Slides of the IoT Meetup in Toulouse, France on Monday, 16 June 2014.

1. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 1|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Matthias Kovatsch
kovatsch@inf.ethz.ch
Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co.
Monday, 16 Jun 2014
IoT Meetup
Toulouse, France

2. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 2|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
2
Environmental Monitoring
Smart Energy
Structural Health
Building Automation
Ambient Assisted Living
Real-time City
Information
Logistics
Networked Embedded Systems Everywhere
technological
islands

3. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 3|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
The IP-based Internet of Things
end-to-end
IP connectivity
6LoWPAN
for low-power
wireless

4. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 4|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
A Bit of History

5. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 5|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Smart Dust in 2000
the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks

6. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 6|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
 Academic research
 Sensor node platforms (“motes”)
 Event-driven operating systems
 Low-power MAC protocols
 Applications
 Industrial specifications
 ZigBee
 WirelessHART
 Focus on IEEE 802.15.4
 First 802.15.4 specification in 2003
 TI buys Chipcon (CC2420)
Wireless Sensor Networks
Mica2 (AVR)
Tmote Sky / TelosB (MSP430)
BTnode (AVR + Bluetooth)

7. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 7|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
First Proposals for Low-power IPv4 in 2003
 A. Dunkels. Full TCP/IP for 8-bit Architectures.
In Proceedings MobiSys, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2003
 Z. Shelby, P. Mahonen, J. Riihijarvi, O. Raivio, and P.
Huuskonen. NanoIP: The Zen of Embedded Networking.
In Proceedings ICC, Anchorage, AK, USA, 2003

8. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 8|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
IPv6 Efforts Officially Started in 2006
 IETF 6LoWPAN Working Group Charter, 2006
 RFC 4944: Initial 6LoWPAN Standard, 2007
 J. Hui and D. Culler. IP is Dead, Long Live IP for Wireless
Sensor Networks.
In Proceedings SenSys, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2008
 RFC 6282: Header Compression Update, 2011
 RFC 6550: RPL Routing, 2012
 RFC 6775: Neighbor Discovery Update, 2012

9. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 9|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
IP Convergence and CoAP, MQTT, etc. in 2014
… are now pushing the Internet of Things

10. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 10|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
6LoWPAN Basics

11. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 11|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Edge Networks
LoWPAN
Internet
Router
Server
Local
server
Border Router
PC
Backbone (LAN)

12. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 12|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Low-power IP Stack
Layer Protocol
Application CoAP / (HTTP / MQTT)
Transport UDP + DTLS (– TCP)
Network IPv6 + RPL / ND
Adaption 6LoWPAN
MAC CSMA (+ link-layer bursts)
Radio Duty Cycling IEEE 802.15.4e / ContikiMAC
Physical IEEE 802.15.4

13. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 13|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
IPv6 + UDP Header = 48 Bytes
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| Traffic Class | Flow Label |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Source Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Destination Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port | Destination Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Length | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| UDP Payload ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
128 bits
16 Bytes

14. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 14|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
… prefixes
IPv6 Addressing
LoWPAN
ISP
Router
Border Router Backbone (LAN)
2001:620:8::/48
2001:620:8:32D6::/64
2001:620:8:32C3::/64
EUI-64 = MAC addr.
11:22FF:FF33:44552001:620:8:32D6:

15. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 15|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Stateless Header Compression

16. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 16|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Exact Number of Bytes Varies
Image:J.Sens.ActuatorNetw.2013,2(2),235-287;doi:10.3390/jsan2020235

17. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 17|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Stateful Compression with Context Identifiers
Image:J.Sens.ActuatorNetw.2013,2(2),235-287;doi:10.3390/jsan2020235

18. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 18|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
6LoWPAN Fragmentation
Minimal MTU of IPv6: 1280 Bytes
127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B 127 B
802.15.4 Frames

19. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 19|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Routing

20. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 20|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Route-over with RPL “Ripple”
Border Router DODAG Root
Host
Router
source routing

21. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 21|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Route-over with RPL “Ripple”
Border Router DODAG Root
Host
Router
storing mode
MPL multicast

22. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 22|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Route-over with RPL “Ripple”
Border Router DODAG Root
Host
Router
multiple DODAGs

23. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 23|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
LoWPAN
Mesh-under with 6LoWPAN-ND
Border Router
Host
Host
Whiteboard
duplicate address
detection (DAD)
short-address
generation
look-ups
mobility

24. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 24|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Radio Duty Cycling

25. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 25|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Power Consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
CPU
(normal/LPM)
Radio
(RX/TX)
Flash
(R/W/idle)
Sensors
(tmp./PIR/acc.)
LEDs
Currentconsumption(ca.)[mA]

26. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 26|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
ContikiMAC
A
D
A
D A
ACK frame
Data frame
Radio on
Sender
Receiver
Transmission detected
DD DD
Channel check

27. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 27|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Link-layer Bursts
A
AD
Sender
Receiver
Transmission detected
DD DD
Channel check
A
AD
D A
AD
D A
AD
D
D
A ACK frame
Data frame
Radio on

28. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 28|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Trading Energy for Latency
Number of hopsNumber of hops
Energy[mJ]
Latency[s]
No duty cycling
ContikiMAC
1 2 3 4
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3 4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

29. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 29|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
Current Efforts

30. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 30|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
State of the Art in Low-power IP
 Scale 16.000 nodes in one multihop network (Cisco)
 RPL for smart metering
 Reliability >99% package delivery ratio in LLNs
 Low-power Wireless Bus (constructive interference for flooding)
 Opportunistic RPL (combination with ContikiMAC)
 6TISCH
 Efficiency years of battery lifetime (through <1% RDC)
 ContikiMAC, A-MAC, …
 802.15.4e

31. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 31|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
 New 6LoWPAN bindings
 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
 Z-Wave / ITU-T G.9959
 DECT Ultra Low Energy (DECT ULE)
 Generic Headers Compression
6lo Working Group
Mesh networking
for Bluetooth 4.1

32. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 32|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
An Application Layer for the Internet of Things
Web scripting IoT devices
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

33. Low-power IP: 6LoWPAN & Co 33|
Matthias Kovatsch
http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc
 Interoperable, scalable security
 Public key cryptography
 Elliptic curve cryptography
 Hardware acceleration
 DTLS Profiles (DICE)
 Secure multicast?
 Auth. in Constrained Environments (ACE)
Next Big Thing for Low-power IP

34. Questions?
Matthias Kovatsch https://github.com/mkovatsc/
kovatsch@inf.ethz.ch http://people.inf.ethz.ch/mkovatsc/