english material

1. Incorporating Sources:
Quoting, Paraphrasing,
and, Citing
20120917

2. Incorporating Sources
Quoting
Paraphrasing

3. DIRECT QUOTATIONS

4. Quoting
Repeating EXACTLY what
another author or speaker
writes or says

5. When Should You Quote?
• The style of the original is
impressive enough to support your
opinion or unique point (i.e. topic)
• The author has credibility that will
substantiate your opinion or unique
point
• To separate yourself from the
author’s unique language, diction,
or syntax

6. Signal Phrases
 Signal Phrase: a phrase, clause, or
even sentence which leads into a
quotation or statistic. These generally
include the speaker/ author’s name and
some justification for using him or her as
an expert in this context; it may also help
establish the context for the quotation.

7. Signal Phrases
 A signal phrase lets your reader know when
you are about to use someone else’s ideas
 A signal phrase ensures correct sentence
grammar and mechanics
 Sample signal phrases:
 According to Author Name,…
 Author Name, economist, writes:
 As Author Name argues,…
 There are no stand alone quotations in this
class. Every cited example must be preceded
by a signal phrase.

8. Do NOT write “He said,” “She
stated” over and over!!
 Acknowledges
 Adds
 Admits
 Addresses
 Argues
 Asserts
 Believes
 Claims
 Verbs in Signal Phrases:
 Comments
 Compares
 Confirms
 Contends
 Declares
 Denies
 Disputes
 Emphasizes
 Endorses
 Grants
 Illustrates
 Implies
 Insists
 Notes
 Observes
 Points out
 Reasons
 Refutes
 Rejects
 Reports
 Responds
 Suggests
 Thinks
 Writes

9. Avoid Plagiarism
All use of sources must be
CITED in either style
Both styles of cited examples
use parenthetical citation
 (not footnotes or endnotes)

10. Quotation and Citation: MLA
 In MLA, whether you quote or
paraphrase, the citation goes in
parentheses at the end of the sentence.
 Put the (last) NAME of the author, if it is
available, a space, and the page
number, if it is available, in the
parenthesis with NO other punctuation.
Put the final period outside the last
quotation mark (Brown 14).

11. MLA
 Author-page number style (Harris 321)
 Parenthetical citations include author last name
and page number (Williams 64) when available.
 The ending punctuation is ALWAYS a period
that follows the parenthetical citation.
 The only punctuation that may be enclosed
within the quotations preceding the
parenthetical citation is the ! or ?
Jones exclaims, “I cannot stand the politics of this
country!” (Jones 324).

12. Punctuating Quotation
The punctuation of a quotation usually follows the
parenthetical citation - after the last parenthesis.
The exception to this rule would be the QUOTED
exclamation mark or the question mark, which would fall
within the quotation - a period still follows the
parenthetical citation. Yes, that's right two ending
punctuation marks would be in those type of quoted
sentences.

13. Quotation Examples
Alicia Keys asserts that "the secret of my success has always
been by fans" (Keys 213).
Stephen refutes the common misconception of being Barbaric by
stating, "I have always enjoyed the flavor of a cat's head. In some
countries this is a delicacy" (Walton 34).
Ferguson insists his ninja skills are a "set of unique abilities that
have been handed down from generation to generation"
(ButtWhoopin.com).

14. More Quotation Examples
Mr. Joseph often wonders, "will there be a riot
today in the cafeteria?" (Steiner 55).
Dalton often declares, "Get your junk off my
desk!" (Miller 556).
This sentence is only describing a
question being asked by another
person - it is still a declarative
(statement) sentence.
This sentence is only describing a command
given by another person - it is still a imperative
(statement) sentence.

15. Setting-off Quotations
 Whenever a quotation takes-up four or more of
YOUR typed lines, you MUST set-off the
quotation.
 Though this may seem appealing due to the
space occupied by this cited example, this is
tricky due to punctuation and format – most
people get it wrong.
 If you choose to incorporate this type of cited
example you must:
 Precede the quote with a signal phrase
 Set the quote off by at least a half an inch (no
quotation marks)
 Provide the ending punctuation, THEN the
parenthetical citation – NO punctuation follows

16. Setting-off Quotations
Example. . .
Though Chuck Norris is considered to be a prolific expert in the
martial arts and virtually unstoppable, one must first consider:
Norris was defeated in his first two tournaments, dropping
decisions to Joe Lewis and Allen Steen and three matches at
the International Karate Championships to Tony Tulleners. By
1967 Norris had improved enough that he scored victories
over the likes of Lewis, Skipper Mullins, Arnold Urquidez,
Victor Moore, Ron Marchini, and Steve Sanders. In early
1968, Norris suffered the tenth and last loss of his career,
losing an upset decision to Louis Delgado. (Foster 587)
Such humbling defeats only build Norris into the fighter he is
today. Norris’ leadership is credited to his struggles in his early
career.
Notice the placement of the ending
punctuation
Signal phrase
ends with a
colon
Notice the
½ inch
indentation
Don’t forget
the relevance
& concluding
sentences

17. PARAPHRASING

18. Paraphrasing
Paraphrases should be employed when using :
• Numbers
• Statistical data
• Percentages
EXAMPLES:
Hunter argues in his journal that he only uses gum no more than 30% of the
day (Jones 14).
Bill Shirey is born October the 5th of 1993 (ShireyFamilyTree.com).
Paraphrasing - to express the
meaning of the writer, speaker,
something written, or spoken using
different words, especially to
achieve greater clarity.

19. Paraphrasing Step By Step
 Select a passage to paraphrase.
 Read the passage until you feel like you understand
it completely.
 Set aside the book, try to put the passage into your
own organization and words. It may help to imagine
an audience of a young child or elderly relative,
because they will require a different vocabulary from
most sources.
 You may include words for which there is no good
synonym.
 Check your paraphrase against the original; it
should be ACCURATE and IN YOUR OWN
WORDS.

20. Things to Remember
 Whether you quote or paraphrase, you
should cite the ideas you get from your
resources in your papers.
 MLA style users should always use
signal phrases to introduce quotation.
 Of the two cited examples, direct
quotations provide the strongest method
of support.