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Computer Networks
The document is a presentation on computer networks created by Rida Zaman, covering fundamental topics including data communication, communication models, OSI and TCP/IP reference models, addressing, LAN/WAN, network topologies, transmission media, and switching technologies. It details various network topologies like star, bus, and ring, discusses addressing methods in TCP/IP, and outlines communication methods such as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Additionally, it examines switching technologies, specifically circuit switching and packet switching.
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Computer Networks
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- 2. TOPICS COVERED INTHIS PRESENTATION ARE: 1. DATA COMMUNICATION 2. COMMUNICATION MODEL 3. DATA COMMUNICATION MODEL 4. OSI REFERENCE MODEL 5. TCP/IP PROTOCOL 6. ADDRESSING 7. LAN AND WAN 8. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 9. TRANSMISSION MEDIUM 10. COMMUNICATION 11. SWITICHING TECHNOLOGIES 12. ROUTING 13. SUBNETTING 2 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN TOTAL NUMBER OF SLIDES ARE: 115
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- 4. DATA COMMUNICATION Datacommunication is the transfer of data or information between two devices via some form of transmission medium. 4 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN Device A Device B DATA
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- 6. COMMUNICATION MODEL The basicpurpose of communication model is the exchange of data between two parties. The components in the communication model are : 1. Source 2. Transmitter 3. Transmission system 4. Destination 5. Receiver 6 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 7. COMMUNICATION MODEL 7 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN source Transmission system Receiver Destination Transmitter The device generates data to be transmitted Encodes the data in such a way to produce signals that can be transmitted across some sort of transmission sys in to signal Transmission line to connect source and destination It accepts the signal and convert in to the form that is accepted by destination It accepts the signal and convert in to the form that is accepted by destination
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- 9. DATA COMMUNICATION MODEL 9 CREATEDBY RIDA ZAMAN source Transmission system Receiver Destination Transmitter Digital Bit Stream Analog Signal Analog Signal Digital Bit Stream Text
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- 11. THE OSI REFERENCEMODEL Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. Almost three-fourths of countries in the world are represented in the ISO. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s. 11 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 12. TOPIC DISCUSSED INTHIS SECTION Layered Architecture Layer-to-layer Communication Encapsulation Layers in the OSI Model Summary of OSI Layers 12 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 13. ISO isthe organization; OSI is the model. Note 13 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 14. THE OSI MODEL 14 CREATEDBY RIDA ZAMAN
- 15. OSI LAYERS 15 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN
- 16. AN EXCHANGE USINGTHE OSI MODEL 16 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 17. 17 The physicallayer is responsible for moving individual bits from one (node) to the next. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 18. SUMMARY OF OSIREFERENCE MODEL 18 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
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- 20. TCP/IP PROTOTCOL SUITE The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not match exactly with those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four software layers built upon the hardware. Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model with the layers named similarly to the ones in the OSI model. Figure 2.7 shows both configurations. 20 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 21. TOPIC DISCUSSED INTHE SECTION Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Layers in the TCP/IP Suite 21 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 22. LAYERS IN THETCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 22 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 23. TCP/IP AND OSIMODEL 23 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 24. A PRIVATE INTERNET 24 CREATEDBY RIDA ZAMAN
- 25. COMMUNICATION AT THEPHYSICAL LAYER 25 A Physical layer Physical layer R1 R3 R4 B Source Destination Legend 011 ... 101 0 1 1 . . . 1 0 1 011 ... 101 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6 Link 1 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 26. 26 The unitof communication at the physical layer is a bit. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 27. COMMUNICATION AT THEDATA LINK LAYER 27 A Physical Physical Data link Data link R1 R3 R4 B Source Destination Data D Header H Legend Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6 Frame D2 H2 F r a m e D 2 H 2 Frame D2 H2 Frame D2 H2 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 28. 28 The unitof communication at the data link layer is a frame. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 29. COMMUNICATION AT THENETWORK LAYER 29 A Physical Physical Data link Data link R1 R3 R4 B Network Network Source Destination Data D Header H Legend CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 30. 30 The unitof communication at the network layer is a datagram. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 31. COMMUNICATION AT TRASPORTLAYER 31 A Physical Physical Data link Data link R1 R3 R4 B Network Network Transport Transport Source Destination Data D Header H Legend CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 32. 32 The unitof communication at the transport layer is a segment, user datagram, or a packet, depending on the specific protocol used in this layer. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 33. COMMUNICATION AT APPLICATIONLAYER 33 A Physical Physical Data link Data link R1 R3 R4 B Network Network Transport Transport Application Application Source Destination Data D Header H Legend Message D5 D5 D5 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 34. 34 The unitof communication at the application layer is a message. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
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- 36. ADDRESSING 36 Four levelsof addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical address, logical address, port address, and application- specific address. Each address is related to a one layer in the TCP/IP architecture, as shown in Figure 2.15. CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 37. TOPIC DISCUSSED INTHE SECTION 37 Physical Addresses Logical Addresses Port Addresses Application-Specific Addresses CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 38. ADDRESSES IN THETCP/IP PROTOCOL SUIT 38 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 39. PHYSICAL ADDRESS 39 Data 87 10 1packet accepted Data 87 10 4 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 40. EXAMPLE IN PREVIOUSFIG: 40 In Previous fig a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (a LAN). At the data link layer, this frame contains physical (link) addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains other information needed at this level. As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver. The data link layer at the sender receives data from an upper layer. It encapsulates the data in a frame. The frame is propagated through the LAN. Each station with a physical address other than 87 drops the frame because the destination address in the frame does not match its own physical address. The intended destination computer, however, finds a match between the destination address in the frame and its own physical address. CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 41. 41 Data A P 20 10Data A P 20 10 Physical addresses changed Data A P 33 99 Data A P 33 99 Physical addresses changed Data A P 95 66 Data A P 95 66 LOGICAL ADDRESS CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 42. EXAMPLE OF PREVIOUSFIG 42 Previous Figure shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three networks. So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection. Although it may be obvious that each router must have a separate physical address for each connection, it may not be obvious why it needs a logical address for each connection. We discuss these issues in Chapters 11 and 12 when we discuss routing. The computer with logical address A and physical address 10 needs to send a packet to the computer with logical address P and physical address 95. We use letters to show the logical addresses and numbers for physical addresses, but note that both are actually numbers, as we will see in later chapters. CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 43. 43 The physicaladdresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses remain the same. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 44. 44 A Sender ReceiverP Internet a Data j A P H2 a Data j A P a Data j Data a Data j A P H2 a Data j A P a Data j Data PORT NUMBER CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 45. EXAMPLE OF PREVIOUSSLIDE 45 Previous Figure shows two computers communicating via the Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although both computers are using the same application, FTP, for example, the port addresses are different because one is a client program and the other is a server program, as we will see in Chapter 17. CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 46. 46 The physicaladdresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same. Note CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
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- 48. LOCAL AREA NETWORK 48 Switch PCPC PC Printer PC ? CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 49. WIDE AREA NETWORK 49 leasedlines from a larger provider form part of the WAN Some type of “shared” media CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
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- 51. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 51 The physicaltopology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. There are several basic network topologies: 1. STAR 2. BUSS 3. RING 4. TREE CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 52. BUSS TOPOLOGY 52 Bus Topology Eachnode is connected one after the other (like christmas lights) Nodes communicate with each other along the same path called the backbone CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 53. RING TOPOLOGY 53 Thering network is like a bus network, but the “end” of the network is connected to the first node Nodes in the network use tokens to communicate with each other Backbone CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 54. STAR TOPOLOGY 54 Eachnode is connected to a device in the center of the network called a hub The hub simply passes the signal arriving from any node to the other nodes in the network The hub does not route the data Hub CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 55. BRANCH TREE TOPOLOGY 55 Tree topology allows for the expansion of an existing network CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 56. MESH TOPOLOGY CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN 56 The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance. It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for mission critical networks like those used by banks and financial institutions. Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.
- 57. NETWORKING DEVICES CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN 57 HUB, Switches, Routers, Wireless Access Points, Modems etc.
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- 59. TRANSMISSION MEDIA Twomain categories: Guided ― wires, cables Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar We will concentrate on guided media here: Twisted-Pair cables: Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables Coaxial cables Fiber-optic cables 59 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 60. TWISTED-PAIR CABLES Ifthe pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors 60 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 61. UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR (UTP) Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection) A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires 61 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN Metal Insulator
- 62. SHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR (STP) STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires 62 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 63. CATEGORIES OF UTPCABLES EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality: Category 1 ― the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended now Category 2 ― good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks) Category 3 ― at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone networks in residential buildings) Category 4 ― up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings) Category 5 (or 5e) ― up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted for high-speed data communications) Category 6 ― more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps 63 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 64. COAXIAL CABLES Ingeneral, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq (100KHz– 500MHz) than UTP cables Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit 64 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 65. FIBER-OPTIC CABLES Lighttravels at 3108 ms-1 in free space and is the fastest possible speed in the Universe Light slows down in denser media, e.g. glass Refraction occurs at interface, with light bending away from the normal when it enters a less dense medium Beyond the critical angle total internal reflection 65 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 66. An opticalfiber consists of a core (denser material) and a cladding (less dense material) Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive index follows a step-function profile (i.e. an abrupt change of refractive index between the core and the cladding) Light bounces back and forth along the core Common light sources: LEDs and lasers CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN 66 CORE CLADDING
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- 68. DATA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS The following is a discussion on the THREE main types of transmission circuits (channels), simplex, half duplex and full duplex. 1. Simplex 2. Half Duplex 3. Full Duplex 68 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 69. SIMPLEX Data in asimplex channel is always one way. Simplex channels are not often used because it is not possible to send back error or control signals to the transmit end. An example of a simplex channel in a computer system is the interface between the keyboard and the computer, in that key codes need only be sent one way from the keyboard to the computer system 69 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 70. HALF DUPLEX A halfduplex channel can send and receive, but not at the same time. Its like a one-lane bridge where two way traffic must give way in order to cross. Only one end transmits at a time, the other end receives. 70 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 71. FULL DUPLEX Data cantravel in both directions simultaneously. There is no need to switch from transmit to receive mode like in half duplex. Its like a two lane bridge on a two-lane highway. 71 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
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- 73. SIMPLE SWITCHING NETWORK 73 CREATEDBY RIDA ZAMAN
- 74. SWITCHING NODES Nodesmay connect to other nodes, or to some stations. Network is usually partially connected However, some redundant connections are desirable for reliability Two different switching technologies Circuit switching Packet switching 74 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 75. CIRCUIT SWITCHING Circuitswitching: There is a dedicated communication path between two stations (end-to-end) The path is a connected sequence of links between network nodes. On each physical link, a logical channel is dedicated to the connection. Communication via circuit switching has three phases: Circuit establishment (link by link) Routing & resource allocation (FDM or TDM) Data transfer Circuit disconnect Dellocate the dedicated resources The switches must know how to find the route to the destination and how to allocate bandwidth (channel) to establish a connection. 75 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 76. PUBLIC CIRCUIT SWITCHEDNETWORK Subscribers: the devices that attach to the network. Subscriber loop: the link between the subscriber and the network. Exchanges: the switching centers in the network. End office: the switching center that directly supports subscribers. Trunks: the branches between exchanges. They carry multiple voice-frequency circuits using either FDM or synchronous TDM. 76 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 77. PROBLEM OF CIRCUITSWITCHING designed for voice service Resources dedicated to a particular call For data transmission, much of the time the connection is idle (say, web browsing) Data rate is fixed Both ends must operate at the same rate during the entire period of connection Packet switching is designed to address these problems. 77 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 78. PACKET SWITCHING Dataare transmitted in short packets Typically at the order of 1000 bytes Longer messages are split into series of packets Each packet contains a portion of user data plus some control info Control info contains at least Routing (addressing) info, so as to be routed to the intended destination Recall the content of an IP header! store and forward On each switching node, packets are received, stored briefly (buffered) and passed on to the next node. 78 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 79. USE OF PACKETS 79 CREATEDBY RIDA ZAMAN
- 80. ADVANTAGES OF PACKETSWITCHING Line efficiency Single node-to-node link can be dynamically shared by many packets over time Packets are queued up and transmitted as fast as possible Data rate conversion Each station connects to the local node at its own speed In circuit-switching, a connection could be blocked if there lacks free resources. On a packet-switching network, even with heavy traffic, packets are still accepted, by delivery delay increases. Priorities can be used On each node, packets with higher priority can be forwarded first. They will experience less delay than lower-priority packets. 80 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 81. PACKET SWITCHING TECHNIQUE Twoapproaches 1. Datagram approach 2. Virtual circuit approach 81 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 82. DATAGRAM Each packetis treated independently, with no reference to packets that have gone before. Each node chooses the next node on a packet’s path. Packets can take any possible route. Packets may arrive at the receiver out of order. Packets may go missing. It is up to the receiver to re-order packets and recover from missing packets. Example: Internet 82 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 83. VIRTUAL CIRCUIT Invirtual circuit, a preplanned route is established before any packets are sent, then all packets follow the same route. Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier instead of destination address, and each node on the pre stablished route knows where to forward such packets. The node need not make a routing decision for each packet. Example: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM 83 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 84. VIRTUAL CIRCUIT Aroute between stations is set up prior to data transfer. All the data packets then follow the same route. But there is no dedicated resources reserved for the virtual circuit! Packets need to be stored-and-forwarded. 84 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
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- 86. ROUTING Way totravel Find the best route on the basis of following parameter 1. Distance 2. Time 3. Frequency 4. Traffic Evaluation It is responsibility of routing data algorithm to travel data efficiently and without any lost 86 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 87. TYPES OF ROUTING 1.Random Routing 2. Adaptive Routing 3. Static Routing 4. Alternate Routing 5. Dynamic Routing 87 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 88. RANDOM ROUTING 88 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN E D C B A F 1 2 3 4 7 8 6 It doesn’t measures any parameter to select a route it select any rout randomly Example: Like here in this graph the best rout for reaching D from A is A>B>D, but it randomly select the route so it selected A>C>D Which is costly RANDOM ROUTE BEST ROUTE
- 89. ADAPTIVE ROUTING 89 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN E D C B A F 1 2 3 4 7 8 6 It consider following parameter to choose one route from multiple routes Example: Like here in this graph the best rout for reaching D from A is A>B>D, so it will select it coz it select the best among all. BEST ROUTE
- 90. STATIC ROUTING 90 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN E D C B A F 1 2 3 4 7 8 6 Its route is fixed but best available route is available that is not adopted Example The best available route to reach D from A is A>B>D but we wont select it coz in static routing the route is fixed which is in this graph from A>C>E>F>D to reach D from A. FIXED ROUTE BEST ROUTE
- 91. DYNAMIC ROUTING 91 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN in this the path calculation is again and again 200.100.10.1/30 200.100.10.5/30 2621XM JAKARTA 200.100.10.0/30 200.100.10.2/30 200.100.10.6/30 2621XM MEDAN 2621XM SURABAYA 200.168.10.0/24 200.168.20.0/24 2960-24TT SW-MEDAN 2960-24TT SW-SURABAYA LAPTOP-PT LAPTOP-1 LAPTOP-PT LAPTOP-0 200.168.10.2/24 200.168.20.2/24
- 92. ALTERNATE ROUTING 92 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN 1. Possible routes are pre defined 2. Routing decision is based on current traffic status and historical traffic patterns X Y I J K ROUTE A INTREMIDIATE SWITICHING NODES END OFFICE
- 93. ROUTING STRATEGIES 93 CREATED BYRIDA ZAMAN 1. FIXED-R 2. FLOODING-R 3. RANDOM-R 4. ADOPTIVE-R
- 94. FIXED-R 94 CREATED BY RIDAZAMAN Sends data to a specific path 1 2 3 4 5 6 Example : data is sending towards Pc 4 from Pc 1 FILE FORWARDED FILE RECIVED
- 95. FIXED-R 95 CREATED BY RIDAZAMAN Sends data to a specific path 1 2 3 4 5 6 Example : data is sending towards Pc 4 from Pc 1 FILE FORWARDED FILE RECIVED
- 96. FLOODING-R 96 CREATED BY RIDAZAMAN Sends data to all possible paths 1 2 3 4 5 6 Example : data is send towards all Pc’s From Pc 1 FILE FORWARDED FILE RECIVED FILE RECIVED FILE RECIVED FILE RECIVED FILE RECIVEd
- 97. RANDOM-R 97 CREATED BY RIDAZAMAN • Node selects one outgoing path for retransmission of incoming packets • Selection can be random or round robin • Can select outgoing path based on probability calculation • No network info needed • Route is typically not least cost nor minimum hop NODE
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- 100. IP ADDRESS IPaddress is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the internet protocol for communications IP address consist of 32-bits (4-bytes). The first octet (byte) of an IP address is enough for us to determine the class to which it belong and depending on the class to which the IP address belongs we can determine which portion of the IP address is the Network ID and which is the host ID 100 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 101. NETWORK ADDRESS Thenetwork address is the first address in a range of IP addresses and used to communicate with all network devices on a particular network. The network address contains zero’s in the host portion of IP address The network ID in IP address tells us of which network the device is part of 101 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 102. HOST ADDRESS Hostaddress is a physical address of a device in a network Host ID in an IP address identifies that unique device with in a network 102 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 103. IP ADDRESS CLASSES IP addresses are split up in to some categories including Class A,B,C,D (multicast) and E (reserved) 103 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 104. CLASS A Inclass A addresses the first octet is the network portion and remaining octets for host 104 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 105. CLASS B Inclass B the first two octets are the network portion and the remaining two are host portion 105 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 106. CLASS C Inclass C the first 3 octets are the network portion and remaining ones are for host 106 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 107. CLASS D ClassD addresses are used for multicasting applications the class D is not used for normal networking operations in class D the first three 107 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 108. CLASS E (RESERVED) Class E is reserved for multicasting ,in multicasting data is not destined for a particular host, that’s why there is no need to extract host address from the IP address and class D doesn’t have any subnet mask this IP address is reserved for experimental purpose 108 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 109. BROADCAST ADDRESS Abroadcast address is used to indicate that information being sent out should be delivered to every client in the local are network These addresses are always the highest number possible in a particular network address or subnet 109 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 110. SUBNET MASK Subnet maskis also referred to as address mask it is a 32-bit value that is used to distinguish the network ID from the host ID in an IP address All bits corresponding to the Net ID set to 1 All bits corresponding to the Host ID set to 0 110 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 111. SUB NETTING Subnetting allows to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single class A,B,C network If you don’t subnet you can only use one network from your class A,B,C network which is simply on realistic If a major network class A,B,C breaks into smaller sub networks we can create a network of interconnected sub networks Each data link on this network would then have a unique network/sub network ID 111 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN
- 112. HOW TO SUBNETA NETWORK To subnet a network extent the mask(subnet mask) using some of the bits from the host ID portion of the address to create a sub network ID Q: USE 4TH BIT SUBNETTING AND FIND THE ADDRESS OF 4TH SUBNETWORK AND 5TH HOST? 112 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN EXAMPLE: IP=192.100.20.11 S.M=255.255.255.240 –> HOST BIT
- 113. HOW TO SUBNETA NETWORK STEP-1: FIRST COVERT THE HOST BIT OF S.M INTO BINARY 240= 1111 0000 BINARY EQUIVALENT OF HOST BIT 240 IS 11110000 IT MEANS ALL 1’S FOR SUBNETWORK AND ALL 0’S FOR HOST 1111 0000 113 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN FOR SUBNETWORK FOR HOST
- 114. HOW TO SUBNETA NETWORK NOW FIND THE ADDRESS OF 4TH SUBNETWORK & 5TH HOST 1111 0000 0100 0101 114 CREATED BY RIDA ZAMAN Binary equivalent of 4 Binary equivalent of 5 THE RESULTANT BYTE IS : 01000101 which is equals to 69 Means the address of 5th host on 4th sub network is:192.100.20.69
- 115. CREATED BY RIDAZAMAN 115 THE END