The document discusses how concrete structures like bridges corrode over time due to factors like moisture, oxygen, chlorides from salt, and acids, and how cathodic protection systems using titanium or zinc-based anode materials can be applied to the reinforcing steel to prevent corrosion, extending the life of the structure for over 40 years. It provides examples of different types of structures that benefit from cathodic protection including bridges, docks, parking garages, and buildings.
1. Proper care of hands and feet is important to prevent infections and injuries. Daily inspection and cleaning of feet is recommended, including soaking, washing, drying, nail trimming and filing.
2. Special attention should be paid to checking between toes, and the feet of patients with diabetes or circulation problems. Elderly patients are also at higher risk for foot issues.
3. Nails should be trimmed straight across and not rounded, to prevent ingrown nails. Calluses, corns, warts, fungal infections and other common foot problems may arise and require treatment.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and have anti-depressant effects. Staying active through walking, sports, yoga or strength training can promote better mental health and well-being.
Positioning involves placing a patient in specific body alignments to promote health and allow for medical interventions. Some key reasons for positioning include providing comfort, relieving pressure on body parts, improving circulation, preventing deformities, and enabling examinations and treatments. Common positions include supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy and Fowler's positions, each having distinct uses and safety considerations. Positioning requires ensuring patient comfort and safety by using supportive devices and changing positions regularly.
Ground or earthing is word for safety of equpments and human let apply properlyMahesh Chandra Manav
Latest Update about Earthing and protection for safety of Equipment and human Lives Grid Design
Power Grid/CEA/NRPC/RECPDCL/RECTCL/NHPC/NTPC/State and Central Power Generation,Distribution Companies,Metro Rail/High Speed Rail/DFCC/RVNL/IRCON/RITES/Railtel/Electrical EPC/Electrical Contractors/Electrical Consultants /Solar EPC/MNRE/SECI Railway Board
Electrical conduit comes in both metallic and non-metallic varieties and protects electrical wiring from damage. Metallic types include EMT (thin-walled steel), IMC (thicker walls than EMT), and RMC (thick threaded walls), while non-metallic types are ENT (thin corrugated plastic) and RNC (rigid plastic). Conduits are chosen based on their protection, flexibility, corrosion resistance, and cost for the installation. Metallic conduit provides better protection but is more expensive to install, while non-metallic is cheaper but offers less impact resistance.
The document discusses cathodic protection and corrosion prevention methods for metal structures. It provides information on types of cathodic protection systems including sacrificial anode and impressed current systems. Key details covered include common materials used for anodes, factors that influence current density requirements, and considerations for protecting different types of structures like ships, pipelines and tanks.
Parte 2_Corrosão em concreto armado: técnicas de avaliação, monitoramento, prevenção e reabilitação. Adriana Araújo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo).
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with the environment, usually affecting metals. Cathodic protection is a method of corrosion control that protects buried or submerged metallic structures by supplying an external cathodic current to move the structure's electrochemical potential into the immune range. There are two main types of cathodic protection systems - sacrificial anode systems which use more reactive "sacrificial" metals to corrode instead of the protected structure, and impressed current systems which use an external DC source and insoluble anodes to supply current to the structure. Cathodic protection is widely used to protect structures like pipelines, storage tanks, ship hulls, and reinforced concrete.
1. Proper care of hands and feet is important to prevent infections and injuries. Daily inspection and cleaning of feet is recommended, including soaking, washing, drying, nail trimming and filing.
2. Special attention should be paid to checking between toes, and the feet of patients with diabetes or circulation problems. Elderly patients are also at higher risk for foot issues.
3. Nails should be trimmed straight across and not rounded, to prevent ingrown nails. Calluses, corns, warts, fungal infections and other common foot problems may arise and require treatment.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and have anti-depressant effects. Staying active through walking, sports, yoga or strength training can promote better mental health and well-being.
Positioning involves placing a patient in specific body alignments to promote health and allow for medical interventions. Some key reasons for positioning include providing comfort, relieving pressure on body parts, improving circulation, preventing deformities, and enabling examinations and treatments. Common positions include supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy and Fowler's positions, each having distinct uses and safety considerations. Positioning requires ensuring patient comfort and safety by using supportive devices and changing positions regularly.
Ground or earthing is word for safety of equpments and human let apply properlyMahesh Chandra Manav
Latest Update about Earthing and protection for safety of Equipment and human Lives Grid Design
Power Grid/CEA/NRPC/RECPDCL/RECTCL/NHPC/NTPC/State and Central Power Generation,Distribution Companies,Metro Rail/High Speed Rail/DFCC/RVNL/IRCON/RITES/Railtel/Electrical EPC/Electrical Contractors/Electrical Consultants /Solar EPC/MNRE/SECI Railway Board
Electrical conduit comes in both metallic and non-metallic varieties and protects electrical wiring from damage. Metallic types include EMT (thin-walled steel), IMC (thicker walls than EMT), and RMC (thick threaded walls), while non-metallic types are ENT (thin corrugated plastic) and RNC (rigid plastic). Conduits are chosen based on their protection, flexibility, corrosion resistance, and cost for the installation. Metallic conduit provides better protection but is more expensive to install, while non-metallic is cheaper but offers less impact resistance.
The document discusses cathodic protection and corrosion prevention methods for metal structures. It provides information on types of cathodic protection systems including sacrificial anode and impressed current systems. Key details covered include common materials used for anodes, factors that influence current density requirements, and considerations for protecting different types of structures like ships, pipelines and tanks.
Parte 2_Corrosão em concreto armado: técnicas de avaliação, monitoramento, prevenção e reabilitação. Adriana Araújo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo).
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with the environment, usually affecting metals. Cathodic protection is a method of corrosion control that protects buried or submerged metallic structures by supplying an external cathodic current to move the structure's electrochemical potential into the immune range. There are two main types of cathodic protection systems - sacrificial anode systems which use more reactive "sacrificial" metals to corrode instead of the protected structure, and impressed current systems which use an external DC source and insoluble anodes to supply current to the structure. Cathodic protection is widely used to protect structures like pipelines, storage tanks, ship hulls, and reinforced concrete.
This document discusses cathodic protection as a technique to prevent corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. It involves introducing a more negatively charged anode material into the concrete to divert electrons away from the reinforcing steel and prevent corrosion. This provides permanent protection for the 100+ year design life of structures. Case studies show it has been successfully applied to new cooling water structures in the Middle East using Elgard mixed metal oxide ribbon anodes secured to the reinforcement before pouring concrete.
know more about cathodic protection in such manner like some our basis of regular life and where we used parts of machine which is affected by water,air or some other things.
Cathodic protection is a method used to protect steel structures like pipelines, ships, and platforms from corrosion. There are two main types: galvanic anode cathodic protection which uses sacrificial anodes to create a potential difference; and impressed current cathodic protection which uses an external power source and inert anodes. Both types aim to polarize the protected structure negatively to prevent corrosion from occurring. Cathodic protection is commonly used on buried pipelines to mitigate corrosion where coatings may be damaged.
Metro Rail Project ,Bullet Train Project Electrical ,Traction Power,BMS, Signal and Telecom,Station Building Upper and Under Ground ,EPC Companies,Electrical Contractor,Consultants
Plz Join us in Invitation Elecrama exhibition (18 22 jan2020 and new product...Mahesh Chandra Manav
Dear Sir
Wish you a very Happy New Year 2020
We wish to inform you our Customer that we are Participating in Exhibition Date 18th-22nd Jan 2020 Place Expo Center Greater Noida (U.P.)
Plz Click Ling for Registration https://lnkd.in/fQjVx8c
Easy Way to Visit by Metro Rail , Shuttle Service , and use of CAB.
Our Stall in Hall #16 Stall # REP D1
JMV LPS Ltd Always think in direction to offer maximum products in Make in India to the Industries and Follow the Norms set by our Govt Like NBC 2016 , OSID, RDSO,CEA and many more as per Industrial Standards National and International.
Our Main AIM to Offer Product with Technology use for Electrical Installation Safety of Human Lives as per NBC2016 ,IEC and IEEE.
We are in position to answer any queries Related to Earthing as Per IS3043, Grid Earthing as per IEEE80 and Surge and Lightning Protection as per IEC62305.
We are using CDEGS Software for Grid Design and Lightning Protection as Per IEC62305 now in more challenge when Building Segment started adopting Structural Earthing and Down Conductor for LIghtning Through Colom.
We have established First Lab is India for Testing for Lighting and Surge up to 200KA , and High Voltage 550KV as per IEC Norms.
you will find many more once you visit our stall .
Plz Book your pass online and Print Copy to Avoid Que
Metal Roofing Systems manufactures metal roofing panels and accessories at facilities in North Carolina and South Carolina, with a sales office in Tennessee. They offer over 30 colors of metal roofing panels in various profiles that are suitable for commercial and residential projects. The presentation provided an overview of the history and benefits of metal roofing, discussed design considerations, code compliance, and specifications. It emphasized that while metal roofing has a higher upfront cost than other materials, it provides superior durability and lower lifetime costs due to its longer lifespan and low maintenance needs.
8. Complex_Structures_Technical Seminar for Cathodic Protection to GOGC Desig...SergeRINAUDO1
Cathodic protection of complex structures refers to protecting structures that cannot be electrically isolated from other metallic structures due to technical or safety reasons. EN 14505 provides guidelines for protecting such complex structures. There are two main approaches - isolated systems where every pipe/structure is isolated, and non-isolated or total systems where all metallic parts are electrically continuous. For complex structures, criteria include demonstrating that protection current can enter the structure and that temporary disconnection of probes/coupons shows the structure is polarized. The presentation covered cathodic protection design challenges and considerations for complex plant facilities with interconnected buried pipes and tanks.
This document discusses various methods of lightning protection for structures, including:
- Passive protection systems like simple rod air terminals, meshed cage protection, and catenary wire protection. These systems use conducting materials to guide lightning strikes safely to ground.
- Early streamer emission (ESE) air terminals, which can provide larger protection radii than simple rods due to their ability to initiate upward streamers earlier.
- Key factors in lightning protection design include strike density, protection level needed, dimensions of the structure, and ensuring low earth resistance for effective grounding. Standards like IEC 62305 provide guidance on lightning protection system installation and performance.
1) Cathodic protection controls corrosion by making the entire metal surface a cathode through the use of an external current source. This stops the metal from corroding by acting as the anode in an electrochemical cell.
2) There are two main types of cathodic protection systems - sacrificial anode systems which use more electrically active metals as anodes that corrode instead of the structure, and impressed current systems which use an external current source such as transformers.
3) Proper installation and material selection is important for cathodic protection systems to function effectively. Factors like soil conditions, coating quality, and reference electrodes must be considered to ensure adequate protection and prevent overprotection of the metal surface.
This document provides information on major domestic and international airports in India. It discusses plans to improve air connectivity between major cities and upgrade building and infrastructure facilities including networking, power grids, renewable energy, parking, passenger information systems, baggage handling, and air traffic control. It emphasizes best practices for electrical safety such as maintenance-free earthing systems, reducing joints, surge protection, lightning protection, and complying with electrical installation standards. Integrated power development schemes are also outlined to modernize urban power distribution infrastructure through smart metering, underground cabling, solar installations, and IT implementations.
This is a ppt. on protection from corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. I had prepared this as a part of my class seminar. I made this by referring to the books on Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetty and M.L.Gambhir
Steel grounding-design-guide-and-application-notesNick Wang
This document provides guidance on steel grounding design and application notes. It introduces a formula to estimate corrosion rates of underground steel based on soil characteristics like resistivity, pH, moisture and aeration. It discusses using this formula and IEEE Standard 80-2000 to design steel grounding systems. It also discusses cathodic protection design to minimize steel corrosion. Numerical examples are included to enhance understanding of steel grounding design for high voltage substations.
The document discusses lightning protection standards and earthing design requirements. It recommends the following earthing designs:
- For large substations, earthing resistance should be below 1 ohm.
- For small substations and telecom/SCADA systems, earthing resistance should be below 0.5-2 ohms.
- Tower and other structures should have 8-15 ohm earthing.
- Lightning protection systems require 5 ohm or less for 50kA strikes and 8-15 ohms for 100kA strikes.
- Exothermic welding and hybrid metal rods are recommended for connections.
This document provides an overview of smart city projects in India with a focus on electrical equipment, safety products, and energy sustainability. It discusses various facets of smart cities that will include projects funded by central and state governments as well as public-private partnerships. Specific areas covered include energy, airports and infrastructure, networking and communication, power grids, parking management, and more. The document emphasizes best practices for electrical safety like maintenance-free earthing and lightning protection. It also introduces JMV LPS Ltd. and their expertise in areas such as earthing products, lightning protection, surge protection, and solar products to support smart city development in India.
Smart city projects in India will include many different projects funded by central and state governments as well as public-private partnerships. These projects will focus on areas like energy, transportation infrastructure, networking and communication, power grids incorporating solar and wind energy, parking management, passenger information systems, and building management systems. Electrical installations for these projects must follow best safety practices like using maintenance-free earthing systems with low resistance values, minimizing joints, and using surge protection for power, control, and monitoring systems to protect against surges from lightning strikes or switching operations.
The document discusses cathodic protection systems for repairing reinforced concrete structures. It describes two main types of cathodic protection - sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) and impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP). ICCP uses an external electrical current to protect steel reinforcement from corrosion, while SACP uses sacrificial metal anodes. The document provides details on ICCP components and advantages such as flexibility and minimal concrete removal. It also notes disadvantages like requiring electrical power and specialist monitoring. Sample case histories describe using ICCP to repair bridge piers and highway structures by dividing them into protection zones.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
MMO(Mixed Metal Oxide) Anode WOOJIN INC.Jung Chul Kim
The document discusses H.S.C.I. (High Silicon Cast Iron) anodes used for cathodic protection from corrosion. It describes the manufacturing process for H.S.C.I. anodes which involves wooden patterns, melting, casting, heat treatment and other steps. Test results show Woojin's H.S.C.I. anodes have better corrosion protection, consumption rates and tensile strength than imports. References lists projects from 2002-2013 where Woojin provided H.S.C.I. anodes for pipelines, storage tanks and other infrastructure to prevent corrosion.
This technical bulletin discusses four methods of protecting carbon steel pipe supports from corrosion: painting, zinc coatings, hot dip galvanizing, and combinations of these. It explains that zinc coatings and galvanizing provide both barrier protection from corrosion as well as cathodic protection of the steel. Hot dip galvanizing provides greater protection than zinc coatings alone because the molten zinc reacts with the steel to form alloy layers that are harder and more corrosion-resistant. While painting can provide barrier protection, galvanizing is usually more cost effective over the long term due to its greater resistance to damage from scratches.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
This document discusses cathodic protection as a technique to prevent corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. It involves introducing a more negatively charged anode material into the concrete to divert electrons away from the reinforcing steel and prevent corrosion. This provides permanent protection for the 100+ year design life of structures. Case studies show it has been successfully applied to new cooling water structures in the Middle East using Elgard mixed metal oxide ribbon anodes secured to the reinforcement before pouring concrete.
know more about cathodic protection in such manner like some our basis of regular life and where we used parts of machine which is affected by water,air or some other things.
Cathodic protection is a method used to protect steel structures like pipelines, ships, and platforms from corrosion. There are two main types: galvanic anode cathodic protection which uses sacrificial anodes to create a potential difference; and impressed current cathodic protection which uses an external power source and inert anodes. Both types aim to polarize the protected structure negatively to prevent corrosion from occurring. Cathodic protection is commonly used on buried pipelines to mitigate corrosion where coatings may be damaged.
Metro Rail Project ,Bullet Train Project Electrical ,Traction Power,BMS, Signal and Telecom,Station Building Upper and Under Ground ,EPC Companies,Electrical Contractor,Consultants
Plz Join us in Invitation Elecrama exhibition (18 22 jan2020 and new product...Mahesh Chandra Manav
Dear Sir
Wish you a very Happy New Year 2020
We wish to inform you our Customer that we are Participating in Exhibition Date 18th-22nd Jan 2020 Place Expo Center Greater Noida (U.P.)
Plz Click Ling for Registration https://lnkd.in/fQjVx8c
Easy Way to Visit by Metro Rail , Shuttle Service , and use of CAB.
Our Stall in Hall #16 Stall # REP D1
JMV LPS Ltd Always think in direction to offer maximum products in Make in India to the Industries and Follow the Norms set by our Govt Like NBC 2016 , OSID, RDSO,CEA and many more as per Industrial Standards National and International.
Our Main AIM to Offer Product with Technology use for Electrical Installation Safety of Human Lives as per NBC2016 ,IEC and IEEE.
We are in position to answer any queries Related to Earthing as Per IS3043, Grid Earthing as per IEEE80 and Surge and Lightning Protection as per IEC62305.
We are using CDEGS Software for Grid Design and Lightning Protection as Per IEC62305 now in more challenge when Building Segment started adopting Structural Earthing and Down Conductor for LIghtning Through Colom.
We have established First Lab is India for Testing for Lighting and Surge up to 200KA , and High Voltage 550KV as per IEC Norms.
you will find many more once you visit our stall .
Plz Book your pass online and Print Copy to Avoid Que
Metal Roofing Systems manufactures metal roofing panels and accessories at facilities in North Carolina and South Carolina, with a sales office in Tennessee. They offer over 30 colors of metal roofing panels in various profiles that are suitable for commercial and residential projects. The presentation provided an overview of the history and benefits of metal roofing, discussed design considerations, code compliance, and specifications. It emphasized that while metal roofing has a higher upfront cost than other materials, it provides superior durability and lower lifetime costs due to its longer lifespan and low maintenance needs.
8. Complex_Structures_Technical Seminar for Cathodic Protection to GOGC Desig...SergeRINAUDO1
Cathodic protection of complex structures refers to protecting structures that cannot be electrically isolated from other metallic structures due to technical or safety reasons. EN 14505 provides guidelines for protecting such complex structures. There are two main approaches - isolated systems where every pipe/structure is isolated, and non-isolated or total systems where all metallic parts are electrically continuous. For complex structures, criteria include demonstrating that protection current can enter the structure and that temporary disconnection of probes/coupons shows the structure is polarized. The presentation covered cathodic protection design challenges and considerations for complex plant facilities with interconnected buried pipes and tanks.
This document discusses various methods of lightning protection for structures, including:
- Passive protection systems like simple rod air terminals, meshed cage protection, and catenary wire protection. These systems use conducting materials to guide lightning strikes safely to ground.
- Early streamer emission (ESE) air terminals, which can provide larger protection radii than simple rods due to their ability to initiate upward streamers earlier.
- Key factors in lightning protection design include strike density, protection level needed, dimensions of the structure, and ensuring low earth resistance for effective grounding. Standards like IEC 62305 provide guidance on lightning protection system installation and performance.
1) Cathodic protection controls corrosion by making the entire metal surface a cathode through the use of an external current source. This stops the metal from corroding by acting as the anode in an electrochemical cell.
2) There are two main types of cathodic protection systems - sacrificial anode systems which use more electrically active metals as anodes that corrode instead of the structure, and impressed current systems which use an external current source such as transformers.
3) Proper installation and material selection is important for cathodic protection systems to function effectively. Factors like soil conditions, coating quality, and reference electrodes must be considered to ensure adequate protection and prevent overprotection of the metal surface.
This document provides information on major domestic and international airports in India. It discusses plans to improve air connectivity between major cities and upgrade building and infrastructure facilities including networking, power grids, renewable energy, parking, passenger information systems, baggage handling, and air traffic control. It emphasizes best practices for electrical safety such as maintenance-free earthing systems, reducing joints, surge protection, lightning protection, and complying with electrical installation standards. Integrated power development schemes are also outlined to modernize urban power distribution infrastructure through smart metering, underground cabling, solar installations, and IT implementations.
This is a ppt. on protection from corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. I had prepared this as a part of my class seminar. I made this by referring to the books on Concrete Technology by M.S.Shetty and M.L.Gambhir
Steel grounding-design-guide-and-application-notesNick Wang
This document provides guidance on steel grounding design and application notes. It introduces a formula to estimate corrosion rates of underground steel based on soil characteristics like resistivity, pH, moisture and aeration. It discusses using this formula and IEEE Standard 80-2000 to design steel grounding systems. It also discusses cathodic protection design to minimize steel corrosion. Numerical examples are included to enhance understanding of steel grounding design for high voltage substations.
The document discusses lightning protection standards and earthing design requirements. It recommends the following earthing designs:
- For large substations, earthing resistance should be below 1 ohm.
- For small substations and telecom/SCADA systems, earthing resistance should be below 0.5-2 ohms.
- Tower and other structures should have 8-15 ohm earthing.
- Lightning protection systems require 5 ohm or less for 50kA strikes and 8-15 ohms for 100kA strikes.
- Exothermic welding and hybrid metal rods are recommended for connections.
This document provides an overview of smart city projects in India with a focus on electrical equipment, safety products, and energy sustainability. It discusses various facets of smart cities that will include projects funded by central and state governments as well as public-private partnerships. Specific areas covered include energy, airports and infrastructure, networking and communication, power grids, parking management, and more. The document emphasizes best practices for electrical safety like maintenance-free earthing and lightning protection. It also introduces JMV LPS Ltd. and their expertise in areas such as earthing products, lightning protection, surge protection, and solar products to support smart city development in India.
Smart city projects in India will include many different projects funded by central and state governments as well as public-private partnerships. These projects will focus on areas like energy, transportation infrastructure, networking and communication, power grids incorporating solar and wind energy, parking management, passenger information systems, and building management systems. Electrical installations for these projects must follow best safety practices like using maintenance-free earthing systems with low resistance values, minimizing joints, and using surge protection for power, control, and monitoring systems to protect against surges from lightning strikes or switching operations.
The document discusses cathodic protection systems for repairing reinforced concrete structures. It describes two main types of cathodic protection - sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) and impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP). ICCP uses an external electrical current to protect steel reinforcement from corrosion, while SACP uses sacrificial metal anodes. The document provides details on ICCP components and advantages such as flexibility and minimal concrete removal. It also notes disadvantages like requiring electrical power and specialist monitoring. Sample case histories describe using ICCP to repair bridge piers and highway structures by dividing them into protection zones.
Evaluating the application limits of Unreinforced & Steel Fiber Reinforced Co...MECandPMV
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Recent tunnel cases with unreinforced and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete tunnel linings
2. Existing Design Codes and Design Recommendations framework
3. Numerical analyses of the unreinforced concrete tunnel linings under static and seismic loading conditions. T1 & T2 tunnels of Maliakos - Kleidi Motorway and T26 tunnel of Athens - Patras Motorway in Greece.
4. Numerical analyses of SFRC tunnel linings under static loading conditions.
5. Some critical thoughts about the geostatic loads on to the tunnel final linings.
6. Some critical thoughts about the ground elastic modulus for the design of tunnel linings
7. Conclusions
MMO(Mixed Metal Oxide) Anode WOOJIN INC.Jung Chul Kim
The document discusses H.S.C.I. (High Silicon Cast Iron) anodes used for cathodic protection from corrosion. It describes the manufacturing process for H.S.C.I. anodes which involves wooden patterns, melting, casting, heat treatment and other steps. Test results show Woojin's H.S.C.I. anodes have better corrosion protection, consumption rates and tensile strength than imports. References lists projects from 2002-2013 where Woojin provided H.S.C.I. anodes for pipelines, storage tanks and other infrastructure to prevent corrosion.
This technical bulletin discusses four methods of protecting carbon steel pipe supports from corrosion: painting, zinc coatings, hot dip galvanizing, and combinations of these. It explains that zinc coatings and galvanizing provide both barrier protection from corrosion as well as cathodic protection of the steel. Hot dip galvanizing provides greater protection than zinc coatings alone because the molten zinc reacts with the steel to form alloy layers that are harder and more corrosion-resistant. While painting can provide barrier protection, galvanizing is usually more cost effective over the long term due to its greater resistance to damage from scratches.
Similar to Concrete Cathodic Protection De Nora (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
2. 2
ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
De Nora Cathodic Protection Markets
The Markets We Serve
Concrete structures that support our lives and economy are
everywhere. Bridges, parking garages, cooling towers
and marine facilities are often located in or near salty environments
that cause the steel re-enforcing bars in the concrete to rust. The
rusting steel breaks apart the concrete and weakens the structure.
the markets we provide cathodic protection anodes for include:
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
De Nora Cathodic Protection Markets
Typical Concrete Structures that need cathodic protection
Docks, wharfs, jetties, piers and seawalls
Oil and gas reinforced concrete infrastructure
Transportation (including bridge decks and substructures)
Parking garages
Power and energy support structures
Coastal buildings
Steel frame masonry buildings
Monuments, statues and theme parks
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
INITIALLY, STEEL IN CONCRETE IS PROTECTED FROM CORROSION
pH > 11 FORMS PROTECTIVE FILM ON SURFACE
CONCRETE COVER ACTS AS SEMI-BARRIER
STEEL IS SAID TO BE PASSIVATED
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
OVER TIME, THE PROTECTION OF STEEL IS DESTROYED BY:
MOISTURE
OXYGEN
CHLORIDES (SALT)
CARBON DIOXIDE
ACIDIC CHEMICALS
6. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
CHLORIDES COME FROM SALT
ROAD DE-ICING SALTS IN SNOWY CLIMATES
SALT WATER IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
AIR-BORNE SALT IN SEASIDE AND COASTAL AREAS
INHERENT IN THE CONCRETE FROM THE AGGREGATE
(BEACH SAND)
ADDED TO THE CONCRETE MIX (CALCIUM CHLORIDE)
CHEMICAL ATTACK IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
RUST AND CORROSION OF STEEL
RE-ENFORCING BARS:
DELAMINATION OF CONCRETE
CREATES AN EASY PATH FOR
MORE SALT AND CHLORIDES
RUST AND CORROSION LEAD TO
BREAKAGE AND LOSS OF REBAR
STRUCTURAL WEAKENING
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Cathodic Protection
Cathodic Protection was first described by Sir Humphry Davy in a series of papers
presented to the Royal Society in London in 1824. Thomas Edison experimented with
impressed current cathodic protection on ships in 1890 but was unsuccessful due to lack
of a suitable current source and anode material. In the USA, by 1945, CP was being
applied in the oil & natural gas industry.
The simplest method to apply CP is by connecting the metal to be protected with another
more easily corroded “Sacrificial Metal” to act as the anode of the electrochemical cell.
The sacrificial metal then corrodes instead of the protected metal. When passive galvanic
CP is not adequate, then we provide an external DC source.
Common applications are: Steel crude, natural gas, water or oil pipe lines, storage tanks,
ship & boat hulls, offshore platforms, steel reinforced concrete bridge decks, pilings,
marine dolphins and pier structures, and metal reinforcement bars in concrete buildings.
Why it is important ? Corrosion costs money. Corrosion of metals cost the economy
almost $300 billion per year and it is estimated that 1/3 of it can be controlled by better
techniques like cathodic protection. Corrosion affects various market sectors such as
infrastructure, manufacturing, production, defense.
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
A small DC current flows
from an anode material,
installed in the structure,
to the rebar.
Rebar becomes the
cathode and is protected.
Most effective system for
controlling corrosion
AC Power is required near
the bridge.
Requires monitoring to
make sure the power
supply is on.
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Extensive track record (> 2,000 concrete structures protected
worldwide)
Minimum 40 year anode life expectancy
Grade 1 Titanium substrate
Mixed-Metal Oxide (MMO) sintered coating
Available in mesh and ribbon form
Titanium Based Impressed Current Anodes
Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
Since 1986, De Nora’s Lida and Elgard™ mesh and ribbon anodes have
been providing cathodic protection and stopping corrosion of
reinforced concrete structures. These long-life titanium based
mixed metal oxide anodes are specified around the world more
than any other anode system.
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
ELGARD™ Titanium Based Anodes
Long Anode Life (>75 Years)
Extensive track record (>2 million m2)
Dimensionally Stable Anode (DSA)
First Manufactured in 1985
Manufactured by De Nora Tech, LLC.
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Bridge Deck ICCP w/ Titanium anodes
Durability
Anode – Excellent long life > 40 years
Overlay – Excellent long life >40 years, Surface prep and bond is
critical. LMC, Low slump, HES are OK
Power Supply – Good, life about 20 years
Cost - Initial
Cathodic Protection – Installed cost = $8 - $10/SF depending on size
and construction phasing
Overlay – Installed cost = $5 - $8/SF depending on size and
construction phasing
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Bridge Deck ICCP w/ Titanium anodes
Cost - Annual
Budget for $1,000/year to cover monitoring and rectifier replacement
in year 20.
Constructability
Excellent – System is designed to be an add on to existing bridge deck
rehabilitation schemes.
Does not add any additional time to the schedule.
Traffic Impacts
No more than the chosen rehab technique during construction.
Extends deck life and improves rideability.
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
ELGARD™ Titanium Mesh
Manufactured in 3 sizes. Current
requirement determines the required
size. Each roll has 1,000 sf.
ELGARD 150: Used for lightly
reinforced structures such as
balconies and parking decks.
Can provide up to 1.5mA/sf of
concrete surface area.
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
ELGARD™ Titanium Mesh
ELGARD 210: Used for medium
reinforced structures such as
bridge decks. Can provide up
to 2.1 mA/sf of concrete
surface area.
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
ELGARD™ Titanium Mesh
ELGARD 300: used for heavily
reinforced structures such
as beams and columns. Can
provide up to 3.0 mA/sf of
concrete surface area
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Coastal Substructures
Bridge Substructures
Piers and Wharfs
Corrosion of Substructures in
Tidal Zone and Splash
Zones
Both Impressed current and
galvanic systems are used
for protection
Corrosion of Pre-stressed Concrete Piling
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Coastal Substructures
Failed pile jacket without cathodic protection
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Coastal Substructures
Corrosion of Conventionally reinforced concrete pile
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
ELGARD™ Titanium Ribbon
Same Grade 1 titanium and MMO
coating as mesh
3 available widths:
ELGARD 85 (3/8”, 0.85mA/sf)
ELGARD 100 (1/2”, 1.0mA/sf)
ELGARD 150 (3/4”, 1.5 mA/sf)
Current Requirement determines
size and spacing
Maximum spacing usually 12”
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
ELGARD™ Titanium Ribbon
Clipped to rebar for new construction or rehabilitation
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
ELGARD™ Titanium Ribbon
Installed in saw cut slots
on existing deck with
grout backfill
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Structures Utilizing De Nora ICCP Products
• Prime ministers residence, Dublin, Ireland 1991. Protection of steel in stone clad beams. Tested two years ago and still
working;
• Inigo Jones Arch, London, England 1995. Masonry arch with iron cramps. Tested four years ago and still working;
• Gloucester Road Tube Station, London, England 1997. Protection of steel girders behind a listed tiled façade. Operated
successfully for 6 years. They then noticed the untreated areas of girders had corroded so badly they were structurally
unsound so upper façade was removed and rebuilt.
• Lloyds Bank Headquarters, London, England 1998. Operated successfully until 2009 when structure gutted and reused as a
shopping mall. English Heritage are currently pressing new owners to reinstall CP;
• Carillion War Memorial, New Zealand, 1999. Bell tower. Last year was checked and working well;
• Glasgow Dental Hospital, Scotland 2001. Stone on steel girders in building. Still functioning with automatic control system;
• Elk War Memorial Building, Chicago, USA 2011. Steel girders in cut ashlar stone. Still working well;
• Alcatraz Prison, San Francisco , USA 2013. Steel girders and steel reinforcement in concrete and stone. Trial successful;
• Reichenbach Museum, Germany, 2006. Stone on steel girders in old building. Still functioning with automatic control system;
• Rheims Market Hall, France 2008. Old building with steel corroding. Automatic control system. Checked this week remotely
and producing text book results;
Other projects in the USA
Yale University
Harvard University
New York University (Plattsburgh -journalism buildings)
Plymouth Bretheren Memorial
Chicago Tribune Building
A brief description of 10 Cathodic Protection projects given below:
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Structures Utilizing De Nora ICCP Products
Sydney Opera House, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
Structures Utilizing De Nora ICCP Products
Christ the Redeemer statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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ELECTRODE TECHNOLOGIES & WATER TECHNOLOGIES
National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NCHRP Synthesis 398
“Cathodic Protection for Life Extension of Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridge Elements”
A Synthesis of Highway Practice
Consultant:
Ali Akbar Sohanghpurwala
Concorr, Inc.
Sterling, VA
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in
Cooperation with the Federal Highway Admin.
Transportation Research Board
Washington, DC
2009
www.trb.org
United States Government Study of
Cathodic Protection