A power point presentation to be used by reproductive health or CSE educators before a session on contraceptives for their audience to understand why Family Planning is necessary. This PPT can also be used separately to educate people on impotance of using family planning
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
Feeding of infants and baby friends hospital initiativeJayaramachandran S
At the end of this session, you will be able to
List the advantages of breastfeeding
Describe artificial feeding of Infants
Enumerate the differences b/n human and cow’s milk
Explain the concept of weaning
Enumerate the 10 steps of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
Feeding of infants and baby friends hospital initiativeJayaramachandran S
At the end of this session, you will be able to
List the advantages of breastfeeding
Describe artificial feeding of Infants
Enumerate the differences b/n human and cow’s milk
Explain the concept of weaning
Enumerate the 10 steps of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative
Audiobook Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward (Pennsylvania ...bralessmikiou
Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward critically reflects on the past fifteen years of international efforts aimed at improving health alleviating poverty diminishing gender inequality and promoting human rights. The volume includes essays by leading scholars and practitioners that are centered on the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and its resulting Programme of Action. ICPD an agreement among 179 governments UN agencies and NGOs was intended to shape population and development policy8212reinterpreted and redefined as "reproductive health." More than a decade after the enthusiasm that accompanied ICPD there is growing concern about its effectiveness in the context of global health and development. Reproductive Health and Human Rights addresses that concern.The book grapples with fundamental questions about the relationships among population fertility decline reproductive health human rights poverty alleviation and development and assesses the various arguments8212demographic public health human rightsbased and economic8212for and against ICPD today.A number of the chapters address institutional challenges to
Audiobook Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward (Pennsylvania ...bralessmikiou
Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward critically reflects on the past fifteen years of international efforts aimed at improving health alleviating poverty diminishing gender inequality and promoting human rights. The volume includes essays by leading scholars and practitioners that are centered on the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and its resulting Programme of Action. ICPD an agreement among 179 governments UN agencies and NGOs was intended to shape population and development policy8212reinterpreted and redefined as "reproductive health." More than a decade after the enthusiasm that accompanied ICPD there is growing concern about its effectiveness in the context of global health and development. Reproductive Health and Human Rights addresses that concern.The book grapples with fundamental questions about the relationships among population fertility decline reproductive health human rights poverty alleviation and development and assesses the various arguments8212demographic public health human rightsbased and economic8212for and against ICPD today.A number of the chapters address institutional challenges to
At the Christian Alliance for Orphans annual gathering on May 1, 2015, Hope Through Healing Hands hosted a workshop entitled The Mother & Child Project: How to Prevent the Orphan Crisis. While most workshops were providing instructive guidance on the care of orphans and vulnerable children both at home and around the world, ours focused on the prevention side; that is, how can we stop the orphan crisis before it begins? How can we turn the tide over the next two decades?
Health problems in female-including abortion, infertility and menopause.pptxasmita924867
When people think of women’s health, the first topics that come to mind may be gynecological concerns, such as infertility, menopause, pregnancy and childbirth, as well as breast health.
But there’s a lot more to women’s health than that: many health issues affect women differently from men, and in ways that have an impact on diagnosis and care. For instance, a heart attack may show up with different symptoms in a woman, putting her at risk for a misdiagnosis.
Doctors are increasingly aware of how managing osteoporosis, urinary conditions, sports injuries, colorectal cancer and diabetes in female patients may call for different approaches that take into account women’s physiological differences.
In all health matters, an informed patient or caregiver can advocate more effectively. Clear communication with health care providers can help ensure that women’s unique health needs are recognized and met.
Introduction to Risk Factors for Pregnancy
Other Risk Factors For Pregnancy
1. Adolescent Pregnancy
2. Elderly Primigravida
3. Unwed Mothers
4. Sexual abuse before and during pregnancy
Consequences Of Adolescent Pregnancy
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Defining Contraception and
Family Planning
What is the definition of contraception?
Contraception is the intentional prevention of pregnancy
by artificial or natural means.
What is the definition of family planning?
Family planning allows individuals and couples to
anticipate and attain their desired number of children and
the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved
through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment
of involuntary infertility.
– World Health Organization,
Department of Reproductive Health and Research 2
3. Women with an Increased Risk of
Having Problems During Pregnancy and
Delivery
Women who:
•Are under the age of 18, or over age 35
•Become pregnant less than 2 years after a previous
live birth
•Become pregnant less than six months post-
abortion or post-miscarriage
•Have too many children (high parity)
•Have certain existing health problems
•Do not have access to skilled health care
By Karuga Kevin 3
4. Pregnancy Is Greater Risk for Adolescents
•Over 70,000 maternal deaths occur among adolescents
aged 15–19 each year
•Girls below the age of 15 are five times more likely to die
in childbirth than women in their twenties
•Adolescents are more likely to:
•Have pregnancy related complications
•Deliver prematurely
•Have babies that die before their first birthday
•About 3 million young women aged 15-19 have an unsafe
abortion in the developing world each year
Sources: Advocates for Youth, 2007; UNICEF, 2008; Guttmacher, 2009, WHO 2014 4
5. Pregnancy Is Greater Risk for Women
with Pregnancies Spaced Too Closely
Women who become pregnant less than 2 years
after a previous live birth are more likely to:
• Become sick or die from pregnancy and delivery
complications
• Have babies at risk of prematurity, low birth weight,
small size for gestational age, fetal and neonatal death
Women who become pregnant less than 6 months
post abortion or miscarriage may be at increased
risk of complications for mother and child
Source: WHO, 2006; Conde-Agudelo, 2006; Rutstein , 2005; Conde-Agudelo, 2005.
5
6. Pregnancy Is Greater Risk for
Women Over the Age of 35
Women over age 35 are:
•At least twice as likely to die in pregnancy or
childbirth than women aged 20–24
•More likely to have problems during pregnancy
such as miscarriage, hypertension, or diabetes
•More likely to give birth to small babies, babies
with disabilities, or stillborn babies
Source: Stover, 2010; WHO, 1995. By Karuga Kevin 6
7. Pregnancy Is Greater Risk for
Women of High Parity
Women with more than 4 children who have an
additional pregnancy are more likely to:
•Die during pregnancy or childbirth
•Have anaemia, experience blood loss (post
partum haemorrhage), and need
transfusions
•Develop complications such as uterine
relaxation (during and after delivery) and
uterine rupture
Source: WHO, 1995. By Karuga Kevin 7
8. Pregnancy Is Greater Risk for Women
with Certain Existing Health Problems
Health risks associated with pregnancy make
effective contraception especially important for
women with these conditions:
• Reproductive tract cancers and some infections
• Serious cardiovascular problems
• Diabetes with vascular complications
• Sickle cell anemia
• Serious liver conditions
• Infections such as schistosomiasis, TB, and HIV
Source: Global Handbook, updated 2011. By Karuga Kevin 8
9. Benefits of FP for All Women
•Lower risk of maternal death
•Lower risk of anemia, poor pregnancy outcomes and
complications, and complications related to
miscarriage or unsafe abortion
•Non-contraceptive benefits from some methods such
as protection from:
• Disease transmission/acquisition
• Certain cancers and other gynecological problems
•Improved educational and economic opportunities
Tailor messages to best serve needs of clients.
Source: Lloyd, 2008; Wilcher, 2008.
By Karuga Kevin 9
10. Benefits of FP for Children
•Longer breastfeeding:
•Provides nutrition
•Protects from childhood diseases
•Improves mother/child bonding
•Reduces child illness and death
•Allows more time and resources for
parents to meet the needs of each child
Source: Rutstein, 2005; Demographic and Health Surveys, various years.
By Karuga Kevin 10
11. Benefits of FP for Families and
Communities
•Families can devote more resources to providing
for each child
•Reduced maternal and child illness reduces
economic strain on family
•Reduced maternal deaths strengthen families and
communities
•Relieves economic, social, and environmental
pressures
•Enhances women’s status and promotes equality
between men and women
By Karuga Kevin 11
12. Benefits of FP for People Living
with HIV
•Experience same benefits as others
•Additional benefits include:
•Reduction in number of children born HIV-positive (by
reducing number of unintended pregnancies)
•Reduction in number of children born who could become
orphans
•Couples can use family planning until they are ready to
get pregnant
By Karuga Kevin 12
13. Key Timing, Spacing, and Limiting
Messages to Share with Clients
Women and infants may get sick or die if a pregnancy
happens:
•Too early among adolescents
delay first pregnancy until 18 years
•Too soon after giving birth
wait at least 24 months before trying to become pregnant
•Too soon after an abortion or miscarriage
delay trying to become pregnant at least 6 months
•Too late in a woman’s life
plan prior to age 35
•After having four children
risks increase with each pregnancy
Source: WHO 1995; ESD, 2008. By Karuga Kevin 13
14. Family Planning and Human
Rights
All individuals and couples have the right:
“…to decide freely and responsibly the number,
spacing and timing of their children and to have
the information, education, and means to do so,
and the right to attain the highest standard of
sexual and reproductive health...”
– ICPD Programme of Action
Source: United Nations, 1995.
By Karuga Kevin 14
15. Benefits of Providing FP
Services
Allow women and
couples to delay,
space, and limit
pregnancies
Helps achieve the
healthiest
outcomes for
women and their
children
Improves well-
being of families
and communities
FP services are most effective when clients are free to
make informed choices.
15
Instructions for facilitator:
Show the questions to the participants without showing the definition. Ask participants to construct a definition of contraception and then family planning. Record participant suggestions on a flip chart—each response can build on previous responses until participants have cited the primary features of family planning and the group collectively arrives at comprehensive definition. Ask the group- What is the difference between contraception and family planning?
After the group has crafted their definition, show the definition from WHO as an example. Ask the participants to compare the features included in their definition with the WHO definition.
Suggested script:
Explain that one of most important benefits of family planning is the potential to save lives. Each minute of every day, a woman dies from pregnancy or childbirth-related causes. Provide copies of Handout #1 “Family Planning Saves Lives” and ask students to read the handout in the evening.
Explain that in many developing countries, the high-risk factors referred to as "Too Young, Too Old, Too Many, Too Close" are major culprits of maternal and infant mortality.
Research shows that women in these categories are at greater risk for problems during pregnancy and delivery, making access to family planning even more critical. <pause to allow participants to review the list > In the next several slides, we’ll examine these risks in more detail. Compare your experiences and observations with the issues described on the slides, and raise any issues that you would like to discuss in further detail.
Ask students which of these characteristics and conditions are common among women in their community who have problems during pregnancy and delivery.
Suggested script:
Maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth are a significant cause of mortality for adolescents. Over 70,000 maternal deaths occur among 15-19 year olds annually. Adolescents this age are twice as likely to die as women in their twenties.
The younger a girl is when she becomes pregnant, the greater the health risks. Girls who become pregnant before the age of 15 are five times more likely to die in childbirth than women in their twenties.
Adolescents are more likely to have pregnancy related complications such as preeclampsia and vaginal fistula, to deliver prematurely, and to have babies that die before their first birthday.
Adolescents aged 15–19 are estimated to have 3 million of the approximately 21.6 million unsafe abortions that occur annually in the developing world.
Suggested script:
Research has shown that women who become pregnant less than two years after the birth of their last child are more likely to experience adverse maternal, perinatal, newborn, and infant outcomes. For example, 35 percent of deaths among children younger than age five in developing countries could have been avoided if births had been spaced at least 36 months apart. Thirty-six months approximates the recommended two-year delay following a birth combined with the nine-month gestation period of the next pregnancy.
Women who do not wait six months after an abortion or miscarriage and become pregnant again may experience adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes such as elevated risks of premature rupturing of membranes, anemia and bleeding, pre-term birth, and low birth weight, compared with longer intervals.
Pregnancy for women over 35 is associated with certain risks that are less common with younger women. In many instances, older women are more likely to have more children and experience the additional risks associated with high parity. Older women are at least twice as likely to die in pregnancy and childbirth as younger women and in some data sets the risk rises to 4.5–8 times higher. Bleeding is the most common reason that women over age 35 die during childbirth. The chance of having twins increases with age. The risk of developing gestational diabetes or high blood pressure is greater in women over 35. Older mothers have a higher risk of pregnancy-related complications that might lead to a C-section delivery, such as placenta previa. The risk of miscarriage or giving birth to a low birth weight baby or a baby with a disability also increases in older women.
Suggested script:
If no other risk factors are involved, the risk of dying continues to increase with each additional pregnancy after the fourth pregnancy. The risk of dying is 1.5 to 3 times higher for women with five or more children than for women with two or three children.
Pregnancy and delivery is riskier for these women because they are more likely to have anemia, require blood transfusions during delivery, or experience unexpected uterine relaxation which refers to the situation that the uterus does not contract as it should thus bleeding after delivery does not stop. They also are at high risk of uterine rupture. Both of these cause massive bleeding. In many instances, women with many children are older and experience the additional risks associated with births to women over 35.
Long-acting and permanent family planning methods that limit childbearing—such as IUDs, implants, tubal ligation, or vasectomy for a partner—can help these women avoid a dangerous pregnancy. If a woman wishes to continue childbearing, she should be encouraged to wait at least two years after the birth of the last child before becoming pregnant, and use antenatal care.
Suggested script:
Some medical conditions may make pregnancy riskier for women. The effectiveness of a contraceptive method has special importance if a woman has one of the following conditions:
reproductive tract infections and disorders such as breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer; some sexually transmitted infections including gonorrhea and chlamydia; some vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis; anomalies among women who have undergone female genital cutting
cardiovascular disease such as high blood pressure, complicated valvular heart disease, ischemic heart disease, or stroke.
insulin-dependent diabetes that damaged the arteries, kidneys, eyes, or nervous system or lasted more than 20 years.
sickle cell anemia.
severe cirrhosis of the liver, and cancerous liver tumors.
other infections such as schistosomiasis with fibrosis of the liver, tuberculosis, and HIV AIDS; although HIV/AIDS is not made worse by pregnancy, HIV disease may increase some health risks of pregnancy and may also affect the health of the infant.
• Divide the students into small groups.
• Ask them to identify the benefits of FP for each of the following groups; 1) women 2) adolescents, 3) newborns, infants and children, 4) families and communities 5) people with HIV.
• Ask the group to record on flip chart and be ready to present.
• Give 20 minutes for the group work.
• After the students, have identified the potential FP benefits for all the subsets, ask each group to present.
Women who use family planning experience many benefits, including:
A lower risk of maternal death.
A lower risk of anemia; poor pregnancy outcomes including stillbirth, low-birth weight, preterm birth, miscarriage, and complications such as hemorrhage, infection, vaginal fistula, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia; and a lower risk of complications related to miscarriage or unsafe abortion.
Additional benefits provided by some contraceptive methods. For example, barrier methods such as male and female condoms provide protection from STI/HIV transmission between partners. Hormonal contraceptives may protect from acquiring symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In addition, various hormonal methods offer protection from endometrial and ovarian cancer and other gynecological problems such as symptoms of endometriosis and dysmenorrhea.
When given control over their fertility, girls are more likely to stay in school and women to be employed.
It is important to educate all women about the benefits of family planning. Targeted messages should be tailored to certain groups. For example, for nulliparous adolescents the message about delaying first pregnancy until at least age 18 should be emphasized to achieve greater benefits. For women who are pregnant, have just given birth, or experienced an abortion, messages about the benefits of healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies are key. For women with several children, messages about limiting are relevant and for people with mulitple partners….condoms!
It may be important to involve a woman’s husband or partner, her mother-in-law, or other key family members in counseling and education about the benefits of family planning.
Suggested script:
When women and couples use family planning to space, time, and limit their pregnancies, their children also benefit. Better spaced pregnancies allow for longer periods of breastfeeding which give infants and young children the chance to derive the maximum benefits from the practice of breastfeeding including better nutrition, protection from childhood diseases, and opportunities for mother and child bonding. Children who are exclusively breastfed are at lower risk of disease, especially diarrhea and respiratory infections.
Children born to women who use family planning to space, time, and limit births are more likely to survive and less likely to be sick. Research has shown that babies born less than two years after the next oldest sibling are more than twice as likely to die in the first year as those born after an interval of three years. Spacing births could save the lives of more than two million infants and children each year.
Family planning gives parents the option to have the number of children they want when they want them which allows them to meet the varied needs of each individual child.
Note to facilitator:
Present and discuss country-specific or district/local data regarding infant and child deaths.
Suggested script:
Family planning allows families to devote more resources to providing their children with food, clothing, housing, and education.
The reduced risk of death and illnesses among mothers, newborns, infants, and children achieved by healthy timing, spacing, and limiting of pregnancies contributes to reducing the economic strain on a family and helps to ensure family health.
Reductions in maternal mortality mean that more women are able to care for their children and families thus improving the quality of life for the entire community.
When entire communities carefully plan their families, better space their pregnancies and limit the number of overall births, family planning may relieve the economic, social and environmental pressures from rapidly growing populations.1 Healthier families and communities may enhance opportunities for better planning and development and facilitate preservation of natural resources like forests, water, and land. Family planning has the potential to enhance women’s status in the community and promote equality between men and women.
Suggested script:
Integrated reproductive health services, that include family planning counselling and access to contraception, along with HIV testing, care and treatment, can improve the lives of women and couples with HIV and the lives of their families.
When FP services are easy to access, clients with HIV experience the same health benefits as others in their communities. Couples can limit the size of their families to the number of children they desire and are able to care for. Women can better space their children and reduce the risks associated with too many pregnancies or pregnancies spaced too closely.
What are some additional benefits that FP affords people with HIV? <accept suggestions from several participants without addressing whether the responses are correct, then click the mouse to reveal the first bullet>
The impact of antiretroviral therapy may encourage clients with HIV to reconsider decisions about sex, relationships, and childbearing as ARVs improve their health and longevity and reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission. For clients with HIV:
Family planning can also reduce HIV infections among children by helping women with HIV who do not want to have children avoid pregnancy.
Parents with HIV who are concerned that they may eventually die of AIDS may decide to use contraception to avoid having children who may some day become orphans.
Knowing about family planning means that couples can use family planning until they are ready to get pregnant.
Suggested script:
As we have discussed, family planning allows clients to time, space, and limit births in healthy ways, and thereby avoid the risks of illness or death that are associated with pregnancies that occur too often, too early or late in life, or too soon after a previous pregnancy, miscarriage, or abortion.
For clients to make an informed choice about family planning, they should understand the health benefits for themselves and their children. Providers should explain risks that are related to maternal age, high parity, and certain spacing practices. Providers should target messages for specific groups of clients.1, 2
For adolescents, the key messages are: For the health of the mother and baby, women should wait until they are at least 18 years of age before trying to become pregnant. If and when adolescents become sexually active, they should consider using a family planning method of their choice until they are 18 years old, or older if they don't want to get pregnant.
For couples who desire another pregnancy after a live birth, the messages are: For the health of the mother and the baby, after a birth wait at least 24 months, before trying to become pregnant again. Women should consider using a family planning method of their choice during that time.
For couples who decide to have a child after a miscarriage or abortion, the messages are: For the health of the mother and the baby, wait at least six months before trying to become pregnant again. Women should consider using a family planning method of their choice during that time.
For women over 35 years of age, the messages are: For the health of the mother and the baby, consider avoiding additional pregnancies. Women over the age of 35 should consider using a family planning method of their choice―particularly long-acting or permanent methods―if they want to avoid additional pregnancies. If women over the age of 35 want to become pregnant, they should space their pregnancies and be sure to use antenatal care and skilled birth attendants at delivery.
For couples who have four or more children, the messages are: There are health risks for the mother and the baby when women have more than four children. Women should consider using a family planning method of their choice―particularly long-acting or permanent methods―if they want to avoid additional pregnancies.
In addition to communicating these messages to clients, providers should screen all women for existing health conditions that would put them at risk for health complications associated with pregnancy and childbirth.
Suggested script:
• Explain that the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo was a milestone in the history of population and development, as well as in the history of women's rights. At the conference the world agreed that population is not just about counting people, but about making sure that every person counts.
• Ask participants to explain what the quotation means. Note their responses on a flip chart.
• Ask participants to generate ideas about how they can help ensure the ICPD Program of Action. Answers should include basic principles such as providing full access to information on contraceptive choices and to counseling, services, and supplies that allow a client to choose freely and allowing clients to make decisions independently, without the influence of any special incentives or forms of coercion.
Explain that:
• Providing family planning services allows women and couples to delay and space pregnancies and limit the size of their families to the number of children they desire and are able to care for.
• When women and couples reduce the risks associated with pregnancies that occur too early or late in life, having too many pregnancies, and pregnancies spaced too closely, they reap the benefits of healthier outcomes for all members of the family.
• Healthier families are a benefit to the larger community. Access to FP also helps ensure that the human right to reproductive health is protected and upheld.
• FP services are most effective when clients are free to make informed contraceptive choices that take into account fertility intentions and desired family size.
Suggested script:
Providing family planning services allows women and couples to delay and space pregnancies and limit the size of their families to the number of children they desire and are able to care for.
When women and couples reduce the risks associated with pregnancies that occur too early or late in life, having too many pregnancies, and pregnancies spaced too closely, they reap the benefits of healthier outcomes for all members of the family.
Healthier families are a benefit to the larger community. Access to FP also helps ensure that the human right to reproductive health is protected and upheld.
FP services are most effective when clients are free to make informed contraceptive choices that take into account fertility intentions and desired family size.
Note to facilitator:
For participants who desire more information about the Benefits of FP and healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy, distribute copies of the optional handout
Family Planning Saves Lives Backgrounder, Population Reference Bureau, 2009
Ask students to mention one thing they learnt from this session. Acknowledge responses are include:
How FP saves lives
Reinforcement of human rights etc.
Thank students and adjourn the session.