Composting is a natural process that turns organic waste into a nutrient-rich soil amendment. There are different composting methods, including hot and cold composting, vermicomposting, and using a compost tumbler or pile. Hot composting is faster but requires more maintenance while cold composting is slower but easier. Composting reduces waste and returns nutrients to the soil, improving soil quality and plant health while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers. The composting method used depends on the materials available and desired processing time.
This document provides an overview of composting organic matter. It discusses that composting is the natural process of decay that happens on forest floors and lawns. Controlled composting speeds up this process through proper pile management. Successful composting caters to the needs of microorganisms by providing them with large surface areas, air, food, and water. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of materials added is important to support microbial growth. With the right conditions, compost piles can heat up and kill pathogens. Compost is a valuable soil amendment and can be used in gardens once fully decomposed.
the first half of a composting workshop given at Glenbrook (NSW) Native Plant Reserve's Spring Fair 2009. To complete, go outside and make hot compost. This methodology for composting works where ever you are on the planet.
Composting: A Tour of Techniques From Manure to ObscureBen Capozzi
Here's my presentation from a November 2014 public lecture on composting. I've had many requests for copies of this!
Invited by the Southside Virginia Master Gardeners Association, I pulled together material from my training as an MG, but also lots more from my certificates in Permaculture and the Soil Food Web. My goals were 1) to share enthusiasm for this eco-friendly practice, 2) take the apprehension out of the process, and 3) encourage systems-level thinking to reduce, re-use, and recycle yard waste. We can keep good biological matter and carbon out of our landfills and use their nutrients to build soil life in our own backyards.
Based on feedback afterwards, I seem to have done a pretty good job.
Solid Waste Compost Plant - DCC Infra, Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials into dark substances. A Thai substance called humus is a wonderful conditioner for soil. Organic Waste Composter, Organic Waste Composting, Waste Composting Machine, Organic Waste Composter, Composting Machine, OWC Machines
Hot composting is a batch process that uses aerobic decomposition to break down organic materials into humus at temperatures over 60°C within 3 weeks. It requires a mix of green materials like food scraps and grass clippings with brown materials like leaves, straw and sawdust. This kills weeds and pathogens. A 3-bin system is recommended where materials are regularly turned into the next bin. Comfrey leaves add nutrients and help the process. Problems can be fixed by adjusting moisture or adding more brown materials. The finished compost is a dark, earthy smelling material that improves soil structure and fertility.
Composting is a natural process that turns organic waste into a nutrient-rich soil amendment. There are different composting methods, including hot and cold composting, vermicomposting, and using a compost tumbler or pile. Hot composting is faster but requires more maintenance while cold composting is slower but easier. Composting reduces waste and returns nutrients to the soil, improving soil quality and plant health while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers. The composting method used depends on the materials available and desired processing time.
This document provides an overview of composting organic matter. It discusses that composting is the natural process of decay that happens on forest floors and lawns. Controlled composting speeds up this process through proper pile management. Successful composting caters to the needs of microorganisms by providing them with large surface areas, air, food, and water. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of materials added is important to support microbial growth. With the right conditions, compost piles can heat up and kill pathogens. Compost is a valuable soil amendment and can be used in gardens once fully decomposed.
the first half of a composting workshop given at Glenbrook (NSW) Native Plant Reserve's Spring Fair 2009. To complete, go outside and make hot compost. This methodology for composting works where ever you are on the planet.
Composting: A Tour of Techniques From Manure to ObscureBen Capozzi
Here's my presentation from a November 2014 public lecture on composting. I've had many requests for copies of this!
Invited by the Southside Virginia Master Gardeners Association, I pulled together material from my training as an MG, but also lots more from my certificates in Permaculture and the Soil Food Web. My goals were 1) to share enthusiasm for this eco-friendly practice, 2) take the apprehension out of the process, and 3) encourage systems-level thinking to reduce, re-use, and recycle yard waste. We can keep good biological matter and carbon out of our landfills and use their nutrients to build soil life in our own backyards.
Based on feedback afterwards, I seem to have done a pretty good job.
Solid Waste Compost Plant - DCC Infra, Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials into dark substances. A Thai substance called humus is a wonderful conditioner for soil. Organic Waste Composter, Organic Waste Composting, Waste Composting Machine, Organic Waste Composter, Composting Machine, OWC Machines
Hot composting is a batch process that uses aerobic decomposition to break down organic materials into humus at temperatures over 60°C within 3 weeks. It requires a mix of green materials like food scraps and grass clippings with brown materials like leaves, straw and sawdust. This kills weeds and pathogens. A 3-bin system is recommended where materials are regularly turned into the next bin. Comfrey leaves add nutrients and help the process. Problems can be fixed by adjusting moisture or adding more brown materials. The finished compost is a dark, earthy smelling material that improves soil structure and fertility.
Compost is organic material that results from the natural lifecycle of plants and animals being broken down by microorganisms in the soil. Composting food waste and yard trimmings returns nutrients to the soil, improves soil quality, reduces landfill waste, and feeds plants. Anyone can compost using simple bins made from low-cost or recycled materials at home, in apartments, or commercially on a larger scale. Proper ingredients, moisture, aeration and time allow compost to break down into a nutrient-rich soil amendment.
Compost is decomposed organic matter that is used as a fertilizer. Composting is the natural process by which organic materials like food waste and yard trimmings break down into a nutrient-rich soil amendment. There are benefits to composting such as improving soil quality, saving money on fertilizers, and reducing waste. The document describes different composting techniques like cold composting, hot composting, aerobic composting, anaerobic composting, and vermicomposting which uses worms and varies in maintenance needs from low to high.
This document provides information on farm scale composting of 50 tons of material. It discusses the basics of composting including needing air, water, food and shelter. It describes the necessary equipment, compost pad requirements, appropriate materials, goals for carbon to nitrogen ratio and temperature. Regular monitoring, turning, and watering of piles is emphasized. The benefits of high quality compost for soil and plant health are outlined.
This document proposes a composting project for a school in Belgium from February 1-6, 2015. It summarizes that composting is a natural process that transforms organic waste into a rich fertilizer by using a simple compost bin. It recommends collecting organic waste at the school and letting nature break it down. A compost bin, tools, and specific organic materials like fruit peels and grass clippings would be needed. The document provides instructions for building compost piles with alternating layers and maintaining proper moisture and temperature over 3 months to fully decompose the materials.
The document summarizes troubleshooting tips for compost, including potential causes and solutions for smells, moisture levels, lack of heating, mold, bugs, animals, and seedlings. It then discusses various applications of compost for lawns, gardens, trees, houseplants, and seedlings. Timing of compost application depends on the use, generally in late fall or early spring. The document also provides an overview of the YardWise website and benefits of grasscycling for lawn care.
The document summarizes different scales and methods of composting operations. It discusses small-scale composting for backyards, schools, and apartments as well as large-scale municipal operations. Large-scale composting methods include static piles, aerated windrows, aerated static piles, and in-vessel composting. The document also reviews warm and cold composting methods like the California method, Indore method, and vermicomposting. Outdoor and indoor structures and considerations for different composting approaches are provided.
Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials like leaves, grass, food scraps and yard waste into a nutrient-rich humus that can be used as a soil amendment. There are several benefits to composting including healthier plants, money savings from reduced need for store-bought fertilizers and trash removal costs, and it keeps organic waste out of landfills. The document provides guidelines for what materials can and cannot be composted as well as methods for standard, slow and fast composting that require different amounts of time, materials and maintenance. Potential problems in compost piles like odors, temperature issues and structure are also discussed along with solutions.
This document provides guidance on composting, including:
- The environmental and gardening benefits of composting kitchen and garden waste.
- Instructions for setting up compost bins and producing compost through maintaining a balance of green and brown materials.
- Uses for finished compost in gardens, and answers to frequently asked questions about composting.
This document provides information on composting and building healthy soil. It discusses how composting recycles organic waste, improves soil structure, and creates a balanced ecosystem in the soil. The process of decomposition and the soil food web made of micro-organisms are explained. Benefits of vermicomposting with worms are outlined, including how to care for worms and harvest nutrient-dense castings. Resources for further learning about composting are also provided.
Composting can be an easy way to reduce kitchen waste and contribute to a more sustainable society. While composting may seem difficult, it simply requires separating wet and dry kitchen waste, mixing the wet waste with dried leaves in a 2:1 ratio, and allowing it to decompose in a bin outside while stirring it occasionally. The decomposition process is aided by microbes that break down the carbon, nitrogen, water, and oxygen contained in the materials. With the right balance of these elements and moisture, individuals can easily compost their kitchen waste at home in plastic bins without smell or much effort.
This document discusses different methods of solid waste treatment through composting. It describes the biological process of composting, involving microorganisms breaking down organic matter into humus. Several factors that influence composting are discussed, including nutrient balance, particle size, moisture content, oxygen flow, and temperature. The main types of composting covered are onsite, vermicomposting, windrow, static pile, and in-vessel composting. The procedure for composting is also outlined in steps.
The document discusses composting of organic waste. It notes that about 70% of municipal waste is organic and can be composted. Composting is the natural process of aerobic decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms to produce a stable humus-like material called compost. Maintaining proper environmental conditions such as moisture levels, carbon to nitrogen ratios, oxygen levels and temperatures is important for effective composting. Compost has various uses as a soil amendment to improve soil quality and support plant growth.
This document provides guidance on composting organic waste to reduce landfill waste and enrich soil. It discusses setting up a compost bin or pile with the proper ratios of green/brown materials and size/placement for optimal decomposition. Turning and monitoring the pile is important to maintain optimal moisture, oxygen and temperature conditions for microorganisms to break down the materials into nutrient-rich compost within 6 months. Various composting methods are described and composting provides environmental and gardening benefits.
This document provides instructions for making compost from organic materials. It discusses the necessary ingredients of brown carbon materials and green nitrogen materials, how to layer them, maintain moisture, and allow microbes to break them down. Properly made compost will heat up as it breaks down, killing pathogens and weeds seeds. The compost is ready when the materials can no longer be identified and it has a dark, earthy smell. The document also provides tips on using finished compost in gardens to improve soil health and fertility.
This document provides an introduction to home composting presented by Judy Burrage, a Master Composter. It discusses what composting is, the benefits of composting, and the types of composting methods. It provides information on what materials can and cannot be composted, and factors to consider such as bin location and material balance. The document also outlines how to use finished compost and where to get additional resources and help with home composting.
Composting Worm Farms and Bokashi: A How To Guidex3G9
This document provides instructions for composting and worm farming. It explains that compost is created through the decomposition of organic materials like garden and food waste. It takes 2-18 months to produce compost depending on the method used. Worm farming is an alternative that uses worms to break down food scraps into valuable worm castings and tea. The document provides detailed steps for setting up compost bins and worm farms, including choosing a location, adding materials, maintenance requirements, and common issues and solutions.
This document provides instructions and information about composting and worm farming. It discusses what compost is and the benefits of composting, such as returning organic matter to soil and reducing waste. It then describes how to set up compost piles or bins, including choosing a site, layering materials, and turning the compost. The document also explains worm farming, how to set up a worm farm, what worms eat, and how to harvest and use the worm castings and tea. It discusses different types of compost and worm bins and provides sources to purchase bins or instructions on how to make your own.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Compost is organic material that results from the natural lifecycle of plants and animals being broken down by microorganisms in the soil. Composting food waste and yard trimmings returns nutrients to the soil, improves soil quality, reduces landfill waste, and feeds plants. Anyone can compost using simple bins made from low-cost or recycled materials at home, in apartments, or commercially on a larger scale. Proper ingredients, moisture, aeration and time allow compost to break down into a nutrient-rich soil amendment.
Compost is decomposed organic matter that is used as a fertilizer. Composting is the natural process by which organic materials like food waste and yard trimmings break down into a nutrient-rich soil amendment. There are benefits to composting such as improving soil quality, saving money on fertilizers, and reducing waste. The document describes different composting techniques like cold composting, hot composting, aerobic composting, anaerobic composting, and vermicomposting which uses worms and varies in maintenance needs from low to high.
This document provides information on farm scale composting of 50 tons of material. It discusses the basics of composting including needing air, water, food and shelter. It describes the necessary equipment, compost pad requirements, appropriate materials, goals for carbon to nitrogen ratio and temperature. Regular monitoring, turning, and watering of piles is emphasized. The benefits of high quality compost for soil and plant health are outlined.
This document proposes a composting project for a school in Belgium from February 1-6, 2015. It summarizes that composting is a natural process that transforms organic waste into a rich fertilizer by using a simple compost bin. It recommends collecting organic waste at the school and letting nature break it down. A compost bin, tools, and specific organic materials like fruit peels and grass clippings would be needed. The document provides instructions for building compost piles with alternating layers and maintaining proper moisture and temperature over 3 months to fully decompose the materials.
The document summarizes troubleshooting tips for compost, including potential causes and solutions for smells, moisture levels, lack of heating, mold, bugs, animals, and seedlings. It then discusses various applications of compost for lawns, gardens, trees, houseplants, and seedlings. Timing of compost application depends on the use, generally in late fall or early spring. The document also provides an overview of the YardWise website and benefits of grasscycling for lawn care.
The document summarizes different scales and methods of composting operations. It discusses small-scale composting for backyards, schools, and apartments as well as large-scale municipal operations. Large-scale composting methods include static piles, aerated windrows, aerated static piles, and in-vessel composting. The document also reviews warm and cold composting methods like the California method, Indore method, and vermicomposting. Outdoor and indoor structures and considerations for different composting approaches are provided.
Composting is a natural process that turns organic materials like leaves, grass, food scraps and yard waste into a nutrient-rich humus that can be used as a soil amendment. There are several benefits to composting including healthier plants, money savings from reduced need for store-bought fertilizers and trash removal costs, and it keeps organic waste out of landfills. The document provides guidelines for what materials can and cannot be composted as well as methods for standard, slow and fast composting that require different amounts of time, materials and maintenance. Potential problems in compost piles like odors, temperature issues and structure are also discussed along with solutions.
This document provides guidance on composting, including:
- The environmental and gardening benefits of composting kitchen and garden waste.
- Instructions for setting up compost bins and producing compost through maintaining a balance of green and brown materials.
- Uses for finished compost in gardens, and answers to frequently asked questions about composting.
This document provides information on composting and building healthy soil. It discusses how composting recycles organic waste, improves soil structure, and creates a balanced ecosystem in the soil. The process of decomposition and the soil food web made of micro-organisms are explained. Benefits of vermicomposting with worms are outlined, including how to care for worms and harvest nutrient-dense castings. Resources for further learning about composting are also provided.
Composting can be an easy way to reduce kitchen waste and contribute to a more sustainable society. While composting may seem difficult, it simply requires separating wet and dry kitchen waste, mixing the wet waste with dried leaves in a 2:1 ratio, and allowing it to decompose in a bin outside while stirring it occasionally. The decomposition process is aided by microbes that break down the carbon, nitrogen, water, and oxygen contained in the materials. With the right balance of these elements and moisture, individuals can easily compost their kitchen waste at home in plastic bins without smell or much effort.
This document discusses different methods of solid waste treatment through composting. It describes the biological process of composting, involving microorganisms breaking down organic matter into humus. Several factors that influence composting are discussed, including nutrient balance, particle size, moisture content, oxygen flow, and temperature. The main types of composting covered are onsite, vermicomposting, windrow, static pile, and in-vessel composting. The procedure for composting is also outlined in steps.
The document discusses composting of organic waste. It notes that about 70% of municipal waste is organic and can be composted. Composting is the natural process of aerobic decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms to produce a stable humus-like material called compost. Maintaining proper environmental conditions such as moisture levels, carbon to nitrogen ratios, oxygen levels and temperatures is important for effective composting. Compost has various uses as a soil amendment to improve soil quality and support plant growth.
This document provides guidance on composting organic waste to reduce landfill waste and enrich soil. It discusses setting up a compost bin or pile with the proper ratios of green/brown materials and size/placement for optimal decomposition. Turning and monitoring the pile is important to maintain optimal moisture, oxygen and temperature conditions for microorganisms to break down the materials into nutrient-rich compost within 6 months. Various composting methods are described and composting provides environmental and gardening benefits.
This document provides instructions for making compost from organic materials. It discusses the necessary ingredients of brown carbon materials and green nitrogen materials, how to layer them, maintain moisture, and allow microbes to break them down. Properly made compost will heat up as it breaks down, killing pathogens and weeds seeds. The compost is ready when the materials can no longer be identified and it has a dark, earthy smell. The document also provides tips on using finished compost in gardens to improve soil health and fertility.
This document provides an introduction to home composting presented by Judy Burrage, a Master Composter. It discusses what composting is, the benefits of composting, and the types of composting methods. It provides information on what materials can and cannot be composted, and factors to consider such as bin location and material balance. The document also outlines how to use finished compost and where to get additional resources and help with home composting.
Composting Worm Farms and Bokashi: A How To Guidex3G9
This document provides instructions for composting and worm farming. It explains that compost is created through the decomposition of organic materials like garden and food waste. It takes 2-18 months to produce compost depending on the method used. Worm farming is an alternative that uses worms to break down food scraps into valuable worm castings and tea. The document provides detailed steps for setting up compost bins and worm farms, including choosing a location, adding materials, maintenance requirements, and common issues and solutions.
This document provides instructions and information about composting and worm farming. It discusses what compost is and the benefits of composting, such as returning organic matter to soil and reducing waste. It then describes how to set up compost piles or bins, including choosing a site, layering materials, and turning the compost. The document also explains worm farming, how to set up a worm farm, what worms eat, and how to harvest and use the worm castings and tea. It discusses different types of compost and worm bins and provides sources to purchase bins or instructions on how to make your own.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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2. What is composting?
Grass clippings
Food scraps
Leaves
Using the natural process of decay to
change organic wastes into a valuable
humus-like material called compost
Compost
2
3. Composting -
Speeding up the natural decay process
A compost pile or bin
allows you to control
•Air (oxygen)
•Water
•Food, and
•Temperature
By managing these factors you can speed up
the otherwise slow natural decay process
3
4. Why compost yard and kitchen wastes?
• PA’s goal is to recycle 35% of
municipal waste – composting helps!
• National Composting Council
estimates the average U.S. household
generates 650 lb of compostables
every year. 4
5. • Limited landfill space should be
reserved for materials that cannot be
recycled or composted
• Garbage handling is the 4th largest
expense for many cities.
Composting can reduce those costs
• 34% of landfilled waste in PA is food
and another 30% is paper.
5
7. What do you need to make
compost?
• Decomposers – Your
composting work crew.
These are the microbes
(mainly bacteria and fungi)
that do all the work for you.
• Food for the decomposers
The organic materials to be
composted
• The right amount of air,
water, and warmth to keep
the work crew happy
7
8. Where do the decomposers
come from?
If you build it,
they will come…
• Soil
• Leaves
• Food scraps
• Manure, and
• Finished compost
Each of these will add
microorganisms
to the compost pile
8
9. One teaspoon of good garden soil to
which compost has been added contains
• 100 million bacteria
• 800 feet of fungal threads
9
10. Numerous additives and starters are available but are
not needed for good or rapid composting
10
11. What is the best food for your
decomposers?
All organic materials will compost, but not all should be
added to a backyard compost pile
Organic wastes that should be composted include:
Garden
trimmings
Kitchen scraps
Also
• Used potting soil
• Manure
• Sawdust
• Hair
Grass
clippings
Leaves
11
12. Materials to avoid…
Avoid organic materials that could cause
problems during or after composting
• Oil, fat, grease, meat, fish or dairy products,
unwashed egg shells (tend to attract pests,
vermin)
• Hard to kill weeds (bindweed, quackgrass) and
weeds that have gone to seed (could infest garden
area when compost is used).
12
13. Materials to avoid…
Cat or dog waste
(attracts pests, could spread disease)
Diseased or insect ridden plants
(could infect or attack garden
plants when compost is used)
13
14. Materials to avoid…
• Lime (increases compost
pH and promotes
ammonia odor problems)
• Wood ash, add sparingly
to the pile (will add some
potash to compost but will
increase pH and ammonia
odor problems)
14
15. Is shredding necessary?
Have greater surface
area per unit volume
Allows microbes to
get at more of the
food
Smaller particles decompose faster
Chipping or
shredding coarse
materials (twigs,
stems) will speed
up the rate at which
they decompose
15
16. Is shredding necessary?
but…
Smaller particles will also decrease airflow
into the pile
– May lead to anaerobic conditions
– Pile may need to be turned more often
16
17. More about food for your
decomposers
Your compost workers will thrive if you give them a
balanced diet.
• Composting will be most rapid if the decomposers
are fed a mix of carbon rich and nitrogen rich
materials.
• Carbon rich organic wastes are known as
“browns”
• Nitrogen rich organic wastes are known as
“greens”
17
19. Vegetable scraps (12-20:1)
Coffee grounds (20:1)
Grass clippings (12-25:1)
Manure
– Cow (20:1)
– Horse (25:1)
– Poultry (10:1), with litter
(13-18:1)
– Hog (5-7:1)
High nitrogen materials such as
19
20. Browns
• Decay very slowly
• Coarse browns can keep
pile aerated
• Tend to accumulate in the
fall
• Tie up nitrogen in soil if
not fully composted
• May need to stockpile
until can mix with greens
Greens
• Decay rapidly
• Poor aeration – may have
foul odors if composted
alone
• Tend to accumulate in
spring and summer
• Supply nitrogen for
composting
• Best composting if mixed
with browns
20
21. Aerobic composting
• Composting with
decomposers that need
air (oxygen)
• The fastest way to
make high quality
compost
• Produces no foul odors
• Aerobic decomposers
produce heat
21
22. Aerobic composting and
temperature
• A thermometer is a nice tool but is not essential
for good composting
• Active composting occurs in the temperature
range of 55oF to 155oF
• Pile temperature may
increase above 140oF but
this is too hot for most
bacteria and decomposition
will slow until temperature
decreases again.
55 140
155
22
23. Does my compost pile have to get
hot?
• Good compost can be made in a pile that never
gets hot, but…
– Decay will be slower and it will take longer to make
compost
– Not enough air, to little or too much water, or too
many browns in the mix could all keep a pile from
heating.
• High pile temperature provides the benefits of
– The most rapid composting
– Killing pathogenic (disease causing) organisms
– Killing weed seeds
23
24. Getting air to your
decomposers
Hot air
low
O2
cool
air
O2
rich
O2
Warm air rising
through the pile
draws fresh air
in from bottom
and sides
Wind can
stimulate
aeration
24
25. Pile aeration
Depends upon adequate porosity
• Porosity is the air filled space between particles
• “Browns” help to maintain good porosity in the pile
• A compacted pile has lost porosity, can be increased
by turning
• Aeration can be
increased by inserting
sticks, cornstalks, or
perforated pipes into
or under the pile
25
26. Pile aeration
Getting air to your work force
• Turning the pile mixes
fresh air into the pile
• Turning tools can make
the job easier
26
27. Water
• Pile water content should
be at 40-60%
• As wet as a squeezed out
sponge
• If too dry, add water as
you turn the pile
• If too wet, add browns
and/or turn the pile
•Rapid decomposition requires optimum water content
• If too dry, bacterial activity will slow or cease
• If too wet, loss of air in the pile will lead to anaerobic conditions
27
28. Taking care of your compost
pile
• The most rapid composting is achieved by
– Adding mixed browns + greens
– Regularly turning (mixing) the compost pile
– Controlling water content
• When pile no longer heats after mixing, allow it to
cure (stand without mixing) for at least 4 weeks
before using the compost
28
29. Making compost the fast way
(Instructions for active composters)
•Turn the pile every 5 to 7 days,
–move outer material to the pile center
–add water if needed
•During the first few weeks temp should
reach 140oF
•After about 4 weeks less heat will be
produced and compost will maintain
lower temp (100oF)
29
30. Making compost the fast way
(Instructions for active composters)
•After about 4 more weeks the pile will no
longer heat after turning and volume will
be about one third of original.
•Allow the pile to cure (stand without
turning) for 4 more weeks before using
the compost
30
31. When is compost finished?
Compost is mature when
• The color is dark brown
• It is crumbly, loose,
and humus-like
• It has an earthy smell
• It contains no readily
recognizable feedstock
• The pile has shrunk to
about 1/3 of its original volume
31
32. Simple tests for finished
compost
Bag test: sealing compost in
a plastic bag for several days
should produce no foul odor
Germination test: will seeds
germinate in the compost?
(good test to use if compost will
be part of a potting mix)
32
33. Where should I put my
compost pile?
• Shaded area will help
prevent drying out in
summer
• Avoid areas that will
interfere with lawn and
garden activities
• Adequate work area
around the pile
• Area for storage
• Water available
33
34. Considerations for locating
the compost pile
• Good drainage
• Away from any wells
• Near where finished compost will be used
• Be a good neighbor
– Make your composting area attractive, or
– Keep it out of your neighbors’ view
34
35. Bin/pile construction
• Ideal size is approximately a 3 foot
cube
– Promotes sufficient aeration
– Retains sufficient heat to maintain warm
temps
– Piles larger than 5 x 5 x 5 feet are
difficult to turn and tend to become
anaerobic in the center
35
38. Compost Troubleshooting
Odors
Odors are one of the most frequent but easily avoidable
composting problems.
• Rotten odor
– Putrid smell or rotten egg smell
– Usually results from anaerobic conditions
– Excess moisture, compaction
– Turn pile, add dry porous material (browns), cover kitchen
scraps
• Ammonia odor
– Too much nitrogen (greens)
– Add high carbon material (browns), turn pile
38
39. Compost Troubleshooting
Temperature
Low pile temperature
• Pile too small, cold weather, too dry, poor aeration, or
lacks nitrogen
• Make pile bigger or insulate sides, add water, turn the
pile, add greens or manure
High pile temperature
• Pile too large, insufficient ventilation
• Reduce pile size, turn
39
40. Compost Troubleshooting
Pests: raccoons, rats, insects
• Presence of meat scraps or fatty food waste,
rotten odors
• Remove meats and fatty foods, cover with
sawdust or leaves, turn the pile
• Compost in an animal-proof bin
– Covered bin, trash can bin, cone bin, or barrel
bin
– Wire mesh sides and floor (1/4 – 1/2 in
openings)
• Use worm composting (vermicomposting)
for food scraps
40
41. Benefits of compost
Promotes soil health
• Supplies organic
matter to soil
• Attracts earthworms
• Stimulates beneficial
soil microorganisms
• Increases soil water
holding capacity
• Increases soil nutrient
retention
41
42. Benefits of compost
Promotes soil health
•Improves soil tilth and friability
•Improves soil drainage
•Loosens heavy clay soils
•Suppresses soil-borne plant pathogens
(diseases)
42
43. Benefits of compost
Plant nutrients
Compost is not a fertilizer,
but does contain plant
nutrients
• Nitrogen and phosphorus
are mostly in organic
forms
– Released slowly to plants
– Not readily leached from the
topsoil
• Compost contains many
trace nutrients that are
essential for plant growth
43
44. Using finished compost
• Soil amendment
– Be sure that compost is mature, has an earthy smell
(no ammonia or rotten smell), looks dark and
crumbly with no recognizable feedstock
– Compost improves soil health when mixed in the top
4 to 6 inches (work in no more than a 2” layer of
compost)
• Will improve water and nutrient retention of sandy soils
• Will loosen compacted clay soils and make them more
friable
44
45. Using finished compost
• Surface mulch in the
garden/landscape
– Maximum 3” depth
– Start 3-4” from trunk
– Extend out to dripline
• Mulch provides
– Protection from temp
extremes
– Slows moisture loss
from soil
– Provides some slow
release nutrients
45
46. Using finished compost
• Lawn topdressing
– Be sure compost is very mature to avoid harming the lawn
– Use fine (screened) compost, ¼” depth raked over lawn
– Best if lawn is cored before applying compost
– Retains moisture, supplies slow release nutrients,
prevents soil compaction
• Potting mix
– Compost must be very mature to avoid injury to plants
– Use fine textured compost
– Mix no more than 1/3 compost by volume
46
47. Presentation by
Rick Stehouwer, Associate Professor and Extension Specialist
Toni Bilik, State Master Gardener Coordinator
Tom Becker, York County Cooperative Extension
George Hurd, Franklin County Cooperative Extension
Greg Burns, Elk County Cooperative Extension
Earle Robbins, Tioga County Cooperative Extension
Jim Cowden, Warren County Cooperative Extension
Kathleen Geist, Montgomery County Cooperative Extension
Patti Peck-Olenick, PA DEP Composting Coordinator
47
48. Manure Management
Workshops
• March 18th and April 8th
• 9AM – 1PM
• @ Curwensville Community Center
• Please register by talking to us today or calling
765-2629
• Refreshments and food will be provided
• For anyone that produces or uses manure or has
more than 5,000 sq ft of tillage (Ag E&S Plan)
48
53. Drill Holes in barrel for Post
• Find the center of the
barrel on each end and
mark it
• Drill a hole slightly
larger than the
diameter of your metal
pole centered on each
mark
53
Step 1:
54. Drill Aeration Holes in Barrel
• Drill 15-20 holes with a
1 inch bit on each side
of the barrel
• Should have 30-40
holes for aeration when
finished
54
Step 2:
55. Attach mixing paddle
• Inside the
barrel screw
the corner
brackets into
the plastic
• To attach paddle to the
barrel screws will have
to go trough barrel into
(1) 10” furring stripe on
the outside of barrel.
55
• Attach mixing
paddle to
corner
brackets
using screws
Step 3:
56. Drill Holes in 4x4 for post
• Measure 6” down on
both 4x4 posts, and
mark the center of each
post
• On the mark drill a hole
slightly larger than the
diameter of your metal
pole (do this on both
4x4s)
56
Step 4:
57. Assemble Stand
• Stand 4x4s up with
holes at the top and
place a 2x4 on each
side
• Use screws to secure
2x4s to the 4x4s
57
Step 5:
58. Assemble Stand Part 2
• Find the middle of the
remaining 2x4s and
center them on the end
of the 4x4
perpendicular to the
other 2x4s
• Place one screw into
each of the 2x4 ends
and one into the 4x4
• Make sure you don’t hit
the screws going the
other direction 58
Step 5:
59. Place barrel on stand
• Slide post through
holes on barrel
• Put one end of post
through the 4x4, slide
post through until the
other end will slide into
the other 4x4
59
Step 6:
60. Drill Holes to cut out door
• Measure and draw a
12” x 12” section for
the door
• Drill a small hole in
each corner for the
jigsaw to get started
• Start the jigsaw in each
corner and cut out the
door
60
Step 7:
61. Attach door with hinges
• Drill a hole
through the
plastic on
your marks
61
• Hold the
hinges up to
the door and
mark where
the screws
will go
Step 8:
62. Attach door with hinges (cont.)
• Repeat process to
attach door to barrel
62
• Holding (1) 10” furring
strip underneath the
holes attach the hinge
with the screws
provided
Step 8:
63. Attach Hasp Lock
• Mark drill holes on the
handle side
• Drill pilot holes as
before
• Holding (1) 3” furring
strip underneath the
holes attach the top
part of the hasp with
the screws provided
• Repeat for the latch on
the barrel 63
Step 9:
64. Attach Handle
• Drill holes
through door
• Thread rope
through holes
• Tie a knot in
both ends of
the rope to
achieve a
handle of your
desired length
64
• Completed door
with handle and
hasp attached
Step 10:
66. Thank you to our Sponsors!
•Department of Environmental Protection
Environmental Education Grants Program
•Bee Kind Winery
• Hoyt Plumbing and Heating
66
