This document discusses the history and standardization of computer networks and communications. It provides an overview of how computer networks have evolved from early packet switching research in the 1960s to the development of ARPANET and the internet. Key standards organizations that have helped develop common network architectures for interoperability are mentioned, including ISO, ITU, IETF, and others. The importance of standardization for creating common markets and lowering costs is discussed. Relevant laws in India such as the Indian Telegraph Act and Information Technology Act are also briefly outlined.

1. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-
Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this
license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
COMPUTER COMMUNICATION
MODULE1:INTRODUCTION
(Based on AICTE model syllabus )

2. ©RanjanGhosh
ADSL, AES, AJAX, AODV, AP, ARP, ARQ, AS, BGP, BOC, CDMA, CDN,
CGI, CIDR, CRL, CSMA, CSS, DCT, DES, DHCP, DHT, DIFS, DMCA,
DMT, DMZ, DNS, DOCSIS, DOM, DSLAM, DTN, FCFS, FDD, FDDI,
FDM, FEC, FIFO, FSK, FTP, GPRS, GSM, HDTV, HFC, HMAC, HTTP, IAB,
ICANN, ICMP, IDEA, IETF, IMAP, IMP, IP, IPTV, IRTF, ISO, ISP, ITU,
JPEG, JSP, JVM, LAN, LATA, LEC, LEO, LLC, LSR, LTE, MAN, MFJ,
MIME, MPEG, MPLS, MSC, MTSO, MTU, NAP, NAT, NFV, NRZ, NSAP,
OFDM, OSI, OSPF, PAWS, PCM, PGP, PIM, PKI, POP, POTS, PPP,
PSTN, QAM, QPSK, RED, RFC, RFID, RPC, RSA, RTSP, SHA, SIP, SMTP,
SNR, SOAP, SONET, SPE, SSL, TCP, TDD, TDM, TSAP, UDP, UMTS,
URL, VLAN, VSAT, WAN, WDM, and XML.
Acronyms
How many can you identify?

3. ©RanjanGhosh
Acknowledgment
This presentation is based on my interpretation of AICTE syllabus available at
http://www.aicte-
india.org/downloads/MODEL_SYLLABI_FOR_UG_Computer_Sci_Engg.pdf (dated
October 2012)
The presentation is my attempt to give a practitioners perspective of the topic of
computer communication – to students and anyone in general who is interested in the
topic. I have referred to my practical industry experience, MOOC sites and text books
to arrive at the presentations. I have curated diagrams, pictures and materials from
various websites-where possible I have acknowledged the sources. No proprietary
information is used – all information in the presentation is available in textbooks,
industry, standard body or academic website

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What I am planning to cover

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Module #1
• Module 1.1 : Introduction, standardization
and history
• Module 2.1: Protocol and protocol
architecture, layering, ISO-OSI, TCP/IP, Data
transmission

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WHAT IS COMPUTER
NETWORKS ?

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©RanjanGhosh
cc:internet-map.net

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Computer Networks - Internet
Data center in Arctic Region
Courtesy: https://www.cloudyn.com/blog/10-facts-didnt-know-server-farms/

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Computer Networks - Internet
Courtesy: https://www.cloudyn.com/blog/10-facts-didnt-know-server-farms/
Internet & Cloud Computing

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©RanjanGhosh
Computer connection- submarine
cables
cc:http://www.submarinecablemap.com

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Computer Networks (Military-
Command & Control Systems)
cc:wikipedia

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Computer Networks (Defence-
Command & Control Systems)
cc:wikipedia

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©RanjanGhosh
Computer Network – Air Traffic Management

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©RanjanGhosh
Computer Network - FinTech

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Applications of Computer Networks
• WWW (Internet)
– Ecommerce
– Search
– Video
– Facebook, pinterest, tweeter …
• Email
• VOIP (voice call over internet)
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• What else ….

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Components of Data networking
Hardware
• Computers (laptops,
servers, cloud) – WiFi/NIC
card, wireless dongles
• Mobile
• Routers
• WiFi access points
• Switches
• Cables (Cu, Fiber Optic)
• Base stations, antennas
Software
• Device drivers
• Modem software
• Codecs, compression
• ICMP, IP stack
• TCP, UPD stack
• SSH, telnet, rlogin
• Email server/client
• Browsers
• Android / OS
• Security
4G LTE Network

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HISTORY OF THE DATA-
COMMUNICATION?

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Communication: Old ways

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Use of electrons for communication
First telegraph line was
setup in India in 1850 –
between Calcutta –
Diamond Harbour)
Morse Code
Last telegram was sent on …
When was telegraph
introduced in India?
15th July 2013 to Mr ……
Telegraph
Rahul Gandhi

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Go back to history…
• Telephone invented in 1876 and over years
became an indispensable instrument of
communication (patent US00174465)
Graham Bell

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Digital Communication

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EVOLUTION OF THE
INTERNET

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History of Internet (Packet Switching)
• Research for Packet based communication
started in ‘60s. (SABRE, Air-defence system)
• ARPANET funded network of 4 sites in 1969 is
taken as starting of Internet.
• Subsequently other networks started joining
creating what we now call as INTERNET.
• Open Protocol definition using RFC. (http://www.ietf.org)
– Telnet, FTP, email, TCP, UDP, gopher, HTTP, SIP, ….
• Integration of protocols in Unix, Intel uP

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ARPANET-1969 ARPANET-1971
Internet - 1987
Breaks information into
Small chunks - “packets”

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Internet (WWW)
• Birth of HTML in 1989 – Sir Tim Berners-Lee
• Data made accessible “online” – browser are
born.
• Pageviews and links

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Mapping of Internet
Internet-map.net

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Architecture of Communication
System

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STANDARDS & LAW

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Why standardization?
• Provide for common Architecture
• Interoperability (two ends talk to each other
in common format)
• Create a common market for Network gear
and software – leads to lower cost due to
competition.

31. ©RanjanGhosh
Standardization
International Standards
• ITU
• ISO
• IEEE
• IETF (Internet Engineering
TaskForce)
– www.ietf.org/rfc
Industry standard
• WiFi Alliance
• 3GPP, 3GPP-2
• SIM Alliance
• World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C)
• Many more ….

32. ©RanjanGhosh
Law (specific to India)
• Indian Telegraph Act – 1885 (last amended
2006)
• Information Technology Act -2000 (amended
2008) – Sec 66A
• Telecommunication Regulatory Authority Act
-1997

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Summary

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QUESTIONS

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Resources/references
• Computer History
www.computerhistory.org
• Computer Networks – Andrew S Tanenbaum
• Internet Society www.internetsociety.org
• Telecom Regulatory authority – www.trai.gov.in
• Introduction to GPRS – Ericsson Note
• Wikipedia.

36. ©RanjanGhosh
THANK YOU!