The document discusses different types of conjunctions and how they are used. There are two main types: coordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions join equal grammatical structures like words, phrases, and clauses. They include FANBOYS conjunctions like for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Correlative conjunctions join items in a parallel structure and include pairs like either/or and neither/nor. The document also covers punctuation rules for using coordinating conjunctions in sentences and series.
Fused sentences What are Fused Sentences Def.docxshericehewat
Fused sentences
What are Fused Sentences?
Definition:
A fused sentence occurs when two independent clauses are coordinated improperly.
There are two kinds of fused sentences:
Run-on sentences
Comma splices
Review of CoordinationTo join two independent clauses, you must do two things:
Insert a comma between the two clauses.
Add a coordinating conjunction after the comma.
(Remember FANBOYS: the coordinating conjunctions are For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So.)
EX: I wanted to go to the movie, but I had to type my term paper. My mom is pretty particular about family dinner, so you’d better come when she calls you to the table.
Errors of Coordination: Run-ons and Comma SplicesBoth comma splices and run-on sentences result from errors in coordination.
In other words, these errors result from 1) forgetting the comma, or 2) forgetting the coordinating conjunction.
Run-On Sentences
A run-on sentence occurs in two instances:
When a writer remembers the conjunction but forgets the comma.
When a writer forgets both the conjunction and the comma. (This form of run-on is especially bad, and often makes the sentence incomprehensible).
Exs:
I wanted to go to the movie but I had to type my term paper. (Forgot the comma.)
I wanted to go to the movie I had to type my term paper. (Forgot both the comma and the conjunction.)
Comma SplicesA comma splice is just the opposite of the first case of run-on sentence. Comma splices occur when the author remembers the comma but forgets the conjunction.EX:I wanted to go to the movie, I had to type my term paper. (Forgot conjunction.)My mom is pretty particular about family dinner, you’d better come when she calls you to the table. (Forgot conjunction).
Fixing Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences.Fixing a fused sentence is easy. All you have to do is to pick one of the four available strategies:
Coordinate the two clauses properly. (This is probably the easiest method).
Divide the two clauses into separate sentences.
Join the clauses with a semicolon.
Join the clauses via subordination.
Method 1: Proper Coordination
The easiest option is to coordinate the clauses properly.
Here’s an example of an improperly coordinated sentence (comma splice):
Driving home from school, Brett vowed to protect the fragile ecosystem, the tires of his Cadillac Escalade flattened the toads hopping on the wet streets.
Here’s an example of the sentence fixed with proper coordination:
Driving home from school, Brett vowed to protect the fragile ecosystem, yet all the while, the tires of his Cadillac Escalade flattened the toads hopping on the wet streets.
Note that in addition to the comma and the coordinating conjunction “yet,” the phrase “all the while” has also been added. This phrase isn’t grammatically necessary to join the clauses, but it does help to clarify the relationship between them.
Method 2: Separate Sentences
Second, you can break the error into two separate sentences, as below:
Orig ...
Some people neglect commas, while others use them after every word. Whatever your tendencies, following these comma rules will help you find a happy medium.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
1. CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words used as joiners.
Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.
The following are the kinds of conjunctions:
A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another:
words to words, phrases to phrases, clauses to clauses.
Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other
conjunctions do.
Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or
end.
Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions:
2. When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate
clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.
A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or
subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the
elements.
A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a
compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating
conjunction
B. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
either. . .or
neither. . . nor
both. . . and
not only. . . but also
These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.
3. Printer Fabulous!
The
Coor dinating
Conjunction
Recognize a coordinating conjunction when you
see one.
And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet—these are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To
remember all seven, you might want to learn one of these acronyms: FANBOYS,
YAFNOBS, or FONYBAS.
F = for
A = and
N = nor
B = but
O = or
Y = yet
S = so
Y = yet
A = and
F = for
N = nor
O = or
B = but
S = so
F = for
O = or
N = nor
Y = yet
B = but
A = and
S = so
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. Look at the examples
that follow:
The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious.
4. The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a
fork or spoon.
Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched
but hates getting his claws trimmed.
Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door yet adores the
German shepherd across the street.
Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor will he touch a saucer
of squid eyeball stew.
I hate to waste a single drop of squid eyeball stew, for it is
expensive and time-consuming to make.
Even though I added cream to the squid eyeball stew, Rocky
ignored his serving, so I got a spoon and ate it myself.
Understand the difference between coordination
and subordination.
Use a coordinating conjunction when you want to give equal emphasis to two main
clauses. The pattern for coordination looks like this:
MAIN CLAUSE
+ , + coordinating conjunction +
MAIN CLAUSE
.
Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in
the subordinate clause. Generally, the patterns look like these:
MAIN CLAUSE
+Ø+
.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
+,+
MAIN CLAUSE
.
5. Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version coordinates the two ideas.
The second version subordinates one idea to emphasize the other.
To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make
all of the incisions, and Frances promised to remove and
label the organs.
To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make
all of the incisions if Frances would promise to remove and
label the organs.
Diana stared dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, but
Olivia, who hated economics, furiously jiggled her f oot,
impatient to escape the boring class.
While Diana was staring dreamily at the handsome Mr.
McKenzie, Olivia furiously jiggled her foot, impatient to
escape the boring economics class that she hated.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and s lammed
the door, for she could not tolerate one more minute of the
heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the
stereo.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed
the door because she could not tolerate one more minute of
the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from
the stereo.
Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima
choose a career. She might decide to make her parents
happy and go to medical school, or she might use her
knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor.
6. Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima
choose a career. Although she might decide to make her
parents happy and go to medical school, she might also use
her knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor.
Kyle refused to eat the salad served with the meal, nor
would he touch any green vegetable put on his plate.
After Kyle refused the salad served with the meal, he then
would not touch the green vegetables put on his plate.
Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the Mexican
diner, so now he can set his math book on fire with his salsa
breath.
Since Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the
Mexican diner, he can now set his math book on fire with his
salsa breath.
Because she gets seasick, Danielle is dreading the spring
break cruise, yet she might enjoy herself once she realizes
how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the
decks.
Even though Danielle is dreading getting seasick on the
spring break cruise, she will probably enjoy herself once she
realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade
the decks.
Punctuate coordinating conjunctions correctly.
Three patterns in writing use coordinating conjunctions. Add commas when required.
Pattern 1 — Connecting two main clauses
7. When you connect two main clauses with a coordinating conjunction, use a comma.
The pattern looks like this:
MAIN CLAUSE
+ , + coordinating conjunction +
MAIN CLAUSE
.
Here is an example:
While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed , and
my cat Buster naps in the bathtub.
Pattern 2 — Connecting two items
You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items
can be any grammatical unit except main clauses. The pattern looks like this:
ITEM
+ Ø + coordinating conjunction +
ITEM
Here are some examples:
My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair.
My cat Buster has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive
personality.
Pattern 3 — Connecting three or more items in
a series
When you have three or more items in a series, you generally use a comma before the
coordinating conjunction. Some handbooks and style guides will tell you that this
comma is optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like this:
ITEM
+,+
ITEM
+ , + coordinating conjunction +
ITEM
Here is an example:
Swatting olives off the kitchen counter , dragging toilet paper
streamers through the house, and terrorizing Jacques
8. Cousteau, the parakeet, have consumed another of Buster's
days.
Yes, you can begin a sentence with a
coordinating conjunction!
Some teachers warn that beginning a sentence with a coordinating conjunction is
wrong. Teachers will typically tell you this because they are trying to help you avoid
writing fragments. Other times teachers give this advice because their preference is
that a sentence not begin with a coordinating conjunction.
What you should remember is that you break no grammar rule if you begin a sentence
with a coordinating conjunction. Because you might be breaking your instructors'
rules, however, you should ask what their preferences are.
If you decide to begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction, keep these three
things in mind:
Be sure that a main clause follows the coordinating
conjunction.
Do not use a coordinating conjunction to begin every
sentence. Use this option only when it makes the flow of your
ideas more effective.
Do not use a comma after the coordinating conjunction.
Coordinating conjunctions are not transitional expressions
like for example or first of all. You will rarely use punctuation
after them.
Here are some examples:
While I was answering the telephone, Buster, my cat,
jumped onto the kitchen counter and swatted all of my
jalapeño-stuffed olives onto the dirty kitchen floor. So I had
to rinse off the cat hair and crumbs sticking to these
delicacies before I could add them to the salad.