The document explains computer programming and various generations of programming languages, categorizing them into five generations from low-level machine languages to advanced high-level languages used in artificial intelligence research. It discusses the features, advantages, and disadvantages of each generation, including their execution speed, ease of debugging, and dependency on machines. Additionally, it describes the roles of translators such as assemblers, compilers, and interpreters in converting source code into machine language.

1. COMPUTER LANGUAGES
Ashwini K S

2. INTRODUCTION
 To explain the computer about how to perform a
task, the computer programmer writes a set of
instructions and it is called a program.
 Hence “ A set of instructions written to perform
a particular task is called a program”
 “Process of writing the program is called
programming”
 A set of programs written to instruct a computer is
called the software.
 These programs are written in any computer
language.

3. TYPES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES

4. FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE
 It is also known as binary or machine language.
 These binary languages are mostly based on 0&1.
 These languages are quite difficult to understand.
 To develop a program in first generation language
is a complicated task.
 It is machine dependent language.
 It is also known as low level language (lll).
 The programs written on binary language get
executed very fast.

5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 Fast execution of
program
 Uses less memory
 Difficult to debug
 Machine dependent
Advantages Disadvantages

6. SECOND GENERATION LANGUAGE
 These languages are also belong to the category of
low level language (lll).
 Second generation language were also known as
assembly language.
 The binary digits o&1 were replaced by some
special codes known as Mnemonics eg:-sub = -,
add=+,div=/,sav=save.
 This language is machine dependent language.

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 Uses English words.
 Easy to locate errors.
 Machine dependent
 Time consuming
Advantages Disadvantages

8. THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGES
 They are also known as high level language (HLL).
 In this the commands written are in simple English
language.
 Third generation language were portable.
 As the commands written are in simple language so
special software were develop which are known as
Language processor.
 For example:-LOGO, PASCAL,COBOL,JAVA etc….

9. FEATURES
 it is user friendly
 Machine independent
 Uses English words and mathematical operators.

10. FORTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
 As 3rd generation languages were based on certain
syntax ,which a programmer has to follow during
developing a program which is known as
procedural language.
 To overcome from this problem fourth generation
language were evolved.
 These programs were written in non-procedural
way
 For example SQL, Wave, Python etc…

11. FEATURES
 Its more programmer friendly.
 Needs less efforts.
 Possess high speed execution
 Enhances the programming efficiency.

12. FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
 5th generation languages are advanced high level
languages.
 These languages are used in AI research
 Here the language develops the program solution
by itself.
 The program has to dictate the problem and how
the solution should look like.
 These languages are still in development.
 Examples of 5GL are Prolog,OPS5 and Mercury.

13. TRANSLATORS

14. ASSEMBLER
 An assembler translates Assembly language
program into machine language program.
 The program written in assembly language is called
source code
 Converted program is called object code

15. COMPILER
 A compiler is a program that takes program written
high level language and translates it into machine
language.
 The action of translating the high-level
programming language code is called compiling.
 The computer takes the program written by user
and first cheeks for mistakes.
 If there are mistakes , it will show them and then
user has to correct all the mistakes.
 In computer language mistakes are called errors.
 If there are no mistakes/errors then it converts it
into computer machine language in one attempt .

16. INTERPRETER
 Interpreter is also a program which converts source
program into machine code/object code.
 Interpreter method of conversion is different from
compiler.
 It analyses the source program line by line .
 Here the a line of program is analysed, object code
is created.