COMPLIANCE PLANS 1 Compliance Plans Compliance Plans Clinical staff members are not washing their hands between patients Hand washing is one of the most important procedures for preventing infections. Health care workers hands are mostly contaminated after activities such as cleaning wounds, cleaning patient’s excrement and touching contaminated surfaces in patient’s rooms. Bacteria from these activities can cause infections to other patients being handled by the health worker, to the health workers and even death in postpartum women during child delivery. To prevent these hospital-associated infections improving hygiene in the patient’s rooms and practicing hand washing regularly after every encounter with a patient especially after being exposed to bodily fluids, before and after contact with a patient and their surrounding will go a long way. Hospitals should provide more hand rub dispensers and create awareness to make hand washing a hard-wired habit. Employees are not knowledgeable in the use of fire extinguishers Almost all buildings are fitted with fire extinguishers in case of fire incidents but unless the employees know how to use them they are on no use to them. As much as every building has a fire extinguisher very few people are trained or ever used a fire extinguisher. Only a handful of people can operate a fire extinguisher in the event of a fire breakout. Employers should provide training sessions to their employees to make them familiar with the steps and principles of using fire extinguishers, they should also be conversant with the PASS acronym as a way to remember the steps in using a fire extinguisher and know where to find them. Fire engines might take time to arrive at fire incidents and having these skills will help reduce and prevent the spread and damage caused by the fire. References Kelly, J. W., Blackhurst, D., McAtee, W., & Steed, C. (2016). Electronic hand hygiene monitoring as a tool for reducing health care–associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. American journal of infection control, 44(8), 956-957. Latif, A., Halim, M. S., & Pronovost, P. J. (2015). Eliminating infections in the ICU: CLABSI. Current infectious disease reports, 17(7), 35. Schroll, R. C. (2016). Industrial fire protection handbook. CRC press. 1 Atlantic Slave Trade and its Effects on the U.S. Economy Mingze Li AFR 191 12/08/17 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 1 Atlantic Slave Trade: The Biggest Human Transportation……………..…............. 1 Slaves and Slaveholders in the U.S.……………………………………………….. 2 Atlantic Slave Trade and the Tobacco Production Business in the U.S. …………. 3 African Slaves and Cotton Production……………………………………………. 4 Atlantic Slave Trade and the Rise of Northern U.S. Economy…………………… 5 Slaves in the U.S. and the Civil War……………………………………………… 6 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 7 Ref.

1. COMPLIANCE PLANS 1
Compliance Plans
Compliance Plans
Clinical staff members are not washing their hands between
patients
Hand washing is one of the most important procedures for
preventing infections. Health care workers hands are mostly
contaminated after activities such as cleaning wounds, cleaning
patient’s excrement and touching contaminated surfaces in
patient’s rooms. Bacteria from these activities can cause
infections to other patients being handled by the health worker,
to the health workers and even death in postpartum women
during child delivery. To prevent these hospital-associated
infections improving hygiene in the patient’s rooms and

2. practicing hand washing regularly after every encounter with a
patient especially after being exposed to bodily fluids, before
and after contact with a patient and their surrounding will go a
long way. Hospitals should provide more hand rub dispensers
and create awareness to make hand washing a hard-wired habit.
Employees are not knowledgeable in the use of fire
extinguishers
Almost all buildings are fitted with fire extinguishers in case of
fire incidents but unless the employees know how to use them
they are on no use to them. As much as every building has a fire
extinguisher very few people are trained or ever used a fire
extinguisher. Only a handful of people can operate a fire
extinguisher in the event of a fire breakout. Employers should
provide training sessions to their employees to make them
familiar with the steps and principles of using fire
extinguishers, they should also be conversant with the PASS
acronym as a way to remember the steps in using a fire
extinguisher and know where to find them. Fire engines might
take time to arrive at fire incidents and having these skills will
help reduce and prevent the spread and damage caused by the
fire.
References

3. Kelly, J. W., Blackhurst, D., McAtee, W., & Steed, C. (2016).
Electronic hand hygiene monitoring as a tool for reducing
health care–associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus infection. American journal of infection control, 44(8),
956-957.
Latif, A., Halim, M. S., & Pronovost, P. J. (2015). Eliminating
infections in the ICU: CLABSI. Current infectious disease
reports, 17(7), 35.
Schroll, R. C. (2016). Industrial fire protection handbook. CRC
press.
1
Atlantic Slave Trade and its Effects on the U.S. Economy
Mingze Li
AFR 191
12/08/17
Table of Contents
Section Page

4. Introduction…………………………………………………………
……………… 1
Atlantic Slave Trade: The Biggest Human
Transportation……………..…............. 1
Slaves and Slaveholders in the
U.S.……………………………………………….. 2
Atlantic Slave Trade and the Tobacco Production Business in
the U.S. …………. 3
African Slaves and Cotton
Production……………………………………………. 4
Atlantic Slave Trade and the Rise of Northern U.S.
Economy…………………… 5
Slaves in the U.S. and the Civil
War……………………………………………… 6
Conclusion……………………………………………………………
…………… 7
References……………………………………………………………
……………. 9
Introduction
This paper examines the impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on
the U.S. economy. It discusses the nature of slavery and how it
helped to accumulate much profit to start the US economy. The
objective is to show that slavery and the Slave Trade, using
African labor benefited both the US and European economies,
and which has helped these economies to grow and lead the
world today, while African economies have continued to
decline. Related topics to be discussed include the nature of the
Slave Trade, the transportation of the slaves into the Americas,
cultivation of tobacco and cotton, and the impact of the trade on
the US economy.

5. Atlantic Slave Trade: The Biggest Human Transportation
The development of maritime technology in the Western
World, allowed Europeans to travel across the Atlantic Ocean to
the Africa Continent. From the 16th Century, nearly 30,000
sailors engaged in the Slave Trade, and Africans were traded to
the New World, including Americas, as slaves. The ships of
European banks shipped Africans to the production sites in
Americas and make them separated from their home and family,
in order to have the free labor for the sugar, tobacco, cotton,
mineral and rum production in Americas (History.com Staff,
2009).
The Portuguese were the first to engage in the slave trade in
16th Century, they shipped the first group of slaves to Brazil
which was the beginning of the slave trade, and then other
European countries soon followed. During the Atlantic Slave
Trade, uncountable slaves were shipped to the Americas and
separated from their family in order to make profit for the
western society. With the profit made during the slave trade,
European countries had enough capital for science and
technology which has contributed to emerge of modernization of
the world. At the same time, it brought the Americas a great
market and a lot of opportunities which has built a great basis
for the modern U.S. economy. In 1619, the first African slaves
were brought to Jamestown, Virginia for the tobacco production
business, and then more and more slaves were brought to the
U.S. The slave trade continued until 18th century (Lewis,
2017). It was the reason of the large proportion of black
population in the U.S. and was the primary condition for the
growth of the U.S. economy.
Slaves and Slaveholders in the U.S.
Slave population constituted about one-third of the southern
U.S. population. And, those slaves were all owned by
slaveholders, each of who had at most fifty slaves. Those slaves
were made to completely depend on their slaveholders. They

6. were not allowed to learn to write or read and their behavior
were strictly restricted. Those slaveholders even created a
hierarchy system for them, dividing slaves into different levels,
so that they would not stick together and rebel. Female slaves
were also forced to commit into sexual behaviors with the
slaveholders. However, marriage between slaves were allowed,
because that way the slaves can have offspring to be the new
generation of slaves. Whereas, slaveholders would never
hesitate to separate a slave family in order to make profit out of
them (Mclnnis, 2015).
Slave trading business soon became a mature business in the
southern U.S. Slaveholders make a lot of profit by selling those
slaves. And, it was a business with a low cost. The slaveholders
did not need a lot of money to raise those slaves. Most slaves
lived on farms or plantations, and only basic supplies were
required, just like raising animals.
Although being a slaveholder was just as simple as that, all
other slave-related business would not exist without it.
Therefore, it can be seen as the starter of the U.S. economy.
Because all other slave-related business depended on it, its
effect on the U.S. economy is irreplaceable and inconceivable.
Atlantic Slave Trade and the Tobacco Production Business in
the U.S.
In the beginning, the African slaves were brought to the U.S.
for the tobacco business. The success of this business not only
made slavery profitable and Virginia tobacco slave owners rich
but also led to a mass importation of the African slaves. The
Virginia slave owners let the U.S. people realize the great profit
hidden behind the Atlantic slave trade.
The slavery population increased significantly in Chesapeake
due to the demand of cheap tobacco production labor. Without
the Atlantic Slave Trade, those tobacco production site owners
will never find a way to get labors nearly as cheap as the
African slaves. Therefore, the slave trade played a critical role
in the field of tobacco business in the Southern U.S. and the

7. foundation of the U.S. economy. Even after the 1775, the slaves
were no longer imported to Chesapeake, because of the
importance of slaves to the economy, the slave owners forced
those African slaves to have as many offspring as possible
(History.com Staff, 2014).
The owners pushed the slaves to their physical limits, in order
to have maximize the profit. Because of that, the African slaves
became not only the cheapest labor power but also the most
efficient labor power. Therefore, the African slaves were the
perfect labor resource. With this perfect labor resource, the
foundation of the U.S. economy was built successfully, and
primarily, it was all because of the Atlantic Slave Trade
conducted by the Europeans.
African Slaves and Cotton Production
As white people in the southern U.S. found cotton business
to be profitable from 1787, the African slaves were used for the
cotton production. From 1787 to 1808, the year that slavery
becomes illegal in the U.S., 250,000 new slaves were
transported to the U.S. With those cheap labor power, the
southern cotton business owners and slave owners made a great
profit. The slave-grown cotton made up over half of the U.S.
export earnings (US History Staff, 2014). The cotton production
business that was supported by the slavery system even led the
U.S. into the beginning of industrial revolution, the invention of
cotton gin.
In 1793, the invention of cotton gin, which is a kind of engine
that separates seeds from short-stapled cotton, became an ice-
breaker for the illegalization of slavery in the U.S. The
invention of cotton gin has made the speed of cotton production
increase by fifty times what a single slave could process in a
day (US History Staff, 2014). With the cotton gin, the cotton
business in the U.S. soon did not need the slavery system,
which had also been an epitome of industrialization replacing
slavery system in the early 19th century U.S.
The Atlantic Slave Trade and the slavery system in the

8. U.S. not only boosted the U.S. economy but also led the U.S.
into the industrial revolution. Without those cheap labor force,
the U.S. cotton business and other agricultural business might
not grow so fast or even exist, which would make the invention
of cotton gin and industrial revolution lose their purpose.
Therefore, it was the Atlantic Slave Trade which built the
foundation of the U.S. economy and led the U.S. society into
the new era of industrial revolution.
Atlantic Slave Trade and the Rise of Northern U.S. Economy
As oppose to the southern U.S. economy which depended
on the agricultural business, the northern U.S. economy
depended on the variety of services created for the slavery
business in the southern U.S. The white people in the north
realized that not only slave-based agriculture is able to make
profit, the services that support the slave trade and slave-based
agriculture can also make a lot of profit. Therefore, they started
a variety of services for the south, including insurance
companies, shippers, cotton brokers, food producer and etc.
(Arrington, 2015).
Insurance companies were for the transportation of the
slaves. The shippers were for the transportations of the slave-
based products. The cotton brokers deal with the exportation
and selling of the cottons made by the slaves. And the food
producers deal with the food supply for slaves. With those
businesses, the northern U.S. economy boosted in an incredible
pace. Those subsidiary businesses of slavery in the north were
just as profitable as those in the south. In another way, those
businesses are also the foundation of the financial field today.
For example, the insurance business was started from then.
Without the Atlantic Slave Trade, those services would not
exist, which can really change the modern economy structure of
the U.S.
Slaves in the U.S. and the Civil War
As countries like France and Britain started to illegalize

9. slave trade, the U.S. also started to outlaw the slave trade.
However, this action was not effective at all, because a lot of
the government official are southerners and they were trying to
protect the southern economy by allowing slave ships to
transport African slaves to the United States (Richardson,
2011).
This situation continued until 1862, after the civil war, the
southern officials were gone from the government. Therefore,
the Atlantic Slave Trade can be taken as an important factor that
caused the Civil War in the United States. After 1862, although
slave trade still exited in the U.S., it began to disappear and
five years later, the trace of slavery cannot be found in the U.S.
(Richardson, 2011).
At the eve of the Civil War, the cotton price was at an all-
time high, because people realized that without slavery the
cotton production will not stay the same (Richardson, 2011).
Moreover, the economy situation of the whole United States was
totally changed after the Civil War. The northern economy
became better and better, but on the other hand, the southern
economy was undermined. It was also because of the Civil War
that a lot of big cities nowadays existed in the north like New
York, Philadelphia and etc.
As an important cause of the Civil War, the Atlantic Slave
Trade had totally changed the economic map in the United
States, with the northern economy being boosted and the
southern economy being collapsed. It is unbelievable that those
slaves who had no rights and even were not taken as human
beings can make such a significant change to a country as big as
the U.S. Although it was a brutal and unethical history, without
the Atlantic Slave Trade, maybe the United States would never
become the United States of today.
Conclusion
The Atlantic Slave Trade affected the U.S. economy from every
aspect. It all began from the first African slaves arrived
Jamestown, Virginia. Back then, nobody would ever know what

10. would the Atlantic Slave Trade bring to the U.S. From the
tobacco business to the cotton production business and the
subsidiary services to the slave business in the north and to the
Civil War, the Atlantic Slave Trade not only built the
foundation of the U.S. economy, but also brought it to a
revolutionary change, moreover, the U.S. economic map were
totally changed by it.
Those African slaves might never realize that they could
change the history of a country’s economy and make a big
effect on the lives of modern U.S. people, but their contribution
and effects could not be ignored. Although they were treated
unethically and now nobody would ever want what happened to
them happen again, it was them who were the engines of the
U.S. economy, and it was them who pushed the development of
the U.S. economy from the foundation to the revolutions.
People’s life would be so different without them. Those
automatic machines for factories might not exist as early as
1793, when the cotton gin was first invented. And, those
financial service businesses like insurance and banking might
not even exist. However, even though the Atlantic Slave Trade
contributed a lot to the U.S. economy, the kind of history that is
as brutal as the slave trade should never be tolerated.
References
Arrington, Benjamin T. “Story (U.S. National Park Service).”
National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 3 Aug.
2015, www.nps.gov/resources/story.htm%3Fid%3D251.
History.com Staff. “Slavery in America.” History.com, A&E
Television Networks, 22 July 2009,
www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery
Lewis, Thomas. “Transatlantic Slave Trade.” Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 7 Apr. 2017,
www.britannica.com/topic/transatlantic-slave-trade.
McInnis, Maurie D. “How the Slave Trade Built America.” The
New York Times, The New York Times, 3 Apr. 2015,
opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/03/how-the-slave-trade-

11. built-america/.
Richardson, David Eltis And David. “The Transatlantic Slave
Trade and the Civil War.” The New York Times, The New York
Times, 13 Jan. 2011,
opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/13/the-transatlantic-
slave-trade-and-the-civil-war/.
US History Staff. “Cotton and African-American Life.”
Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, 13 Oct. 2014,
www.ushistory.org/us/22b.asp.
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