This document provides guidelines for managing contaminated land and communicating risks to the public. It defines contaminated land and outlines common contaminants like cadmium, their sources, health effects, and implications. It emphasizes open communication and engaging agencies early. Guidelines will cover initial response procedures, identifying responsible parties, developing communication strategies, and addressing public health impacts and actions. Challenges include late agency involvement and raising unrealistic public concerns, while solutions involve transparency, mutual respect, and understandable language.
VCE Environmental Science: Health human and the environment: PollutionPeter Phillips M.Ed.
This presentation looks at how pollution is defined, different types and sources of pollution, and how it can be measured. News reports and case studies are provided as examples.
Environmental health and disaster managementEurice Nshiti
Presentation on environmental health (Definition of environmental health and other concepts, Pollution; air, land , and water) and disasters (Definition, types, and management)
VCE Environmental Science: Health human and the environment: PollutionPeter Phillips M.Ed.
This presentation looks at how pollution is defined, different types and sources of pollution, and how it can be measured. News reports and case studies are provided as examples.
Environmental health and disaster managementEurice Nshiti
Presentation on environmental health (Definition of environmental health and other concepts, Pollution; air, land , and water) and disasters (Definition, types, and management)
This is a basic insight to Disaster Management including Natural calamities and Man-made disasters. Especially useful for undergraduate healthcare students for their academic orientation and projects.
Reference - Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine
Environmental Pollutants and Disease in American: Children: Estimates of Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs for Lead Poisoning, Asthma, Cancer, and Developmental Disabilities
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This is a basic insight to Disaster Management including Natural calamities and Man-made disasters. Especially useful for undergraduate healthcare students for their academic orientation and projects.
Reference - Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine
Environmental Pollutants and Disease in American: Children: Estimates of Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs for Lead Poisoning, Asthma, Cancer, and Developmental Disabilities
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Environmental Health: Children in minority communities
David Jones, Environmental Health and Safety, Duval County Health Department
April 22, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminar
This is part 3 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of Duval County Health Department.
Environmental Toxicants & Maternal & Child Health - An Emerging Public Health...v2zq
Environmental Toxicants & Maternal & Child Health - An Emerging Public Health Challenge - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Risk Analysis and Environmental Health HazardsChapter 4.docxSUBHI7
Risk Analysis and Environmental Health Hazards
Chapter 4
Pesticides and ChildrenMore harmful to children than adultsGreater exposurePlaying in contaminated fieldsPutting fingers/things in mouthGreater responseDeveloping bodies, more sensitiveRange of EffectsCancer, mental and/or physical disabilitiesIntelligenceMotor skills
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Pesticides and Children
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Learning Objectives:
Define risk and risk assessment
Explain how risk assessment helps is manage potential health threats
A Perspective on Risks
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A Perspective on RisksRiskThe probability of harm (injury, disease, death, environmental damage) occurring under certain circumstancesInherent in our actions and our environmentWalking on stairs, using household appliances, driving/riding cars, flying, etc.Few of us think twice about it, even though it’s riskyIn order to manage risks, we need to have a sense of their causes, likelihoods, and effects
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A Perspective on Risks
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A Perspective on RisksRisk ManagementThe process of identifying, assessing, and reducing risks.Qualitative and quantitative methodEstimates the probability that an even will occur, so we can determine behavior/actions
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A Perspective on Risks
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A Perspective on RisksCurious dilemma:People accept big risks 1/3 of smokers die of diseases caused by smoking Average life expectancy is 8 yrs less for smokers)Get upset over very small risks1 in 1 million chance of getting cancer from pesticide residues on food)Perhaps due to perception of risks as things we can control smoking, diet, exercise, etc. vs. things we “can’t” controlPlane crashes, pesticides, nuclear waste
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A Perspective on Risks
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Global Climate Change
What are risk and risk assessment?
What are the four steps of risk assessment?
Environmental Health HazardsLearning Objectives:
Define toxicology and epidemiology
Explain why public water supplies are monitored for fecal coliform bacteria despite the fact that most strains of E. coli do not cause disease
Describe the link between environmental changes and emerging diseases, such as swine flu
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Environmental Health HazardsToxicantsChemicals with adverse effects on healthAll chemicals are toxic if exposure is high enoughToxicology studies the effects of toxicants on living organismsstudies the mechanisms that cause toxicitydevelops ways to prevent or minimize adverse effects
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Environmental Health HazardsEpidemiologyThe study of the effects of chemical (toxicants), biological (disease), and physical agents (accidents, radiation) on the health of human populationsStudies large groups of people and investigate range of causes and types of disease and injuries
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Environmental Health HazardsToxicityAcuteImmediate (short-term) effects after a single exposure; dizziness, nausea, deathChronicProlonged effects, to long-term exposure to toxicant
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Environmental Health HazardsDisease-Causing Agents in the EnvironmentPathogens: disease-causing org ...
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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1. Public Health Implications of Contaminated Land Dr Josep Vidal-Alaball Specialist Registrar in Public Health Medicine Swansea NPHS Staff Conference, October 2006 GUIDELINES
13. CADMIUM Cadmium can be found in cigarettes, fertilisers used in agriculture and in low levels in all foods (highest in shellfish, liver, and kidney meats) Mean cadmium content in soil 1.2 mg/Kg. Median 0.9 mg/Kg (England and Wales)
Describe natural levels, soil guideline values, toxicity, health effects and public health implications of the most current land contaminants found in Wales. Provide guidance on how to communicate risk to the population affected by land contamination. Inform population about basic precautions that can be taken to minimise risk posed by contamination. Establish best practice for managing land contamination in Wales through direct collaboration between agencies involved in land contamination issues in Wales To strength channels of communication between the agencies involved in land contamination in Wales.
The Environment Protection Act defines contaminated land as: “ Any land which appears to the local authority in whose authority it is situated to be in such a condition, by reason of substances in, or under land that significant harm is being caused or there is significant possibility of such harm being caused” The EA estimates between 5,000 and 20,000 contaminated land sites in England and Wales Wales, with his rich industrial heritage, has a significant number of such sites
Risks to humans posed by contaminants on land: Despite fact that biomarkers have shown exposure to soil contaminants does occur in many cases, increased levels of illness have not been observed in people living on contaminated land. This does not rule out the possibility of ill effects, which may be undetectable using current epidemiological and analytical methods Impact from contaminated soil can be difficult to separate from other types of pollution or contaminants that we are exposed to in our daily lives, this makes extremely difficult to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship Possible health effects of the contaminants are difficult to establish because there are many confounding factors (pre-existing health of people being studied, wealth or poverty of the people, availability of health or social care services, etc)
Soil Guideline Values (SGVs): Published by the DEFRA and the EA SGVs aimed to help deciding when land poses a “significant possibility of significant harm” (SPOSH) Values above the SGV do not imply necessarily that the risk to human health is significant; however, it does indicate that where limit is exceeded more detailed risk evaluation or site specific risk assessment is needed to assess the potential to harm The SGVs have been derived for long term exposure to contaminants in the soil. No guidelines for acute exposure
There are thousands of possible soil contaminants, but we decided to include de most common in Wales
For each of the contaminants we have described: Uses and sources of pollution Natural levels Soil guideline values Toxicity Health effects Biological sampling Public Health Implications
As an example Cadmium can be found in cigarettes, fertilisers used in agriculture and in low levels in all foods but in highest levels in shellfish, liver, and kidney meats In the guidelines you will find the mean and median contaminant content in soil in England and Wales and the Soil Guideline values depending on the use of the land: residential, allotments and commercial use. Sometimes both values can be very close.
Also the Tolerable daily intake and the index dose and some of the possible health effects attributable to chronic exposure to the contaminant
Also information about biological sampling and biomarkers and the public health implications In the case of cadmium there has been several studies on the effect of high cadmium concentrations in soil on human health and none of them has demonstrated adverse effects It is important to explain that people is much likely to be exposed to Cadmium through cigarettes that from soil in their gardens
Some basic precautions are described, particularly regarding Contaminated gardens and children It is well known that children are especially vulnerable to contaminants, in part because their bodies cannot tolerate as much contaminants and partially because of increased exposure when playing in the garden
Because the uncertainty surrounding the effects of contaminated land, the guidelines has an special attention for risk communication Risk communication has been described an interactive process of exchange of information People’s fears should be taken seriously and steps should be taken to address them even if they are not necessary from a technical perspective
Contaminated land management requires more than technical expertise. Social issues such as house prices, house ownership or stigma of the neighbourhood are also important and should be considered from day one Risk Comparisons are useful but can be dangerous. Often, an involuntary risk is compared with a voluntary one (e.g. the risk from nearby incinerator is compared with smoking or dietary habits). If such a comparison is done in the spirit of minimising the importance of the involuntary risk, it will generate anger Several types of risk comparisons are generally more useful , for example: Comparisons to natural background levels: How does the level of a substance in a suspected contaminated area compare with natural background levels-such as the level of lead in someone's backyard compared with the average natural lead levels in soils. Or Comparisons of risks with benefits
It is know that there are certain characteristics that make risks to be perceived as more worrying
Well, all apply to contaminated land: The risk is: Involuntary Inequitably distributed Inescapable Arise from an unfamiliar or novel source Result from man-made, rather than natural sources Cause hidden and irreversible damage with onset many years later Pose particular danger to small children or pregnant women May cause CANCER The damage is identifiable rather than anonymous Is poorly understood by science Is subject to contradictory statements from responsible sources Is invisible or undetectable, catastrophic, memorable, uncertain
The guidelines will have a protocol about how to manage an specific case on land contamination. This will be available in November The protocol will cover the initial response, key individuals and organisation that need to be involved, a communication strategy and public health actions and implications
Although the situation is changing, you may encounter some problems when dealing with a case of land contamination The main one is the fact that usually the NPHS knows about the case at a late state and people has unrealistic expectations about what we can do The initial lack of consultation is dangerous because it can lead to inaccurate health messages, unrealistic expectations and the worst of all, unnecessary community concerns
This are some of the solutions: Openness and transparency is vital when managing a case Trust should be based on mutual respect Communication should be open and honest An open communication process with the public and the media can be achieved by organising public meetings, issuing press reports, sending letters to residents, fact sheets, setting up internet sites, etc The language used should be understandable for the general public And the most important aspect: Engage early with partners from LHBs, LAs and HPA