This document provides guidance on safety precautions for working in confined spaces. It defines confined spaces as enclosed areas that pose reasonably foreseeable specified risks, such as fires, explosions, drowning or asphyxiation. Common hazards in confined spaces include flammable or toxic gases, oxygen deficiency, flooding, and engulfment. The document outlines risk assessment, permit requirements, ventilation, gas monitoring, rescue procedures, training, and use of personal protective equipment to safely conduct work in confined spaces.
This document provides definitions and information related to fire and explosion hazards. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, fire, explosion, ignition sources, and stages of combustion. It also discusses flash point, fire point, auto-ignition temperature, and flammability limits. The document outlines how to prevent and mitigate explosions through ventilation, ignition source control, containment, material substitution, and separation. It also discusses hazardous area classification and electrical equipment certification for different zones and gas/vapor groups.
This document discusses confined spaces and safety procedures for entry. It defines a confined space as having limited entry/exit points, unfavorable ventilation, and not being suitable for continuous occupancy. It identifies potential hazards like oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, flammable atmospheres, and physical dangers. The document outlines testing and permit requirements, ventilation procedures, communication with attendants, and rescue plans that must be followed before and during entry to ensure worker safety.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It defines key terms like ventilation, industrial ventilation, confined spaces, and components of local exhaust systems. It outlines common hazards in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires/explosions, and toxic fumes. The document emphasizes the importance of ventilation for confined spaces and outlines basic ventilation requirements and strategies for ventilating spaces before and during entry and work.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It provides information on:
- The definition and purpose of ventilation systems in industrial settings.
- Components and design principles of general ventilation and local exhaust systems.
- Common hazards found in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires, and toxic fumes.
- Safety measures for confined spaces including ventilation requirements before and during entry and work.
This document provides an overview of hazardous locations and the classification of areas where combustible materials may be present. It discusses the three classes of hazardous locations (I, II, III), which are based on the materials present, as well as the division ratings (1, 2) which indicate if a hazard is present under normal or abnormal conditions. The document also covers equipment requirements, protection methods, and standards for intrinsically safe, flameproof, and increased safety equipment used in different hazardous location classes and zones. Key factors like gas/vapor properties, temperature limits, and enclosure types are examined to determine the appropriate precautions for electrical equipment in hazardous areas.
The document provides information on confined space entry hazards and safety procedures. It defines what constitutes a confined space, lists common examples, and identifies potential hazards such as oxygen deficiency, flammable atmospheres, toxic gases, and mechanical/electrical dangers. It emphasizes the importance of testing the atmosphere, ventilation, isolation of hazards, conducting a tailgate meeting, and using an entry permit system to ensure safe entry into confined spaces.
The document discusses various industrial hazards such as fires, explosions, and chemicals. It defines key terms like flash point, fire point, autoignition temperature, LEL and UEL. It describes different types of fires and explosions. The document also discusses the Dow Fire and Explosion Index which is used to assess the hazard levels of industrial processes and guide safety measures.
This document provides definitions and information related to fire and explosion hazards. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, fire, explosion, ignition sources, and stages of combustion. It also discusses flash point, fire point, auto-ignition temperature, and flammability limits. The document outlines how to prevent and mitigate explosions through ventilation, ignition source control, containment, material substitution, and separation. It also discusses hazardous area classification and electrical equipment certification for different zones and gas/vapor groups.
This document discusses confined spaces and safety procedures for entry. It defines a confined space as having limited entry/exit points, unfavorable ventilation, and not being suitable for continuous occupancy. It identifies potential hazards like oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, flammable atmospheres, and physical dangers. The document outlines testing and permit requirements, ventilation procedures, communication with attendants, and rescue plans that must be followed before and during entry to ensure worker safety.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It defines key terms like ventilation, industrial ventilation, confined spaces, and components of local exhaust systems. It outlines common hazards in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires/explosions, and toxic fumes. The document emphasizes the importance of ventilation for confined spaces and outlines basic ventilation requirements and strategies for ventilating spaces before and during entry and work.
This document discusses waste treatment and disposal technology, specifically focusing on air containment, general ventilation systems, local exhaust systems, and confined space safety measures. It provides information on:
- The definition and purpose of ventilation systems in industrial settings.
- Components and design principles of general ventilation and local exhaust systems.
- Common hazards found in confined spaces like oxygen deficiency, fires, and toxic fumes.
- Safety measures for confined spaces including ventilation requirements before and during entry and work.
This document provides an overview of hazardous locations and the classification of areas where combustible materials may be present. It discusses the three classes of hazardous locations (I, II, III), which are based on the materials present, as well as the division ratings (1, 2) which indicate if a hazard is present under normal or abnormal conditions. The document also covers equipment requirements, protection methods, and standards for intrinsically safe, flameproof, and increased safety equipment used in different hazardous location classes and zones. Key factors like gas/vapor properties, temperature limits, and enclosure types are examined to determine the appropriate precautions for electrical equipment in hazardous areas.
The document provides information on confined space entry hazards and safety procedures. It defines what constitutes a confined space, lists common examples, and identifies potential hazards such as oxygen deficiency, flammable atmospheres, toxic gases, and mechanical/electrical dangers. It emphasizes the importance of testing the atmosphere, ventilation, isolation of hazards, conducting a tailgate meeting, and using an entry permit system to ensure safe entry into confined spaces.
The document discusses various industrial hazards such as fires, explosions, and chemicals. It defines key terms like flash point, fire point, autoignition temperature, LEL and UEL. It describes different types of fires and explosions. The document also discusses the Dow Fire and Explosion Index which is used to assess the hazard levels of industrial processes and guide safety measures.
The presentation prepares technicians on the need to follow the right laws and principles of working in confined space. Safety and health implications of confined space. Equipment and devices required to work in a confined space.
Like manufacturers in all industries, pharmaceutical manufacturers and their employees face real and serious health and safety issues. In some cases, the hazards are the same ones we find in most manufacturing facilities. In other cases, the hazards are more specific to pharmaceutical manufacturing. Likewise, pharmaceutical manufacturers use hazard controls and risk mitigations that are common to many industries as well as more specific to pharmaceutical manufacturing, including all levels of the hierarchy of controls, from elimination down to administrative controls such as training for pharmaceutical safety and the use of PPE.
This document provides a summary of fire safety awareness training. It discusses the basic principles of fire, including the fire triangle of oxygen, heat and fuel. It outlines different fire classifications and methods of fire extinguishment, such as water, foam, dry chemicals and inert gases. Common fire hazards are presented along with ways to prevent fires, such as good housekeeping and storage practices. Guidelines are provided on controlling small fires and evacuating in the event of a larger fire. The overall message is about the importance of fire safety through preparedness, prevention and control.
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
This document provides an overview of fire safety awareness training. It discusses the basic elements of fire, classifications of fires, fundamental principles of fire prevention and control, common fire hazards and causes, and methods of fire prevention and extinguishment. The key topics covered include the fire triangle of oxygen, heat and fuel; classes of fires from A to D; common fire extinguishing agents like water, foam, dry chemicals and inert gases; common fire hazards in the workplace; and fundamental ways to prevent and fight fires, including through good housekeeping, proper storage of flammables, restricting smoking and open flames, and electrical safety.
Working safely at confined space (1).pptxSampadGhosh9
This document provides guidance on working safely in confined spaces. It defines a confined space as one that is large enough for entry, has limited means of entry/exit, and is not designed for continuous human occupancy. It identifies hazards like toxic atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, flammable gases, and mechanical hazards. It stresses the importance of hazard identification, risk assessment, and control measures like permits, atmospheric testing, ventilation, communication procedures, rescue equipment, and training for workers entering confined spaces.
1. Industrial fires can cause casualties, health hazards, property loss, unemployment, and pollution. They require heat, oxygen, and a fuel to start. Good housekeeping, including proper waste storage and maintenance, can prevent fires and their spread.
2. There are various fire hazards in industries like electrical faults, welding, hot surfaces, smoking, and spontaneous heating of combustible materials. Fires are classified based on the type of fuel. Extinguishing methods include cooling, starving, or smothering the fire. Toxic gases released during fires can be dangerous.
3. Proper management, training, inspections, and pre-incident planning are needed to prevent industrial fires and minimize losses through fire
1) The document discusses various hazards associated with flare and overhead systems, including fire, explosion, toxicity, overloading, leakage, and environmental risks.
2) It emphasizes that safety depends on planning, risk assessment, applying proper controls like procedures and PPE, and learning from past accidents.
3) Several case studies are presented where accidents occurred due to issues like liquid carryover, improper purging or isolation, lack of procedures, and non-use of proper respiratory equipment. Vigilance and senior oversight of critical tasks are important to manage risks.
This document provides an overview of OSHA standards and confined space hazards. It defines a confined space as having limited openings for entry/exit, unfavorable natural ventilation, and not being designed for continuous occupancy. Hazards include hazardous atmospheres from gases, vapors, dusts or oxygen deficiency; engulfment from materials like grain; and configuration hazards due to limited space. Proper precautions include testing the atmosphere, ventilation, lockout/tagout of hazards, use of permits and attendants, and rescue procedures. All workers entering confined spaces must be trained.
The document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air pollutants. It defines pollution and lists major sources of outdoor air pollution such as vehicles, power plants, and waste burning. It describes common air pollutants like particulate matter and gases. The document then discusses air sampling methods for particulate and gaseous pollutants using techniques like sedimentation, filtration, impingement, and adsorption. Specific instruments are mentioned like bubblers and impingers for liquid collection and activated carbon for gas adsorption. Spectrophotometry, chemiluminescence, UV fluorescence, and gas chromatography are also summarized as analytical methods for measuring gaseous pollutants.
Refresh Confined Space for Confine Space Works.pptxharrybolah
The document discusses legislations and procedures for entry into confined spaces in Malaysia. It defines a confined space and provides examples. It outlines the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Factories and Machinery Act 1967, and Industry Code of Practice for Safe Working in Confined Spaces 2010 that regulate confined space entry. The document describes hazards in confined spaces like atmospheric, safety, thermal, and biological hazards. It details the entry procedure before, during and after entry, including permitting, isolation, cleaning, testing, ventilation, and rescue requirements.
This document summarizes Vahid Ebadat's presentation on dust explosion hazard assessment and the OSHA combustible dust National Emphasis Program (NEP). The key points are:
1) Five conditions must exist simultaneously for a dust explosion to occur, including an explosible dust cloud, ignition source, and proper fuel-oxidizer-ignition source mixture.
2) OSHA's NEP inspects facilities that handle combustible dusts and can issue citations. Inspections include dust sampling and analysis, and auditing dust management practices.
3) Managing dust explosion risks involves controlling flammable atmospheres through ventilation, eliminating ignition sources, and using explosion protection systems.
This document discusses electrical maintenance in hazardous areas. It defines area classification and explains why it is important to prevent electrical hazards from causing fires and explosions. It outlines the fire explosion triangle and important terminology like hazard, hazardous atmosphere, ignition temperature, and flammable substances. It then describes the concentration limits for explosions and different area classification systems from NEC and IEC codes. The document provides examples of zone classifications and discusses gas groups, temperature classes, ingress protection, types of protections, and materials of construction for electrical equipment in hazardous areas. It also covers labeling requirements and dos and don'ts for working in hazardous areas.
The document provides guidance on installing electrical equipment in hazardous locations with explosion risks. It defines hazardous atmospheres as areas where flammable gases, vapors, mists or dusts are present in concentrations within their explosive limits and an ignition source is possible. The guide outlines the necessary conditions for an explosion to occur, defines explosive and potentially explosive atmospheres, and lists common substances that can produce explosions. It also compares gas and vapor classification standards between IEC, CENELEC and NEC and provides selection guidance for equipment in different hazardous environments.
Fire safety document discusses fire hazards and risk assessment. It defines risk as the uncertainty of an unforeseen event occurring and outlines factors like magnitude of consequences and likelihood of occurrence. It also discusses the ALARP principle which states that risks are only tolerable if all reasonably practicable measures have been taken to reduce them. The document further examines hazards like vapour cloud explosions and fires as well as classification of fires and suitable extinguishing methods.
This document provides guidelines for safely working on gas lines. It describes the necessary precautions that must be taken which include ensuring there are no power lines or leaky gas lines nearby, using non-sparking tools, having adequate lighting and emergency equipment, and monitoring gas levels with detectors. The document also outlines do's and don'ts for gas cylinder handling and storage such as not dragging cylinders and prohibiting smoking around oxidizers or flammables. Overall, the document aims to establish minimum safety requirements for any work involving gas lines.
This document provides training instructions for basic health, safety, and environmental procedures for workers during a shutdown at the DAS Island gas plant. The key points covered include:
1. Not bringing ignition sources like lighters or phones, following rules like no smoking or drinking, attending safety training, and knowing emergency contact numbers.
2. Describing the DAS plant operations producing LNG, LPG, and CNG.
3. Outlining the emergency response plan and procedures for responding to incidents like fires, gas leaks, or equipment failures by stopping work, notifying supervisors, and evacuating to muster points.
Research and development on explosion and prevention of explosions in minesJayachandra Jitendra
This document discusses explosions in mines and measures to prevent them. It describes the mechanisms of explosions, including the necessary elements of fuel, oxygen, an ignition source, and a chemical chain reaction. The main types of explosions in mines are methane explosions, coal dust explosions, and rare water gas explosions. Prevention strategies include developing an explosion protection plan, implementing explosion control measures like zoning, selecting appropriate equipment, and controlling ignition sources through practices like degassing operations.
Confined Space Training by Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry Atlantic Training, LLC.
OSHA developed a confined space standard to protect workers from hazards like toxic, flammable or oxygen-deficient atmospheres that can be found in confined spaces. Over 120 confined space accidents occurred each year prior to the standard, resulting in 173 fatalities. Many of these fatalities were would-be rescuers. The standard defines permit-required confined spaces and focuses on preventing injuries and fatalities by requiring training, atmospheric testing, ventilation, isolation of hazards, use of personal protective equipment, safe work procedures, emergency response plans, and more. Employers must evaluate worksites to identify permit-required confined spaces and protect unauthorized entry.
The presentation prepares technicians on the need to follow the right laws and principles of working in confined space. Safety and health implications of confined space. Equipment and devices required to work in a confined space.
Like manufacturers in all industries, pharmaceutical manufacturers and their employees face real and serious health and safety issues. In some cases, the hazards are the same ones we find in most manufacturing facilities. In other cases, the hazards are more specific to pharmaceutical manufacturing. Likewise, pharmaceutical manufacturers use hazard controls and risk mitigations that are common to many industries as well as more specific to pharmaceutical manufacturing, including all levels of the hierarchy of controls, from elimination down to administrative controls such as training for pharmaceutical safety and the use of PPE.
This document provides a summary of fire safety awareness training. It discusses the basic principles of fire, including the fire triangle of oxygen, heat and fuel. It outlines different fire classifications and methods of fire extinguishment, such as water, foam, dry chemicals and inert gases. Common fire hazards are presented along with ways to prevent fires, such as good housekeeping and storage practices. Guidelines are provided on controlling small fires and evacuating in the event of a larger fire. The overall message is about the importance of fire safety through preparedness, prevention and control.
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
This document provides an overview of fire safety awareness training. It discusses the basic elements of fire, classifications of fires, fundamental principles of fire prevention and control, common fire hazards and causes, and methods of fire prevention and extinguishment. The key topics covered include the fire triangle of oxygen, heat and fuel; classes of fires from A to D; common fire extinguishing agents like water, foam, dry chemicals and inert gases; common fire hazards in the workplace; and fundamental ways to prevent and fight fires, including through good housekeeping, proper storage of flammables, restricting smoking and open flames, and electrical safety.
Working safely at confined space (1).pptxSampadGhosh9
This document provides guidance on working safely in confined spaces. It defines a confined space as one that is large enough for entry, has limited means of entry/exit, and is not designed for continuous human occupancy. It identifies hazards like toxic atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, flammable gases, and mechanical hazards. It stresses the importance of hazard identification, risk assessment, and control measures like permits, atmospheric testing, ventilation, communication procedures, rescue equipment, and training for workers entering confined spaces.
1. Industrial fires can cause casualties, health hazards, property loss, unemployment, and pollution. They require heat, oxygen, and a fuel to start. Good housekeeping, including proper waste storage and maintenance, can prevent fires and their spread.
2. There are various fire hazards in industries like electrical faults, welding, hot surfaces, smoking, and spontaneous heating of combustible materials. Fires are classified based on the type of fuel. Extinguishing methods include cooling, starving, or smothering the fire. Toxic gases released during fires can be dangerous.
3. Proper management, training, inspections, and pre-incident planning are needed to prevent industrial fires and minimize losses through fire
1) The document discusses various hazards associated with flare and overhead systems, including fire, explosion, toxicity, overloading, leakage, and environmental risks.
2) It emphasizes that safety depends on planning, risk assessment, applying proper controls like procedures and PPE, and learning from past accidents.
3) Several case studies are presented where accidents occurred due to issues like liquid carryover, improper purging or isolation, lack of procedures, and non-use of proper respiratory equipment. Vigilance and senior oversight of critical tasks are important to manage risks.
This document provides an overview of OSHA standards and confined space hazards. It defines a confined space as having limited openings for entry/exit, unfavorable natural ventilation, and not being designed for continuous occupancy. Hazards include hazardous atmospheres from gases, vapors, dusts or oxygen deficiency; engulfment from materials like grain; and configuration hazards due to limited space. Proper precautions include testing the atmosphere, ventilation, lockout/tagout of hazards, use of permits and attendants, and rescue procedures. All workers entering confined spaces must be trained.
The document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air pollutants. It defines pollution and lists major sources of outdoor air pollution such as vehicles, power plants, and waste burning. It describes common air pollutants like particulate matter and gases. The document then discusses air sampling methods for particulate and gaseous pollutants using techniques like sedimentation, filtration, impingement, and adsorption. Specific instruments are mentioned like bubblers and impingers for liquid collection and activated carbon for gas adsorption. Spectrophotometry, chemiluminescence, UV fluorescence, and gas chromatography are also summarized as analytical methods for measuring gaseous pollutants.
Refresh Confined Space for Confine Space Works.pptxharrybolah
The document discusses legislations and procedures for entry into confined spaces in Malaysia. It defines a confined space and provides examples. It outlines the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Factories and Machinery Act 1967, and Industry Code of Practice for Safe Working in Confined Spaces 2010 that regulate confined space entry. The document describes hazards in confined spaces like atmospheric, safety, thermal, and biological hazards. It details the entry procedure before, during and after entry, including permitting, isolation, cleaning, testing, ventilation, and rescue requirements.
This document summarizes Vahid Ebadat's presentation on dust explosion hazard assessment and the OSHA combustible dust National Emphasis Program (NEP). The key points are:
1) Five conditions must exist simultaneously for a dust explosion to occur, including an explosible dust cloud, ignition source, and proper fuel-oxidizer-ignition source mixture.
2) OSHA's NEP inspects facilities that handle combustible dusts and can issue citations. Inspections include dust sampling and analysis, and auditing dust management practices.
3) Managing dust explosion risks involves controlling flammable atmospheres through ventilation, eliminating ignition sources, and using explosion protection systems.
This document discusses electrical maintenance in hazardous areas. It defines area classification and explains why it is important to prevent electrical hazards from causing fires and explosions. It outlines the fire explosion triangle and important terminology like hazard, hazardous atmosphere, ignition temperature, and flammable substances. It then describes the concentration limits for explosions and different area classification systems from NEC and IEC codes. The document provides examples of zone classifications and discusses gas groups, temperature classes, ingress protection, types of protections, and materials of construction for electrical equipment in hazardous areas. It also covers labeling requirements and dos and don'ts for working in hazardous areas.
The document provides guidance on installing electrical equipment in hazardous locations with explosion risks. It defines hazardous atmospheres as areas where flammable gases, vapors, mists or dusts are present in concentrations within their explosive limits and an ignition source is possible. The guide outlines the necessary conditions for an explosion to occur, defines explosive and potentially explosive atmospheres, and lists common substances that can produce explosions. It also compares gas and vapor classification standards between IEC, CENELEC and NEC and provides selection guidance for equipment in different hazardous environments.
Fire safety document discusses fire hazards and risk assessment. It defines risk as the uncertainty of an unforeseen event occurring and outlines factors like magnitude of consequences and likelihood of occurrence. It also discusses the ALARP principle which states that risks are only tolerable if all reasonably practicable measures have been taken to reduce them. The document further examines hazards like vapour cloud explosions and fires as well as classification of fires and suitable extinguishing methods.
This document provides guidelines for safely working on gas lines. It describes the necessary precautions that must be taken which include ensuring there are no power lines or leaky gas lines nearby, using non-sparking tools, having adequate lighting and emergency equipment, and monitoring gas levels with detectors. The document also outlines do's and don'ts for gas cylinder handling and storage such as not dragging cylinders and prohibiting smoking around oxidizers or flammables. Overall, the document aims to establish minimum safety requirements for any work involving gas lines.
This document provides training instructions for basic health, safety, and environmental procedures for workers during a shutdown at the DAS Island gas plant. The key points covered include:
1. Not bringing ignition sources like lighters or phones, following rules like no smoking or drinking, attending safety training, and knowing emergency contact numbers.
2. Describing the DAS plant operations producing LNG, LPG, and CNG.
3. Outlining the emergency response plan and procedures for responding to incidents like fires, gas leaks, or equipment failures by stopping work, notifying supervisors, and evacuating to muster points.
Research and development on explosion and prevention of explosions in minesJayachandra Jitendra
This document discusses explosions in mines and measures to prevent them. It describes the mechanisms of explosions, including the necessary elements of fuel, oxygen, an ignition source, and a chemical chain reaction. The main types of explosions in mines are methane explosions, coal dust explosions, and rare water gas explosions. Prevention strategies include developing an explosion protection plan, implementing explosion control measures like zoning, selecting appropriate equipment, and controlling ignition sources through practices like degassing operations.
Confined Space Training by Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry Atlantic Training, LLC.
OSHA developed a confined space standard to protect workers from hazards like toxic, flammable or oxygen-deficient atmospheres that can be found in confined spaces. Over 120 confined space accidents occurred each year prior to the standard, resulting in 173 fatalities. Many of these fatalities were would-be rescuers. The standard defines permit-required confined spaces and focuses on preventing injuries and fatalities by requiring training, atmospheric testing, ventilation, isolation of hazards, use of personal protective equipment, safe work procedures, emergency response plans, and more. Employers must evaluate worksites to identify permit-required confined spaces and protect unauthorized entry.
Similar to Confined space (Student version)(1)(2).pptx (20)
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2. Learning Outcomes
1. Identify different types of confined space
2. Identify typical confined space hazards
3. Identify the safety precautions for working in confined
space
3. Content
• Interpretation of Confined Space and Specific Risks
• Confined Space Hazards
• Risk assessment and recommendations
• Compliance with risk assessment and issuing cert.
• Precautions before work
• Precautions during work in progress
• Emergency Procedures
4. Interpretation, Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg
• "confined space" (密閉空間) means any place in
which, by virtue of its enclosed nature, there
arises a reasonably foreseeable specified risk,
and without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, includes any chamber, tank, vat, pit,
well, sewer, tunnel, pipe, flue, boiler, pressure
receiver, hatch, caisson, shaft or silo in which
such risk arises
5. 5
Specified Risk (指明危險)
• serious injury to any person at work arising from a fire or
explosion;
• the loss of consciousness of any person at work arising
from an increase in body temperature;
• the loss of consciousness or asphyxiation of any person
at work arising from gas, fume, vapour or the lack of
oxygen;
• the drowning of any person at work arising from an
increase in the level of liquid; or
• the asphyxiation of any person at work arising from a free
flowing solid or the inability to reach a respirable
environment due to entrapment by a free flowing solid
氣
火
熱
水
固
11. 11
Common Potential Hazards in Confined Spaces
1. Flammable or Explosive Atmosphere
2. Hazardous Gas, Vapour or Fume
3. Hazards of Excess Oxygen or Oxygen Deficiency in the
Environment
4. Fire
5. Heat
6. An Increase in the Level of Liquid or a Free Flowing Solid
7. Dust
8. Use of Machinery Hazards
9. Biological Hazards
10.Noise Hazards
11.Radiation Hazards
12. 1. Flammable or Explosive Atmosphere
• Feature:
– A mixture of oxygen in air and flammable gas, vapour or
combustible dust of concentration within the flammable range.
– Burn or explode in the presence of an ignition source such as
sparks from welding or portable electric tool.
13. 1. Flammable or Explosive Atmosphere
• Flammable gas and vapour may arise
from residues of flammable
substances, using of flammable
substances or chemical reaction (e.g.
generation of methane).
• The flammable vapour released by the
flammable liquid can also diffuse away.
Even if it is ignited at a distance, the
flame could flash back to the
flammable liquid and start a fire.
• Combustible dust may arise from
crops (e.g. flour), chemicals, plastic
particle, pharmaceuticals and metal
powder.
14. 2. Hazardous Gas, Vapour or Fume
• Typical sources of hazardous gases present in confined
spaces (e.g. sewers, manholes and pits of the drainage
system) include:
– Decomposition of organic matters will generate methane and/or
hydrogen sulphide.
– Leaks from underground fuel tanks, gas utility pipes, connected
sewer systems or contaminated land, such as landfills, may
enter the work area.
– Use of generators and fuel-driven tools in poorly ventilated
areas may use up oxygen and generate carbon monoxide.
15. • It can be very dangerous if drainage workers think they
can easily recognize the presence of toxic gases by smell.
Because:
– Carbon monoxide, are colourless and odourless.
– Hydrogen sulphide may have an unpleasant smell at low
concentrations but such smell disappears at higher
concentrations due to olfactory fatigue.
2. Hazardous Gas, Vapour or Fume
16. 16
• Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
–Colourless, gas or liquid with an odour of rotten eggs.
–highly toxic and flammable
–heavier than air
–attacks eye, skin and respiratory tract.
–may cause cough, paralysis, sleepiness, headache,
blurred vision & death
–As sewage is very often present in a drainage system,
workers overcome by hydrogen sulphide could be
easily killed by drowning.
Typical sources of hazardous gases
17. 17
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
–colourless, tasteless, odourless and flammable gas,
which is about the same weight as air
–generated by incomplete combustion of carbon
–affinity for haemoglobin, small amounts pose serious
hazard
Typical sources of hazardous gases
18. 18
• Methane (or natural gas) CH4
–due to decaying of organic matter
–found in landfill sites, sluggish sewers, tunnel, and
drainage pipe
–tasteless, odourless and highly flammable
–replaces the oxygen content in air which in turn causes
asphyxiation
–Generated from the work, e.g. welding or the use of
adhesives, paints, volatile or flammable solvents
Typical sources of hazardous gases
19. 19
• Oxygen deficiency (<19.5%)
–from work being done
• such as welding, cutting, or brazing;
–by chemical reactions (rusting) or
through bacterial action
–from inert gas often used to exclude
oxygen to reduce the possibility of
explosion
–improper or inadequate ventilation
during tank work
3. Hazards of Oxygen
20. 20
Excess of oxygen in the environment due to leaking of oxygen supply may cause fires and explosion.
The percentage of oxygen in a confined space should not be between 19.5% and 23%
3. Hazards of Oxygen
21. 21
• Oxygen enrichment
–oxygen in air content exceeds 23%
–other sensors become malfunction
–increases the rate of chemical reaction
–never use pure oxygen inside confined space
3. Hazards of Oxygen
22. 4. Fire
• Burning, welding, gas cutting and other hot work are
inherently hazardous.
• Not only create hazards of fire, but also lead to emission
of toxic gas, vapour, dust or fume, causing deficiency of
oxygen, raising the atmospheric temperature, etc.
• In a fire, people may get hurt by heat and flames, but the
majority of death and injuries in fires were due to
inhalation of hazardous smoke or toxic gases.
23. 23
• Heat / Temperature extremes
–Extremely hot temperatures
can present problems for
workers
• Heat stress
• Heat stroke
• Loss of consciousness
5. Heat
– avoid heavy manual work in hot environment
–reduced by providing blowing fans, adequate cool potable
water to replace water loss from sweating and sufficient rest
breaks
24. 24
• Free flowing liquid or solid material
–Floods
• arising from sudden ingress of water
–Engulfment hazards:
• Loose, granular material stored in bins and hoppers, such as
grain, sand, coal, or similar material, can engulf and suffocate a
worker
6. An Increase in the Level of Liquid or a Free
Flowing Solid
26. 26
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 5
– carry out an assessment of the working conditions and suggest
control measures
Risk assessment and recommendations
27. 27
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 6
–has issued a certificate stating-
• that all necessary safety precautions in relation to the hazards
identified in the risk assessment report have been taken; and
• the period during which workers may remain safely in the confined
space
Compliance with risk assessment report and
issuing of certificate
29. 29
Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 7
a) Disconnect all mechanical equipment from its
power source, with its power source locked out;
b) Blank off every pipe or supply line whose
contents are liable to create a hazard
Disconnect
30. 30
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 7C
–Test to ensure
• absence of any hazardous gas and
• no deficiency of oxygen
Testing Gas
Air at different levels and locations inside a confined space
should be tested since dangerous gases with different densities
31. 31
• Nowadays, 4 in 1 gas detector to check
–concentration of O2, H2S, LEL and CO
Gas Detector
32. 32
• The minimum concentration of a particular combustible gas
or vapor necessary to support its combustion in air is
defined as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for that gas.
– Below this level, the mixture is too "lean" to burn.
• The maximum concentration of a gas or vapor that will burn
in air is defined as the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL).
– Above this level, the mixture is too "rich" to burn.
• The range between the LEL and UEL is known as the
flammable range for that gas or vapor.
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
33. 33
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 7D
–Purge, cool and ventilate to ensure that it is a safe
workplace
Cleaning and Cooling before entry
34. 34
Cleaning and Cooling before entry
• Steam cleaning
– Remove steam-volatile substances
– For removal of corrosive materials / materials which are not
readily volatile, preliminary treatment by repeated washing with
water, or with other suitable solvents or appropriate neutralizing
agent should be applied prior to steaming.
– The period of steaming should be adequate to thoroughly remove
all the dangerous materials from the confined space.
35. 35
Cleaning and Cooling before entry
• Inert gas purging
– To avoid the formation of an explosive mixture with air when a
confined space containing flammable gas or vapour is opened up,
the confined space may be purged by an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen,
carbon dioxide).
– Gas testing should be conducted if persons have to enter a
confined space which has been purged by an inert gas so as to
provide adequate oxygen to support life.
– Purged again by fresh air
36. 36
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 7E
– an adequate supply of respirable air and an effective forced
ventilation have been provided
Forced Ventilation
37. 37
• Increase the number of openings
• Mechanical ventilation
• Do not use oxygen to freshen the air inside the confined
space as this will greatly increase the risk of fire or
explosion.
• Adequate supply of fresh air is of particular importance if
compressed gas or burning equipment is used inside the
confined space because of the dangers from build-up of
engine exhaust.
• Warning: Exhaust from fuelled engines contains carbon
monoxide which is so dangerous that use of such
equipment in confined spaces should never be allowed.
Forced Ventilation
39. 39
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 8A
– Only certified workers are allowed to enter and work in a
confined space
Only Certified Workers
“Certified worker” means a person
(a) who has attained the age of 18
years; and
(b) who holds a certificate issued by
a person whom the Commissioner for
Labour has authorized to certify
workers as being competent to work
in a confined space.
40. 40
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 8B
– Stationed outside to maintain communication with the workers
inside
Standby Person
When work is being carried out
in a confined space by a
certified worker,
another worker (the “standby
person”) should be assigned to
station outside
the confined space throughout
the time of operation to
maintain
communication with the
worker inside.
Similarly the workers inside a
confined space should keep the
standby person informed should
any dangerous situations arise
inside the confined space so that
the standby person can call for
assistance.
41. 41
• Should be trained on how to
maintain communication
• Should keep the workers inside the
confined space informed of any
change in environmental conditions
/ emergency situations, e.g.
– heavy rain leading to flooding,
– fires,
– spillage of toxic, corrosive or
flammable liquids,
– releasing of dangerous gases,
– power supply failure,
– failure of forced ventilation system, etc.
Standby Person
42. 42
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 8C
–Display risk assessment report and the related
certificate
Display report and certificate
43. 43
• Entry into a confined space for work should be permitted only
after the issue of a valid “Permit-to-work certificate”
• Such “Permit-to-work certificate” should specify the location
and type/nature of work to be done, and state:
–that all necessary safety precautions in relation to the
hazards identified in the risk assessment report have been
taken; and
–the period during which workers may remain safely in the
confined space.
Permit-to-work System
44. 44
The “Permit-to-work certificate” should also include:
(a) results in the risk assessment report completed by the
competent person;
(b) effectiveness of the isolation and withdrawal from service;
(c) results of cleaning and purging of facilities in the confined
space;
(d) results of the atmospheric testing;
(e) a list of personal protective equipment (“PPE”); and
(f) other safety precautions.
Permit-to-work System
A "competent person" means a person
(a) who has attained the age of 18 years;
(b) who is either -
(i) a safety officer or
(ii) a person who holds a certificate issued by a person whom the Commissioner for Labour has
authorized to certify persons as being competent to prepare risk assessment reports; and
(c) who has at least one year's relevant experience, after obtaining the registration or certification
47. 47
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 9
–Where-
(a) a risk assessment report recommends; or
(b) for underground pipework
Use of Personal Protective Equipment
49. 49
Safety harness and lifeline
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 9
– wear safety harness connected to a lifeline that is strong
enough to enable him to be pulled out,
– and that the free end is held by a person outside who has
sufficient strength to pulling the person out
52. Formulate and implement procedures
• A proprietor or contractor should set up arrangements for rescue of
workers working in a confined space in case of an emergency.
• A rescue team consisting of sufficient number of trained persons,
should be readily available.
• A rescue team should readily reach the confined space in time and
be able to get the persons inside the confined space out in case of
emergency.
• All members of the rescue team should have been properly and
adequately trained in the related emergency rescue procedures,
including the detailed particulars of an emergency rescue plan and
full knowledge on how to properly use all those rescue equipment.
52
57. 57
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 10
– approved breathing apparatus
– apparatus for reviving an unconscious worker
– vessels containing oxygen or air
– safety harnesses and ropes; and
– audio and visual alarm by which the workers inside the
confined space can alert those outside
Equipment
58. 58
• Cap 59AE,F&IU (Confined Spaces) Reg, s. 10
–Sufficient number of persons
–commensurate with the scale of the job
–are present who know how to use the safety
equipment
People
59. Case 1 - Poisoning in manhole sewer
• A team of workers had to clear a
sewer which was about 2 metres in
diameter.
• A test was conducted before
commencement of work. The result
indicated that the environment was
safe.
• Also, an air blower was provided at the
top of the manhole to blow fresh air
into the sewer. When the work was
close to completion, the workers
removed the air blower.
• A worker fell unconscious when
entering the sewer for final clean-up,
and so did the other workers during
the rescue as they did not wear any
breathing apparatus when going inside.
60. Case 1 - Poisoning in manhole sewer
• Case Analysis
– The effluent in the sewer produced toxic gases. Toxic gases
accumulated more easily in the absence of an air blower.
– There was no continuous monitoring for the air quality inside
the sewer, the worker was not aware that the toxic gases had
accumulated to a dangerous level.
– The worker did not wear approved breathing apparatus while at
work.
– The workers taking part in the rescue did not wear any safety
equipment.
61. Case 1 - Poisoning in manhole sewer
• Lessons to Learn
– A risk assessment, with recommendations on safety
and health, should be conducted by a competent
person before work is carried out in a confined space.
– Recommendations made by the competent person and
emergency procedures laid down by the proprietor or
contractor should be strictly followed.
– Suitable mechanical ventilation and continuous air
monitoring should be maintained while work is being
conducted inside a sewer.
– Workers without proper safety training and not wearing
protective equipment should not be allowed to enter a
confined space to work or to carry out a rescue
operation. The workers should:
• wear suitable and approved breathing apparatus.
• wear a safety harness connected to a lifeline, with the free
end of the lifeline held by the worker staying outside for
immediate rescue.
• equip with warning and communication devices to keep in
touch with the worker stationed outside.
62. Case 2 - Poisoning in metal duct
• A polishing worker was poisoned
by the carbon monoxide produced
by a portable diesel generator
operating in a metal duct which
was over 100 metres in length and
2.2 metres in diameter while he
was polishing the internal surface
of the duct alone.
63. Case 2 - Poisoning in metal duct
• Case Analysis
– An enormous amount of poisonous carbon monoxide was
produced when the fuel generator was in operation.
– Poor air ventilation inside the metal duct had resulted in the
accumulation of carbon monoxide.
– Risk assessment for the work in confined space was not carried
out.
64. Case 2 - Poisoning in metal duct
• Lessons to Learn
– Fuel-powered machines shall be placed outside the metal duct to
prevent carbon monoxide from accumulating inside the metal duct.
– Suitable mechanical ventilation and continuous air monitoring
should be maintained while work is being conducted inside a metal
duct.