This document describes 17 different types of cement, including: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, Portland slag cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, Portland pozzolana cement, air entraining cement, white cement, hydrophobic cement, expansive cement, and oil well cement. OPC is the most commonly used type, and the other varieties are derived from it to suit different needs like rapid strength gain, sulfate resistance, reduced heat, or suitability for underwater placement. Each type has specific chemical compositions and applications.

1. Types of cement

2. TYPES OF CEMENT
Cement is the best known binding material. Over the period of
time, different varieties of Cement have been prepared to
accommodate all needs. Portland Cement is the most
commonly used Cement and all other variants are derived from
Portland Cement. Following are the types of Portland Cement.
1. Ordinary Portland Cement – 33 grade
2. Ordinary Portland Cement – 43 grade
3. Ordinary Portland Cement – 53 grade
4. Rapid hardening cement
5. Extra rapid hardening cement
6. Sulphate Resisting cement
7. Portland slag cement
8. Quick setting cement
9. Super Sulphate Cement

3. 10. Low heat cement
11. Portland Pozzolana cement
12. Air Entraining cement
13. White cement
14. Expansive cement
15. Oil Well cement
16. High Alumina cement
17. Hydrophobia cement

4. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:
 Ordinary Portland is the most important type of cement. The
OPC was classified into three categories namely 33,43,53
 If the Strength is not less than 33 N/mm2 ,it is called as 33
grade cement.
 If the strength is not less than 43 N/mm2 ,it is called as 43
grade cement.
Portland
stone
Portland
cement

5.  It has been possible to upgrade the qualities of cement
by using high quality limestone, modern equipments,
closer online control of constituents, maintaining better
particle size distribution, finer grinding and better packing.
 Generally use of higher grade cement offer many advantages
for making stronger concrete.
 Although they are little costlier than low grade cement, they
offer 10-20% savings in cement consumption and also offer
many other hidden benefits.
 One of the most important benefits is the faster rate of
development of strength in the modern construction activities.
 In the modern construction activities higher grade cement have
become popular that 33 grade cement is almost out of the
market.

6. RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:
 This cement is similar to OPC.
 As the name indicates it develops strength rapidly and as such
it may be more appropriate to call it as high early strength
cement.
 It is pointed out that rapid hardening cement which develops
higher rate of development of strength should not be confused
with quick setting cement which only sets quickly.
 Rapid hardening cement develops at the age of three days the
same strength as that is expected of ordinary Portland cement
at seven days.
 The rapid rate of development of strength is attributed to the
higher fineness of grinder and higher C3S and lower C2S
content.

7.  A higher fineness of cement particles expose greater surface
area for action of water and also higher proportion of C3S
results in higher hydration.
 It cannot be used in mass construction works.
APPLICATIONS:
 In Pre fabricated concrete construction
 Where formwork is required to removed early for re use
elsewhere.
 Road repair works.
 In cold weather concrete where the rapid rate of development
of strength reduces the vulnerability of concrete to the frost
damage.

8. EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:
 Extra rapid hardening cement is obtained by inter grinding
calcium chloride with rapid hardening Portland cement.
 The normal addition of calcium chloride should not exceed 2
percent by weight of the rapid hardening cement.
 It is necessary that the concrete made by using extra rapid
hardening cement should be transported, placed and
compacted and finished within about 20 minutes.
 It is also necessary that this cement should not be stored for
more than one month. Extra rapid hardening cement
accelerates the setting time and hardening process.
 A large quantity of heat evolved in a very short time after
placing.
 The acceleration of setting, hardening and evolution of this
large quantity of heat in the early period of hydration makes
the cement very suitable for concreting in cold weather.

9.  The strength of extra rapid hardening cement is about 25 percent
higher than that of rapid hardening cement at one or two days
and 10 to 20 percent higher at 7 days.
 The gain of strength will disappear with age and at 90 days the
strength of extra rapid hardening cement of the ordinary Portland
cement may be nearly the same.
 There is some evidence that there is small amount of initial
corrosion reinforcement when extra rapid hardening cement is
used.
 Extra rapid hardening use is prohibited in prestressed concrete
structures.
 But this cement is not covered in Indian standard.

10. SULPHATE RESISTANT PORTLAND CEMENT:
 OPC is susceptible to the attack of sulphates, in particular to the
action of magnesium sulphate.
 Sulphates react both with the free calcium hydroxide in cement
to form calcium sulphate with hydrate of calcium to form
calcium sulphoaluminate,the volume of which about is
approximately 227% of the volume of the original aluminates.
 Their expansion within the framework of hardened cement
paste results in cracks and subsequent disruption.
 Solid sulphate do not attack the cement compound. Sulphates in
solution permeate into hardened concrete and attack calcium
hydroxide.
 The above is known as Sulphate attack.

11.  Sulphate attack is greatly accelerated if accompanied by
alternate wetting and drying process which normally takes
place in marine structures in the zone of tidal variations.
 To remedy the sulphate attack the use of cement with low
Tricalcium Aluminate content is found to be effective.
 Such cement with low Tricalcium Aluminate content and
comparatively low Tetra calcium AluminoFerrite content is
known as sulphate resisting cement.
 In other words, this cement will have high silica content.

12. The use of Sulphate resisting cement is
recommended under the following conditions,
a) Concrete to be used in marine condition.
b) Concrete to be used in foundation and basement condition
where soil is infested with sulphates.
c) Concrete used for fabrication of pipes which are likely to be
buried in marshy region or sulphate bearing soils.
d) Concrete to be used in the construction of sewage treatment
works.

13.  Percentage of tri-calcium Aluminate (C3A) is kept below 5%
resulting in increase in resisting power against sulphates.
 Heat developed is almost same as Low Heat Cement.
 Theoretically ideal cement. Costly manufacturing because of
stringent composition requirements.
 Used for structures likely to be damaged by severe alkaline
conditions like bridges, culverts, canal lining, siphons, etc.

14. PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT:
 Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker, gypsum and
granulated blast furnace slag in suitable proportion.
 It may also be manufactured by separately grinding the Portland
cement clinker, gypsum and granulated blast furnace and later
mixing them intimately.
 The resultant product is a cement with the same properties as that
of Ordinary Portland Cement.
 Cheaper than OPC, blackish grey in color.
 Lesser heat of hydration.
 Initial setting in 1 hr and final setting 10 hrs.
 Better resistance to soil agents, sulphates of alkali metals,
alumina, iron and acidic waters.
 Suitable for marine works, mass concreting.
 Due to low early strength, not suitable for RCC.

15.  The Quantity of granulated slag mixed with Portland clinker will
range from 25-65 percent.
 The quantity of slag mixed also vary from country to country the
maximum being upto 85%.
 Early strength is due to the cement clinker fraction and later
strength is due to the slag fraction.
 Portland blast furnace cement is similar to ordinary Portland
cement with respect to fineness, setting time, soundness and
strength.
 It is generally recognised that the rate of hardening of Portland
blast furnace slag cement in mortar or concrete is somewhat
slower than that of the OPC during first 28 days. Thereafter at the
age of 12 months the strength will be equal or even more than that
of the OPC.

16.  However in cold weather the low heat of
hydration of portland blast furnace slag cement
coupled with moderately low rate of strength
development can lead to frost damage.
ADVANTAGES:
 Reduced heat of hydration
 Refinement of pore structure
 Reduced Permeability
 Increased resistance to chemical attack.
The property of the cement mainly depends on the quality of the
Slag.

17. QUICK SETTING CEMENT:
 This cement as the name indicates sets very easily.
 The early setting property is brought out by reducing the gypsum
content at the time of clinker grinding.
 This cement is required to be mixed, placed and compacted very
easily.
 It is used mostly in under water construction where pumping is
involved.
 It can be used in some typical grouting is involved.
Points To be Noted:
 Sets faster than OPC.
 Initial setting time is 5 minutes.
 Final setting time is 30 minutes.
 Used for concreting underwater and in running water.
 Mixing and placing has to be faster to avoid initial setting prior to
laying.

18. LOW HEAT CEMENT:
 It is well known that hydration of cement is an exothermic
action which produces large quantity of heat during hydration.
 Formation of cracks in large body of concrete due to heat of
hydration has focused the attention of the concrete
technologists to produce a kind of cement which produces less
heat.
 Low percentage (5%) of tri-calcium aluminates and
Tricalcium silicate and high (46%) of Di-calcium silicate to
keep heat generation low.
 A reduction of temperature will retard the chemical action of
hardening and so further restrict the rate of evolution of heat.

19.  The feature of low heat cement is a slow rate gain of strength.
 But the ultimate strength of low heat cement is the same as that
of the ordinary Portland cement.
 As per Indian Standard,
The heat of hydration of low heat cement as follows,
a) 7 days - not more than 65 calories per gm
b) 28 days – not more than 75 calories per gm.
Points To Be Noted:
 It has low lime content and less compressive strength.
 Initial and final setting times nearly same as OPC.
 Very slow rate of developing strength.
 Not suitable for ordinary structures.
 Shuttering required for long duration so cost will increase.
 Prolonged curing is required.
 Structure utilization will be delayed.

20. PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT:
 The history of pozzolanic material goes back to romans time.
Portland pozzolana Cement is manufacturing by the
intergrinding of OPC clinker with 10 to 25 percent of
Pozzolanic material.
 A pozzolanic material is essentially a silicious or aluminous
material which while in itself not possessing no cementitious
properties which will in finely divided form and in presence of
water, react with calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration
process at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing
cementing properties.
 The pozzolanic materials generally used for manufacturing
PPC is Calcined clay or fly Ash.

21.  OPC clinker and Pozzolana (Calcined Clay, Surkhi and Fly
ash) ground together.
 Properties same as OPC.
 Produces less heat of hydration and great resistance to attacks
of Sulphates and acidic waters.
 Ultimate strength is more than OPC but setting timings are
same as OPC.

22. Advantages of PPC:
 In PPC,Costly Clinker is replaced by cheaper pozzolanic
material – Hence Economical.
 Soluble calcium Hydroxide is converted into insoluble
cementitious products resulting in improvement of
permeability.
 It generates reduced heat of hydration and that too at a low
rate.
 The long term strength of PPC beyond a couple of months is
higher than OPC if enough moisture is available for continued
Pozzolanic action.
Applications:
 For Hydraulic Structures
 For Mass Concrete Structures like dams, bridge piers etc..
 For Marine Structures
 For Sewers and sewage disposal works.

23. AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT:
 OPC with small quantity of air entraining materials (resins,
oils, fats, fatty acids) ground together.
 Air is entrained in the form of tiny air bubbles during chemical
reaction.
 Concrete is more plastic, more workable, more resistant to
freezing.
 Strength of concrete reduces to some degree.
 Quantity of air entrained should not be more than 5% to
prevent excess strength loss.

24. COLOURED CEMENT
 For Manufacturing Various coloured cement either white
cement or grey cement cement is used as a base.
 The use of white cement as a base is costly.
 With the use of grey cement only red or brown cement can be
produced.
 Coloured cement consists of Portland cement with 5 to 10
percent of pigment.
 The pigment cannot be satisfactorily distributed throughout the
cement by mixing and hence it is usual to grind the cement and
pigments together.
 The property of the pigment is to be used for coloured cement
are durability of colour under exposure to light and weather.

25. WHITE CEMENT:
 The Process of Manufacture of White Portland Cement is nearly
as same as OPC.
 The Material particularly the kind of limestone required for
manufacturing white cement is only available around jodhpur in
Rajasthan.
 Two famous brands of white cement namely Birla white and
J.K.White cements are manufactured near Jodhpur.
 The raw material used is High pure Limestone.
 Whiteness Can be Measured by Hunter's Scale.

26. HYDROPHOBIC CEMENT
 This Cement is obtained by grinding ordinary portland cement
clinker with water repellant film forming substance such as
oleic acid and stearic acid.
 The water repellant film formed around each grain of cement
reduces the rate of deterioration of the cement during long
storage, transport or under unfavorable conditions.
 The film is broken out when the cement and aggregate are
mixed together at the mixer exposing the cement particles for
normal hydration.
 The Film Forming Water repellent will improve the
workability of Concrete.
 The storage and transportation of cement in highly rainfall
regions will affect the cement Severely.
 In such Places with poor communication system cement
requires to be stored for long time.

27. • Ordinary Portland Cement gets deteriorated and loses some of its
strength whereas the hydrophobic cement which does not lose its
strength.
• The Hydrophobic Cement is made actually from ordinary
Portland cement clinker.
• After grinding the cement particle is sprayed in one direction and
film forming material such as oleic acid or Stearic acid from
another direction which protects from the bad effect of moisture
during storage and transportation.
• The cost of the cement is higher than that of the OPC.

28. EXPANSIVE CEMENT
 To remedy the shrinkage problem of Concrete a new type of
cement has been manufactured for Special Applications.
 This is developed by Expanding Agents and
Stabilizer.
 Generally Sulphoaluminate is used for this
Purpose.

29. OIL WELL CEMENT
Oil Wells are drilled through stratified sedimentary rocks through
a great depth in search of oil.
It is likely if oil is struck, oil or gas may escape through the space
between the steel casing and rock formation.
So cement slurry is used to seal off the space between steel casing
And rock strata.
So the cement should be workable and Should Hard fairly rapid.
This type of cement is obtained by adjusting the compound
composition or by adding admixtures.