The document discusses key components of computer organization and architecture. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the brain of the computer that executes instructions through a control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers. The bus allows different components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices to communicate via address, data, and control buses. The machine cycle involves four stages - fetch, decode, execute, store - for the CPU to retrieve, interpret, carry out, and save instructions.

1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE

2. COMPONENTS :
◦ INTRODUCTION
◦ CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)
◦ THE BUS
◦ INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
◦ INSTRUCTION SET
◦ MACHINE CYCLE

3. INTRODUCTION:
◦ Architecture focuses on the design and structure of the computer system.
◦ Computer organization refers to the physical components and how they interact.
◦ Topics include Central Processing Unit, Internal Communication, Machine Cycle, The
Bus, Instruction Set.

4. Central Processing Unit:
◦ The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.- It consists of three main
components: the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers.
◦ The control unit coordinates the execution of instructions by fetching, decoding, and executing them.
◦ The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, and comparisons.
◦ Registers are small, fast memory units used to store data and instructions for immediate access.
◦ The CPU interacts with other components, such as memory and input/output devices, to perform
tasks.

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6. The Bus:
◦ The bus is like a highway that allows different components of a computer system to
communicate.
◦ There are different types of buses, such as the address bus, data bus, and control bus.
◦ The address bus connects the CPU, memory, and other major components.
◦ The data bus carries data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
◦ The control bus carries control signals to coordinate the activities of the components.

7. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

8. Internal Communication:
◦ Internal communication refers to the exchange of data and control signals within a computer
system.
◦ It involves the interaction between different components, such as the CPU, memory, and
input/output devices.
◦ Internal communication in computer architecture involves buses, registers, clock signals, control
units, and memory access.
◦ It enables data transfer and coordination within the CPU.
◦ Pipelining improves efficiency.

9. Instruction Set:
◦ The instruction set is a collection of commands that the CPU can understand and execute.
◦ It defines the operations that the CPU can perform, such as arithmetic, logical, and data
movement.
◦ Instructions are represented in binary format, and each instruction has an opcode and operands
◦ Different CPUs have different instruction sets, such as x86, ARM, and MIPS.
◦ The instruction set architecture (ISA) specifies the interface between software and hardware

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11. Machine Cycle:
◦ A machine cycle refers to the sequence of operations performed by the CPU
to fetch, decode, execute, and store instructions. It plays a crucial role in the
overall functioning of a computer system.
◦ During the machine cycle, the CPU performs four stages: fetch, decode, execute, and store.
1. Fetch: The CPU retrieves the next instruction from memory.
2. Decode: The CPU interprets the instruction and determines what operation to perform
3. Execute: The CPU carries out the operation specified by the instruction.
4. Store: The CPU stores the result of the operation in memory or a register. Each stage is essential for the proper
execution of instructions in a computer system.

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