The document provides instructions on configuring local storage and file systems in Linux. It covers creating partitions and logical volumes, formatting file systems, mounting partitions and logical volumes, resizing logical volumes, and mounting network file shares using NFS and Samba. The various commands shown include fdisk, pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate, mkfs, mount, umount, and related tools for completing each configuration task in multiple steps.
RH202 CertMagic Exam contains all the questions and answers to pass RH202 IT Exam on first try. The Questions & answers are verified and selected by professionals in the field and ensure accuracy and efficiency throughout the whole Product
RH202 CertMagic Exam contains all the questions and answers to pass RH202 IT Exam on first try. The Questions & answers are verified and selected by professionals in the field and ensure accuracy and efficiency throughout the whole Product
Inspection and maintenance tools (Linux / OpenStack)Gerard Braad
This handout is part of the training at UnitedStack and will introduce you to several inspection and maintenance tools.
It is generated from the slides at: http://gbraad.gitlab.io/tools-training/
Source: https://gitlab.com/gbraad/tools-training
Advanced Level Training on Koha / TLS (ToT)Ata Rehman
Advanced Level Training on Koha / Total Library Solution - TLS - (ToT), December 4-8, 2017 – PASTIC, Islamabad
All training material provided during this training can be found at: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1hwWGHV1iHgcpjK_tw6-Xgf-ZVUPchIS_
What you will need for creating a bootable microSD card ?
1. A development machine with some version of linux (I had Ubuntu installed on my machine) .
You should have root access on this machine (or at least the ability to mount/unmount devices and run
fdisk).
2. A microSD card adapter. Your hardware should contain an adapter that converts microSD card into
an SD card which you can use on your computer. If your computer/laptop does not have an SD card
reader, please contact the course staff to get a USB adapter for the microSD card.
The example covered in this document will show the steps for setting up a brand new 2GB microSD card.
First insert your card into your development machine’s flash card slot.
On my Ubuntu 12.04 machine, the newly inserted card shows up as /dev/mmcblk0(or /dev/sdb) (with any
partitions showing up as /dev/mmcblk0p1 (or /dev/sdb1), /dev/mmcblk0p2(or /dev/sdb2), etc.) and that is
the device name that will be used through this example. You should substitute the proper device name for
your machine. You can use ’mount’ or ’df’ to see where the card mounts on your machine.
This presentation will provide the information about the Linux Root File systems and its hierarchy. So any technocrate who is willing to gain info about root files of Linux can easily understand . preffered for Embedded system design Students who are pursuing diploma courses in various CDAC centers.
Inspection and maintenance tools (Linux / OpenStack)Gerard Braad
This handout is part of the training at UnitedStack and will introduce you to several inspection and maintenance tools.
It is generated from the slides at: http://gbraad.gitlab.io/tools-training/
Source: https://gitlab.com/gbraad/tools-training
Advanced Level Training on Koha / TLS (ToT)Ata Rehman
Advanced Level Training on Koha / Total Library Solution - TLS - (ToT), December 4-8, 2017 – PASTIC, Islamabad
All training material provided during this training can be found at: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1hwWGHV1iHgcpjK_tw6-Xgf-ZVUPchIS_
What you will need for creating a bootable microSD card ?
1. A development machine with some version of linux (I had Ubuntu installed on my machine) .
You should have root access on this machine (or at least the ability to mount/unmount devices and run
fdisk).
2. A microSD card adapter. Your hardware should contain an adapter that converts microSD card into
an SD card which you can use on your computer. If your computer/laptop does not have an SD card
reader, please contact the course staff to get a USB adapter for the microSD card.
The example covered in this document will show the steps for setting up a brand new 2GB microSD card.
First insert your card into your development machine’s flash card slot.
On my Ubuntu 12.04 machine, the newly inserted card shows up as /dev/mmcblk0(or /dev/sdb) (with any
partitions showing up as /dev/mmcblk0p1 (or /dev/sdb1), /dev/mmcblk0p2(or /dev/sdb2), etc.) and that is
the device name that will be used through this example. You should substitute the proper device name for
your machine. You can use ’mount’ or ’df’ to see where the card mounts on your machine.
This presentation will provide the information about the Linux Root File systems and its hierarchy. So any technocrate who is willing to gain info about root files of Linux can easily understand . preffered for Embedded system design Students who are pursuing diploma courses in various CDAC centers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Objectives
❖List, create, delete partitions on MBR and GPT disks
❖Create and remove physical volumes
❖Assign physical volumes to volume groups
❖Create and delete logical volumes
❖Configure systems to mount file systems at boot by universally unique ID (UUID) or label
❖Add new partitions and logical volumes, and swap to a system non-destructively
❖Create and configure file systems
❖Create, mount, unmount, and use vfat, ext4, and xfs file systems
❖Mount and unmount network file systems using NFS
❖Extend existing logical volumes
❖Create and configure set-GID directories for collaboration
PRINCE BAJAJ 2
3. Introducing Standard Partitions and Filesystems
Step1 : Create partition(fdisk)
Step2: Create filesystem(mkfs)
Step3 : Mount filesystem(mount or fstab entry for persistent mount)
PRINCE BAJAJ
Partition1
ext2
Partition2
ext3
Partition3
ext4
Partition3
ext4
Partition1
ext2
Partition2
ext3
Mount Point Directory Dir1
Mount Point Directory Dir3
Mount Point Directory Dir2
Step 1 & 2
Step 3
MBR Partitioning Layout - 15 Partitions (3 Primary, 12 Logical)
GPT Partitioning Layout - 128 Partitions 3
4. Introducing Logical Volumes (LVM’s)
Step1 – Create physical volume from disks or partitions (pvcreate)
Step2- Create volume group using physical volume(s)(vgcreate)
Step3 – Create logical volume (lvcreate)
Step4- Create filesystem on logical volume (mkfs)
Step5- Mount file system on mount point(mount or fstab entry for persistent mount)
PRINCE BAJAJ
/dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3 /dev/sda4
Volume Group – VG1 Volume Group- VG2
Logical Vol1 Logical Vol2
Physical Volume1 Physical volume2
4
5. ❑ Create a standard disk partition of 1 GiB size and mount this on /mnt/partition directory.
• Partition should use xfs file system.
• Mount should be persistent.
PRINCE BAJAJ
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n , Second input : e , Two times Enter(To assign remaining
space for Logical partitions) ,Third input : n , Enter (Default First
sector),Fourth input: +1G ,wq (to save and quit)
To create container for extended partition (Container) and to create
logical partition of size 1 Gib
partprobe To inform kernel about this partition
mkdir /mnt/partition To create mount directory
mkfs.xfs /dev/sda5 To create xfs filesystem on partition
mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/partition To test mounting filesystem temporarily
mount To verify mounted filesystem
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/sda5 /mnt/partition xfs defaults 0 0
:wq
To mount filesystem persistently (to persist across reboot)
mount -a To mount through fstab
lsblk To list block devices
5
6. ❑ Create a disk partition of size 1 GiB and mount this for read only access on /mnt/fat directory.
• Use vfat file system for the partition.
• Mount should be persistent.
PRINCE BAJAJ
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n ,Enter(Default First sector), Second input : +1G, Enter ,w (to save and
quit)
To create logical partition of 1 GiB size
partprobe To inform kernel about this partition
mkdir /mnt/fat To create mount point directory
mkfs.vfat /dev/sda6 To create vfat filesystem on partition
mount -o ro /dev/sda6 /mnt/fat To test mounting filesystem
mount To verify mounted filesystem
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/sda6 /mnt/fat vfat ro 0 0
:wq
To mount filesystem persistently
lsblk To list block devices
6
7. ❑Configure and add 1 GiB swap space to your System.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n ,Enter, Enter (Default First sector), Second input : +1G , Enter, Third
input : t ,Enter ,Enter( for default Partition),Fourth input : 82 ,Enter, w (to save and
quit),Enter
To create logical partition of 1 GiB size of
type Linux swap
partprobe To inform kernel about these changes
mkswap /dev/sda7 To configure partition as swap
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/sda7 swap swap defaults 0 0
:wq
Make entry in fstab file
swapon -a To activate swap as per entry in fstab
free -m To verify added swap memory
7
8. ❑Configure logical volume with name lv_volume which should use 200 MiB from volume group vg_group of size 300 MiB.
• ext4 file system should be used
• Mount this on /mnt/log_vol directory and mount should be persistent.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n ,Enter,Enter (Default first sector) , Second input :+300M ,Enter, Third input :
t,Enter,Enter( for default Partition),Fourth input : 8e ,Enter,w (to save and quit),Enter
To create logical partition of size 300 MiB with type Linux
LVM
partprobe To inform kernel about this partition
pvcreate /dev/sda8 To create physical volume
vgcreate vg_group /dev/sda8 To create volume group from physical volume
lvcreate -n lv_volume -L 200M vg_group To create logical volume on volume group
mkdir /mnt/log_vol To create mount directory
mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg_group/lv_volume To create ext4 filesystem on logical volume
mount /dev/vg_group/lv_volume /mnt/log_vol To mount filesystem temporarily using mount
mount To verify mounted filesystem
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/vg_group/lv_volume /mnt/log_vol ext4 defaults 0 0
:wq
Make entry in fstab to mount filesystem persistently
mount -a To mount through fstab
8
9. ❑Configure logical volume with name volume which should use 20 PE’s from volume group named group of size 400 MiB.
• Size of PE should be 16 MiB and file system used must be ext4 file system.
• Mount this on /mnt/volume directory and mount should be persistent.
• Use UUID to mount this.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n ,Enter,Enter (Default first sector), Second input : +400M ,Enter, Third input : t,
Enter, Enter( for default Partition),Fourth input : 8e ,Enter, w (to save and quit),Enter
To create logical partition
partprobe To inform kernel about changes
pvcreate /dev/sda9 To create physical volume
vgcreate -s 16M group /dev/sda9 To create volume group with PE size of 16 MiB
lvcreate -n volume -l 20 group To create logical volume using 20 PE’s from volume group
mkdir /mnt/volume To create mount point
mkfs.ext4 /dev/group/volume To create ext4 filesystem on logical volume
mount /dev/group/volume /mnt/volume To mount filesystem in runtime
mount To verify mounted filesystem
vim /etc/fstab
UUID =? /mnt/volume ext4 defaults 0 0
:wq
To mount persistently through fstab
mount -a To verify mounted filesystem 9
10. ❑Configure logical volume with name lvm from volume group vgroup of size 512 MiB.
• Logical volume should use complete free space on volume group.
• Create ext4 file system on this volume.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n Enter,Enter(Default first sector), Second input : +512M ,Enter, Third
input : t ,Enter,Enter (Default partition), Fourth input : 8e,Enter ,w (to save and
quit),Enter
To create logical partition of type Linux LVM
pvcreate /dev/sda10 To create physical volume
vgcreate vgroup /dev/sda10 To create volume group
lvcreate -n lvm -l 100%FREE vgroup To create logical volume using all space of
volume group
mkfs.ext4 /dev/vgroup/lvm To create ext4 filesystem
lvdisplay To display logical volume(s)
vgdisplay To display volume group(s)
pvdisplay To display physical volume(s)
10
11. ❑Resize the lvm lv_volume so that after reboot size should be in between 230MiB to 260 MiB.
• Make sure complete logical volume should be usable.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
lvdisplay To display logical volumes
lvextend -r -L +45M /dev/vg_group/lv_volume To extent logical volume and resize the filesystem
11
12. ❑Extend size of LVM with name lvm by 256 MiB.
• Create new partition to increase the size of volume group.
• Format the complete volume with ext4 file system.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n ,Enter, Enter (Default first sector),Second input :
+300M , Enter,Third input : t ,Enter ,Enter(Default partition)
Fourth input : 8e ,Enter, w (to save and quit),Enter
To create logical partition of type Linux LVM
pvcreate /dev/sda11 To create physical volume
vgextend vgroup /dev/sda11 To extend volume group
lvextend -r -L +256M /dev/vgroup/lvm To extend logical volume
lvdisplay To display logical volume(s)
12
13. ❑Create a standard partition of size 100 MiB and format this with ext4 file system.
• Change the file system to xfs and verify same.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
fdisk /dev/sda
First input : n ,Enter,Enter(To select default first sector),
Second input :+100MiB ,Enter, w (to save and quit),Enter
To create partition (Logical partition) of 100 MiB size
partprobe To inform kernel about partition table changes
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda12 To create ext4 filesystem on partition
mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sda12 To change the filesystem type to xfs or to create xfs filesystem
blkid To verify changes
13
14. ❑Create a directory /private/home.
• Set the user ownership to lisa and group ownership to group.
• Give full permissions to group group on this directory.
• User riya should have no access on this directory.
• Add user’s bob and harry to group group.
• Files created by user bob and harry under this directory should have group ownership set to group.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
mkdir -p /private/home Creating directory path /private/home
chown lisa:group /private/home Changing user and group ownership
chmod g+rwx /private/home Configuring full permissions at group level
setfacl -m u:riya:- /private/home Removing all permissions for user riya
usermod -aG group bob & usermod -aG group harry Adding users to group group
chmod g+s /private/home To set GID bit
getfacl /home/private To display configured access control lists
14
15. ❑Discover the NFS share exported by NFS server ipaserver.example.com.
• Mount the share /nfsshare on directory /nfs/share and mount should be persistent.
• NFS version 3 should be used.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action Description
dnf group install “Network File System Client” Installing NFS client
showmount -e ipaserver.example.com Discovering NFS exports
mkdir -p /nfs/share Creating mount point directory
mount -o nfsvers=3 ipaserver.example.com:/nfshare /nfs/share Mounting NFS share in run time
umount /nfs/share Unmounting NFS share
vim /etc/fstab
ipaserver.example.com:/nfsshare /nfs/share nfs _netdev,nfsvers=3 0 0
:wq
Making entry in fstab file for persistent mount
mount -a Mounting through fstab
mount Verifying the mounted filesystem and version
15
16. ❑Discover the samba share and mount share samba on /samba/smb1 directory with smb1 user.
• Use the password password to mount this share.
PRINCE BAJAJ
Command Action/Description
dnf install samba-client cifs-utils Installing Samba client
smbclient -L ipaserver.example.com Listing Samba shares
mkdir -p /samba/smb1 Creating mount point directory
mount -o username=smb1 //ipaserver.example.com/samba /samba/smb1
Enter the Samba user password : *********
Mounting share in runtime
umount /samba/smb1 Unmounting share
vim /etc/fstab
//ipaserver.example.com/samba /samba/smb1 cifs _netdev,username=smb1,password=password
0 0
:wq
Making entry in fstab file for
persistent mount
mount -a Mounting through fstab
mount Verifying mounted share
16