The document provides information about the Safavid Empire and Mughal Empire between the 16th-18th centuries including their politics, geography, economics, religion, society, science/technology, and art/architecture. The Safavid Empire ruled Persia and engaged in frequent conflicts with neighboring Ottomans and Mughals. The Mughal Empire ruled northern India and saw several generations of effective rulers trying to integrate Hindus and Muslims. Both empires left behind great cultural and architectural monuments, though their economies struggled at times due to warfare. Islam became the dominant religion in both regions.