic method, though some patients cannot undergo CTA due to contrast allergy or renal failure. Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scanning remains important and has significantly lower radiation exposure than CTA, making it preferable for some patients. Both CTA and V/Q scanning have limitations and neither has proven clearly superior to the other for PE diagnosis.
1 radiopharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceuticals are a combination of a radioactive molecule (radionuclide) and a biologically active molecule that determines localization in the body. Technetium-99m is commonly used due to its ideal gamma emissions and half-life. It is produced via elution from a molybdenum-99/technetium-99m generator, where molybdenum-99 decays to produce technetium-99m over time. Quality control is required with each generator elution to test for contaminants like molybdenum-99 and ensure the eluted technetium-99m meets regulatory standards for patient safety and diagnostic accuracy.
2 molecular imaging
This document summarizes various molecular imaging techniques. It discusses how nuclear medicine involves molecular imaging by combining detectable labels with biologically important molecules to assess cellular functions. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allow noninvasive assessment and quantification of small differences between patients. New molecular imaging agents currently in clinical trials will help transform imaging and therapy by quantifying targets like gene expression, receptors, and tumor metabolism. The document outlines different imaging modalities including PET, SPECT, magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging, ultrasound, and identifies various biomarkers that can be used as imaging targets.
Myocardial perfusion imaging SPECT basics
This document discusses myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), a nuclear imaging technique used to detect coronary artery disease. It describes the indications for MPI, including detecting CAD, assessing stenosis, evaluating prognosis, and assessing medical therapy. Risk factors for CAD like smoking, obesity, and high cholesterol are outlined. The document details how CAD causes reduced blood flow and describes associated symptoms. Treatment options for CAD include drugs, angioplasty, stents, and bypass surgery. Imaging protocols and reconstruction techniques for MPI are also summarized.
Unresolved Issues In Myocardial Viability
This document discusses myocardial viability and techniques to detect viable myocardium. It begins by defining viable myocardium and explaining why detection is important for predicting prognosis and response to revascularization. It then reviews techniques to detect viability including those assessing contractile reserve using stress echocardiography, SPECT, or MRI as well as techniques evaluating preserved metabolism using PET tracers or cell membrane integrity using thallium or sestamibi SPECT. The document compares the sensitivity and specificity of different techniques and concludes that while techniques assessing contractile reserve are highly specific, nuclear techniques provide good sensitivity for viability assessment.
Digital Techniques For Myocardial Perfusion Spect
This document provides an overview of digital techniques for myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. It describes SPECT equipment components like the gamma camera and workstation. It explains tomographic acquisition parameters and technical considerations. Image processing techniques are covered like filtered back projection, filtering, and iterative reconstruction. Quantitative analysis methods like bullseye displays and segmental analysis are also summarized.
MDCT for Congenital Heart Disease
This document discusses the use of different diagnostic modalities for assessing congenital heart disease, including echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac MDCT. It notes that echocardiography is very useful for initial diagnosis by providing information about intra-cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics, but has limitations in delineating extra-cardiac vessels. Cardiac catheterization is the gold standard for hemodynamic data and defining accessible chambers and vessels, but is invasive and cannot assess vessels beyond high-grade stenosis or atresia. Cardiac MDCT is highlighted as a noninvasive option that allows for a global assessment of cardiac and extra-cardiac structures through its 3D imaging capabilities, though it provides no hemodynamic information
Cardiac mdct for determining aetiology of pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac MDCT can help identify the underlying causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension that may be missed by echocardiography alone. The study examined 60 patients with severe PAH using cardiac MDCT in addition to echocardiography. Cardiac MDCT identified more underlying causes than echocardiography alone, finding 7 patients with patent ductus arteriosus, 6 with atrial septal defects, 5 with pulmonary embolisms, and 3 with underlying lung diseases. The document concludes that cardiac MDCT has incremental diagnostic value over echocardiography for determining the secondary causes of PAH.
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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