The document provides an overview of the fundamentals of computers including basic hardware components like the monitor, keyboard, mouse, and printer. It explains what software is and common types like operating systems and applications. The document also describes the desktop interface and components like icons, the taskbar, and how to personalize the desktop.

1. ICT Course
Israr Hussain
(PhD In Multimedia Security and Information Hiding )
Email ID: Israrhussain46@gmail.com
Lecture#1
Fundamentals of Computer

2. Lecture Content
 Be introduced to basic components of
the computer
 Learn common computer terms
 Become familiar with basic
computer hardware and software
 Become familiar with the computer
mouse and keyboard
 Learn about the desktop

3. Introducing the Computer

4. What is a Computer?
An electronic device that accepts input,
processes data, provides storage and
retrieval and provides output for the user.
You can use a computer to type
documents, send email, browse the
internet, handle spreadsheets, do
presentations, play games, and more.

6. Main components of computer
system
Hardware/Software
A computer is made up of only two
components: hardware and software.
Anything you buy for your computer can be
classified as either hardware or software.
Hardware: The components of computer which
we can touch and see are called hardware. For
example – keyboard, mouse, monitor, camera.
Software: The components of computer which
we can only see them but cannot touch are
called Software. For example – windows,
paint, google chrome, ms word

7. Hardware
Hardware consists of two components, input
and
output devices.
– Input Device
An input device allows us to put information into
the computer.
Examples include: Mouse, keyboard, microphone,
flash drive or scanner
– Output Devices
An output device displays (or puts out) information
from a computer in either a visual or auditory
format.
Examples include: Monitor, Speakers,
headphones or printer

8. Monitor
Consol
e
Speaker
s
Mous
e
Keyboar
d
Printe
r
Basic Computer Equipment

9. Console
 Console: The console, or system unit, is the heart of your
computer. It houses many electronic components, serves as the
main connecting point for other devices, and shields all of the
vital working parts of your PC, from dust, dirt, static electricity,
etc.
by Shonda
Hodge

10. Console
Power
Button
USB
Ports
SD Card
Port
CD/DVD
Drive (Play
ony)
CD/DVD
Drive
(Play/Write)
Microphon
e Port
Headphon
es Port

11. Monitor
Monitor: displays the text and
graphic information generated by
the console

12. Mouse
Mouse: pointing device that allows you to
select and manipulate objects you see on
your monitor.
– Left Click - used to select or place cursor where you
want it on the page
– Double Click - used to open a program
– Drag and Drop - used to pick up and move a
picture or object to another area
– Click and drag - used to select multiple items or
highlight text
– Right Click - gives a drop down menu of options
specific to the task you’re trying toperform
To practice using a mouse, go
to: pbclibrary.org/mousing/

13. Keyboard
 Keyboard: The
keyboard allows you to
enter letters, numbers,
symbols, and other
commands into your
computer.
 There are usually 104
keys on standard
keyboard. Pressing the
Key once and releasing
is called a Key Stroke.
Character keys
Used to enter alphabetic characters these character
become in upper case when shift key or Caps lock is on.
Numeric keys
There are 10 numbers or numeric keys on standard key board, these
become symbol or punctuation marks when press with shift key.

14. How the keys are Organized

15. Function Keys
The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are
labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of
these keys differs from program to program

17. Keyboard
Special Keys
Shift, Alt and Control keys are special keys and When press it with other
keys perform special operations.
For example Ctrl +C=copy the selected file
System level shortcuts
Ctrl-Alt-Del - close an application or turn off your computer (use the
shortcut once to select an application or process you want to end, twice
to shut down the computer).
Alt-Tab - change between windows that are open on the desktop.
Shift-Del - delete an item permanently (this item does NOT go to the
Recycle Bin).

18. Application shortcuts
Ctrl-S - save
Ctrl-O - open
Ctrl-N - new
Ctrl-C - copy
Ctrl-V - paste
Ctrl-X - cut
Ctrl-Z - undo
Ctrl-A - select all
Ctrl-I - make italic (this is italic)
Ctrl-B - make bold (this is bold)
Ctrl-U - underline (this is underlined)
Ctrl-Right Arrow - move the cursor to the start of the next word
Ctrl-Left Arrow - move the cursor to the start of the previous word
Ctrl-Down Arrow - move the cursor to the start of the next paragraph
Ctrl-Up Arrow - move the cursor to the start of the previous
paragraph

19. Input Devices
The devices through which we provide instructions to
computer are called input devices. For example –
keyboard, mouse, camera, mic, scanner
The devices through which computer understands
provided instructions are called Processing devices. For
example – CPU.
Processing device
The devices through which computer provide us the
result or output of processed instructions are called
Output Devices. For example – monitor, printer,
projector and speaker.
Output device
Types of computer
hardware/devices

20. Keyboard
Buttons
 Tab – used to indent paragraphs by
moving your cursor over ten
spaces or to move from field to
field in a form
 Caps Lock – makes all letters
capital until you turn it off
 Shift - allows you to capitalize
letters when pressed down and
allows you to access the
secondary function of your
computer keys
By Angie
Moore
 Space Bar – adds one blank
space between objects
 Windows Key – open and
closes
your windows start menu
 Enter – starts a new line or
functions asthe “Go” keywhen
navigating to a website,
opening a program, etc.

21. Keyboard Buttons
 Backspace – erases the object to
the
left of the cursor
 Delete – erases the object to
the right of the cursor
 Home – moves your cursor to the
front of your line of text
• End – moves your cursor to
the
end of your line of text
• Insert – allows you to
replace a word with another
by writing over it
• www.typingweb.co
m www.keybr.com
By Angela
Moore

22. Printers/Speake
rs
 Printer: device that
reproduces text and pictures
that you create on paper
 Inkjet Printer:
Most popular, least
expensive
Occasional printing (Home
use)
Uses print cartridges
Decent quality image
 Laser Printer
More expensive
Extensive Printing (Office
use)
 Speakers: sound card in
computer pushes sound
out through the speakers

23. Operating system
Operating system is a bridge between user and
computer (Machine/hardware). It helps in
interfacing communication between user and
computer. It is a collection of programs that is
essential for working of computer. Example
Windows, MacOS, Ubuntu.

24. What is software? Write its types
Software is a collection of programs. Software can be
divided into 2 types
System software: - The software that are must for
computer to start or work are called System Software. For
example – Windows, Linux, MacOS
Application software: - The software that are used for
one particular application or task are called Application
Software. For example – Notepad, MS Paint, FMS Logo

25. Memory Storage
There are two kinds of memory storage devices:-
a) Primary Memory: - This memory holds data temporarily.
That is data is stored till power supply is on after that data
vanishes. Example RAM Random Access Memory.
b) Secondary Memory: - This memory holds data
permanently. That is data doesn’t get lost after cut off of
power supply. Example Hard Disk, Pen Drive

26. Internal Memory
There are two types of internal memory - RAM and
ROM.
RAM and ROM are used to store computer data and
this can be directly accessed by the CPU.
RAM and ROM are sometimes referred to as 'Primary
Storage'

27. RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is used to temporarily store information that is
currently in use by the computer. This can include
anything from word documents to videos
 RAM can be read from and written to and so the
information stored in RAM can change all the time (it
depends what tasks you are using the computer for)
 RAM is a fast memory. Data can be written to and read
from RAM very quickly. RAM is generally measured in
GB (Gigabytes)
 RAM is Volatile Memory. This means that information
stored in RAM is deleted as soon as the computer is
turned off

28. RAM

29. The more RAM you have installed in your
computer -- the faster it can perform. You can
open and use more programs at the same time
without slowing the computer down
Note

30. (ROM)Read only memory
 ROM is used to permanently store instructions
 Information stored in ROM is known as READ ONLY. This
means that the contents of ROM cannot be altered or
added to by the user.
 ROM is fast memory. Data stored in ROM can be accessed
and read very quickly.
 ROM is Non-Volatile memory. This means that stored
information is not lost when the computer loses power
• Other examples of ROM include:
• DVD/CD ROMS bought in stores containing pre-recorded
music and movie files. These are played back at home but
cannot be altered.
• ROM in printers which is used to store different font types.

34. ROOM Examples

35. Graphics Card

37. Review
• What are the two main components of
all computers?
• What two components does hardware consist
of?
• Give me one example of an input device and
one example of an output device
• What 5 clicks did we learn for the
mouse function?

38. Software
Software is any set of instructions that
tells the hardware what to do. It is what
guides the hardware and tells it how to
accomplish each task.
Some examples of software are web
browsers, games, and word processors
such as Microsoft Word.

39. Examples of Software
 Browsers
– Internet Explorer
– Mozilla Firefox
– Google Chrome
 Games
– Solitaire
 Office
– Word
– Excel
– PowerPoint
 All programs
– Anything listed under all
programs and anything
you download

40. Windows Operating System Overview
 Types: 97, XP, Vista, 7, 8/8.1
 ThePC’sbrain or Master Software
Primary duty is to control the computer,
all the hardware.
Secondary duty is to control all the
software, basically running the programs
and managing the files and documents
you create.
 Third duty is to interact with you.

41. Review
• Is the keyboard an input or output device?
• What does the shift button allow you to
do?
• What is the difference between backspace
and delete?
• What are two examples of software?

42. Meet your Desktop

43. By Angie
Moore
Deskto
p
Icon
s
Task
Bar
Start
button
Quick Launch
Bar
System
Tray

44. Desktop
The place where you can easily gain
access to everything on your computer
Uses icons to represent programs on
your computer.
Background on which the icons sit is
called the ‘desktop’.
Use the mouse to move around on
the desktop

45. Icons
 Icons represent programs you have on your computer
 They act as shortcuts to your programs and are instantly
accessible from your desktop instead of having to go to the
start menu and open them.
 Icons are movable and can be arranged any way you want.
 Any program or file on your computer can be an icon
including
pictures, documents, and other software.
 You can create icons one of two ways:
– 1) Go to the start menu and right click on a program. Select
send to.
Select desktop and a copy of it will now be on your desktop
– 2) Go to your libraries folder and right click on a document,
music file, or picture file. Select send to. Select desktop and a
copy of it will now be on your desktop
Note: Double click icons to open them

46. Taskbar
Blue strip along the bottom of the
desktop.
Serves as the Windows control center.
Three important items on the taskbar:
Start menu, Quick Launch Bar, System
tray

47. Taskbar
 Start Menu: contains all programs on your computer.
Programs are listed in alphabetical order. Items that you
use frequently can be pinned to the start menu.
 Quick Launch Bar: containsprograms that are pinned to
the taskbar and can be accessed simply by clicking the
program. Items that you use frequently can be pinned to
the quick launch bar.
 Note: Start menu and quick launch bar items only need to
be
clicked once to open them
 System Tray contains your general computer information
such as time, date, sound volume, power supply, the usb
icon when one is plugged in, security antivirus information,
updates for your computer, internet connection, and
computer processes.

48. Personalization
 When you right click on your desktop, you get a series
of options that you can use to make it look how you
want it to look
 View: allows you to change the size of your icons,
arrange them in the order you want and choose to hide
them or show them
 Sort By: allows you to sort your icons by name, size,
item type or date modified
 New: allows you to create a new folder or document
and places it directly on your desktop
 Personalize: allows you to change the background on
your desktop, your screensaver settings, your color
scheme, your mouse pointer and other cosmetic
changes

49. Review
• What on the desktop do you have to
double click to open?
• What three items are located on the
taskbar?
• What’s one place you canpin items youuse
frequently?
• What is the system tray used for?