conectores en ingles

1. ORGANIZACIÓN CONCEPTUAL
DEL TEXTO
CONECTORES LÓGICOS

2. ASPECTO DISCURSIVO
En el trabajo de lectura es importante reconocer palabras
que indican en qué sentido discurre un argumento. La
mayoría de las palabras que funcionan como marcadores
(= conectores) discursivos o conjunciones
(subordinantes: en oraciones subordinadas o
coordinantes: ideas que se encuentran en el mismo nivel
de importancia) son adverbios; aunque algunas de ellas
pueden hallarse en otras funciones. Estas palabras
marcan la estructura organizativa (macroestructura) de
un texto. El siguiente cuadro presenta la clasificación de
los marcadores discursivos (=conectores) según el tipo de
relación lógica que hay entre dos conceptos de un texto.
Algunos de los conectores pueden aparecer cumpliendo
diferentes funciones y, por ende, su traducción es
diferente:

3. Magnetic tape
• Cheap
• Slow to use
• Only for backups

4. Magnetic tape is cheap. It is very slow to use.
Magnetic tape is cheap. However, it is very slow to use.
(contraste)
Magnetic tape is cheap. We use it only for backups.
Magnetic tape is cheap. Therefore, we use it only for
backups.
(resultado)
Magnetic tape is cheap. For this reason we use it
only for backups.
(resultado)

5. Magnetic tape is cheap, but it is very
slow because tape drives are slow so
we use it only for backups.
(contraste – razón – resultado)

6. Registers hold data inmmediately required. Main memories stores data
required in the near future.
Los registros contienen datos que pueden ser requeridos de inmediato. La
memoria principal almacena los datos necesarios para un futuro próximo.
Registers hold data inmmediately required. In contrast, main memories stores
data required in the near future (adversativo/contraste)
Los registros contienen datos que pueden ser requeridos de inmediato. Por el
contrario, la memoria principal almacena los datos necesarios para un
futuro próximo.
PCs can process in a millionth of a second. Supercomputers can process in a
billionth of a second.
Las PC pueden procesar en una millonésima de segundo. Las
supercomputadoras pueden procesar en una billonésima de segundo.
PCs can process in a millionth of a second, but supercomputers can process in
a billionth of a second. (adversativo/contraste)
Las PC pueden procesar en una millonésima de segundo, pero las
supercomputadoras pueden procesar en una billonésima de segundo.
PCs can process in a millionth of a second, whereas supercomputers can
process in a billionth of a second. (adversativo/concesión)
Las PC pueden procesar en una billonésima de segundo, mientras que las
supercomputadoras pueden procesar en una billonésima de segundo.

7. Relación Lógica Palabras Claves
Lista (enumerar,
sumar)
First, in the first place, second, also, in addition, another,
next, and finally. Most/least important, further,
furthermore, moreover, besides, a number of, several,
again, also, then, and, last, still, too, not only…but also.=
primero, en primer lugar, segundo, a continuación, y,
también, como así también, además, por último,
finalmente, para terminar, etc.
Secuencia de
tiempo
(cronológica) y de
orden
after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at
last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier,
eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in
addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately,
meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly,
simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then,
thereafter, too, until, until now, when =
Luego, después, antes, en plrimer lugar, mientras, desde,
todavía, hasta ahora, cuando, etc.

8. Ejemplificación
Ilustraciones
Definiciones
Explicaciones
Clarificaciones
For example, for instance, even, to illustrate, as an
illustration, imagine, more specifically, in
conclusion, indeed, in fact, in short, it is true, of
course, namely, specifically, that is, this, truly, this
is, this is to say, in other words, such as, which
means, after all, I.E., namely, viz =
Es decir, por ejemplo, tal como, o sea, a saber, etc.
Comparación
Like, similarly, in the same way, analogously, both,
in comparison, also, likewise.=
Como si, además de, tan…como, tanto…como,
además, etc.

9. Contraste
(adversativo) Se
expresan ideas que
se oponen o son
diferentes de
alguna manera.
In contrast, but, however, rather, on the other
hand, although, nevertheless, on the contrary,
instead, yet, unlike, conversely, still, in spite of,
despite that, even so, even though, though, for all
that, in contrast, otherwise, regardless. =
Pero, sin embargo, no obstante, aun así, etc.
Causa-Efecto
(razón/causa) La
idea introducida
por el conector
describe la
razón/causa de lo
expresado
previamente o a
continuación en el
texto.
Because, for, since, as, a cause reasons for, source
of, so, therefore, consequently, if, then, , owing to,
since =
Porque, puesto que, ya que, desde que, dado que,
como, etc.

10. Concesión
(adversativo)
Although, though, even though, even if, on the
other hand, despite, in spite of, still, however,
nevertheless, regardless, rather, even while, even
as, but even so, and even then, yet, rather,
whereas, granted, naturally, of course =
Aunque, si bien, incluso si, siempre que, etc.
Énfasis
certainly, indeed, in fact, of course =
ciertamente, realmente, de hecho, por supuesto
Alternativa
(se expresa una
opción entre
dos o más
ideas)
Or, alternatively, either...or , Instead, neither...nor
=
O, o sino, o bien…o, ya sea…o, en cambio

11. Resumen y
generalización
(se introduce
una conclusión
final luego de
dar una serie
de
explicaciones
all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in
brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular,
in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the
whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to
summarize =
en suma, en una palabra, para resumir, etc.
Propósito
And, so that, that, to …, with the aim of, in order
to =
De manera que, para, con el objeto que

12. Resultado,
consecuencia o
inferencia (la
idea introducida
por el conector se
infiere de lo
expresado
anteriormente)
Because of, as a result of, and, so, since,
thus, hence, one outcome, resulted in =
A causa de, ya que, desde que, etc.
Condición
If, unless, as long as, even when, even though,
although =
Si, a menos, que, siempre que, incluso cuando

13. Observe en los siguientes ejemplos cómo se establece
una relación de significado entre ideas a través de los
conectores estudiados:
Both Be and Al react with oxygen to form an oxide
coating that protects the metal from further action.
Consequently, even though they have highly
negative reduction potentials suggesting that they
should be readily oxidized, both dissolve only
slowly in acids.
Ambos el Be y el Al reaccionan con el oxígeno para
formar un revestimiento de óxido que proteje el
metal de otra acción. Consecuentemente, a pesar de
que tienen potenciales de reducción altamente
negativos, que supone que deberían estar fácilmente
oxidados, ambos se disuelven sólo lentamente en
ácidos. Adición. Consecuencia & condición

14. Population may also be differentiated on the basis of
sex, age, nationality and religion. Thus, some
people live in towns or cities and are classed as
urban dwellers, while others live in the country
and are classed as rural residents.
La población puede deferenciarse en base al sexo, la
edad, la nacionalidad y la religión. Así, algunas
personas viven en pueblos o ciudades y son
clasificadas como habitantes urbanos, mientras
otras viven en el campo y son clasificadas como
residentes rurales. Consecuencia & contraste.

16. Subraye los marcadores discursivos y diga qué
función desempeñan cada uno en la oración.
1.She's a professional actress and an excellent teacher.
2.Metal generally have low ionization energies. They
therefore do not react readily with each other.
3.In all societies there are social classes which assume
rights and prerogatives over the other classes. In short,
they are not equal socially.
4.Although all alcoholic beverages damage the fetus,
smoking is more dangerous.
5.Steroids were originally developed in the 1930s in order
to maintain strength in aging men.
6.We can either meet in the afternoon or discuss it
tomorrow.

17. 7.Genetic damage by exposure to radiation is cumulative
so radiation dose can be neglected.
8.She is not only a good mother but also an excellent
manager.
9.Both users and abusers of drugs have the potential for
committing crimes to support their use.
10.Many positive devices have been used during the
history of mankind to restrict the increase of population
and thus prevent overpopulation.
11.While marijuana may not be physically addictive,
regular users can develop a psychological dependence.
12.Overdose deaths are more frequent when alcohol and
barbiturates are mixed whether accidentally or
deliberately.

18. 13. Users as well as abusers of drugs have the
potential for committing crimes to support their
use.
14. Parks should be kept in their native state so
that people can enjoy nature.
15. Marijuana can have far-reaching effects on
the reproductive system of both males and females.
16. Inhalants like glue, solvents, aerosols and
other products with fumes can cause hallucinations.
17. Even though nature may be generous, man
must reach a certain stage in cultural development
to make use of the resources.
18. Not only are people distributed in physical
space, they are distributed in social spaces as well.

19. 19.Although they are less active, the metallic
elements in the group are also produced by
electrolysis.
20.Antibiotics used wrongly can cause bacterial
resistance, that is, a new type of bacteria grows.
21.All alcoholic beverages damage the fetus. Beer,
however, is the most dangerous.
22.Several reasons are given for the change of
attitude of many students. To begin with, they fear
the outbreak of the war. Seconly, they are
concerned over the continuing pollution of the
environment. Not enough progress, moreover, has
been made in reducing poverty. And to conclude,
they feel frustrated in their attempt to influence
political decisions.

20. CLAVES DE CORRECCIÓN
1. She's a professional actress and an excellent teacher.
ADICIÓN
2. Metal generally have low ionization energies. They
therefore do not react readily with each other.
RESULTADO/CONSECUENCIA/INFERENCIA
3. In all societies there are social classes which assume rights
and prerogatives over the other classes. In sort, they are
not equal socially. RESUMEN Y GENERALIZACIÓN
4. Although all alcoholic beverages damage the fetus,
smoking is more dangerous. CONTRASTE
5. Steroids were originally developed in the 1930s in order to
maintain strength in aging men. PROPÓSITO
6. We can either meet in the afternoon or discuss it
tomorrow. ALTERNATIVA

21. 7. Genetic damage by exposure to radiation is cumulative so
radiation dose can be neglected.
RESULTADO/CONSECUENCIA/INFERENCIA
8. She is not only a good mother but also an excellent manager.
ADICIÓN
9. Both users and abusers of drugs have the potential for committing
crimes to support their use. ADICIÓN
10. Many positive devices have been used during the history of
mankind to restrict the increase of population and thus prevent
overpopulation. RESULTADO/CONSECUENCIA/INFERENCIA
11. While marijuana may not be physically addictive, regular users
can develop a psychological dependence. CONTRASTE
12. Overdose deaths are more frequent when alcohol and
barbiturates are mixed whether accidentally or deliberately.
ALTERNATIVA

22. 13. Users as well as abusers of drugs have the
potential for committing crimes to support their use.
ADICIÓN
14. Parks should be kept in their native state so that
people can enjoy nature. PROPÓSITO
15. Marijuana can have far-reaching effects on the
reproductive system of both males and females. ADICIÓN
16. Inhalants like glue, solvents, aerosols and other
products with fumes can cause hallucinations.
EJEMPLIFICACION
17. Even though nature may be generous, man must
reach a certain stage in cultural development to make use
of the resources. CONDICIÓN
18. Not only are people distributed in physical space,
they are distributed in social spaces as well. ADICIÓN

23. 19. Although they are less active, the metallic
elements in the group are also produced by electrolysis.
CONDICIÓN
20. Antibiotics used wrongly can cause bacterial
resistance, that is, a new type of bacteria grows.
CLARIFICACIÓN
21. All alcoholic beverages damage the fetus. Beer,
however, is the most dangerous. CONTRASTE
22. Several reasons are given for the change of
attitude of many students. To begin with, they fear the
outbreak of the war. Seconly, they are concerned over the
continuing pollution of the environment. Not enough
progress, moreover, has been made in reducing poverty.
And to conclude, they feel frustrated in their attempt to
influence political decisions. ENUMERACIÓN