The document provides an overview of how to format citations and references in APA style. It includes examples of how to cite different source types such as journal articles, books, newspaper articles, websites, and more. Key guidelines covered include providing author names, publication dates, titles, volume/issue numbers, page numbers, and DOIs or URLs depending on the source. Parenthetical citations within the text and a reference list at the end are both addressed.

1. APA Citation Style
Publication Manual ofthe AmericanPsychological Association,
6th edition (first printing), 2010
Journal Article:paginatedby issue,online and hardcopy[See the discussion ofDOI in the notes below]
Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992).Intuitive versus rational judgment andthe roleof stereotypingin
the human condition: Kirk orSpock? Psychological Inquiry,3(2), 153-159.doi:10.1207
/s15327965pli0302_13
Journal Article:paginatedby volume, froma databaseor website without a DOI [See the discussionof
DOI in the notes below]
Hodges, F. M. (2003). Thepromised planet: Alliances and struggles of the gerontocracyin American
televisionscience fictionof the1960s.The AgingMale,6, 175-182. Retrievedfrom
http://www.informaworld.com/TheAgingMale
Magazine Article
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek onthe brain: Alien minds,humanminds.
American Scientist, 86(6),585.
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March15). Trekkingthrough college: Classes exploremodern society usingthe world
of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, pp. A3,A20-A22.
[Newspaper website thatdoes not include page numbers. Thesquare brackets showthat this is a review.]
Ebert, R. (2009,May 6). [Review ofthe motionpicture Star trek, producedbyParamount, 2009]. Chicago
Sun-Times. Retrievedfromhttp://rogerebert.suntimes.com
Books
Okuda, M., & Okuda,D. (1993).Star trek chronology: Thehistory of thefuture.New York,NY: Pocket
Books.
[Book with no author; see notes]
Star trek: Four generations of stars, stories, andstrange new worlds. (1995). Radnor, PA: News America
Publications.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988).Two sides ofparadise: The Edenmythaccording to Kirk andSpock. InD. Palumbo
(Ed.), Spectrumof the fantastic(pp. 219-223).Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. InL. T. Lorimer et al. (Eds.), The encyclopediaAmericana (Vol.24,
pp. 390-392). Danbury,CT: Grolier.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993).Siblingcommunication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between
brothers. RetrievedfromERIC database.(ED364932)
Websites: [see notes below]
Epsicokhan,J. (2004,February20). Confessions of a closet trekkie. RetrievedOctober12,2009, from
Jammer's Reviews website: http://www.jammersreviews.com/articles/confessions.php
[Page with a corporateauthorandthe name ofthe websiteis the sameas the nameof the author.]
National Aeronautics andSpace Administration. (2009,May 28). NASAastronaut watches new Star trek
movie in space. Retrievedfrom http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes
/star_trek.html
[Page with a corporateauthorandthe name ofthe websiteis different fromthe nameof the author.]
National Aeronautics andSpace Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.(2007, May 10).Mission
could seek out Spock's homeplanet.Retrieved fromPlanetQuest: Exoplanet Explorationwebsite:
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/planetVulcan.cfm
[Page with a no author.]
The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007,October24). RetrievedJanuary 7,
2009, fromStar TrekOfficial Site website: http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials
/article/2310913.html
Wiki
Star trek planet classifications. (n.d.).In Wikipedia. Retrieved January 7,2009, fromhttp://en.wikipedia
.org/wiki/Star_Trek_planet_classifications
Blog
Zompist.(2009,September 30).Star wars: Hope not sonew anymore [Weblogmessage].Retrieved from
http://zompist.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/star-wars-hope-not-so-new-anymore/
Internet Video
Crusade2267. (2006,November 02).For the uniform: One fan's obsession withStar trek, part 1 [Video
file]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul5q4PTME-M
PowerPointPresentation
Oard, D. W. (2001).BringingStar trek to life: Computers that speak and listen [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved fromUniversity ofMarylandTerpConnect website: http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~oard
/papers/cpsp118t.ppt
Parenthetical References
The sources that you use should becited in thetext of your paper, either in a parentheses oras part of the
text itself:
Duringthe turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs ontelevisionreflectedthe public's attitudes toward
the older generation(Hodges, 2000).
Hodges (2000) discussedhow, duringthe turbulent 1960s,sciencefictionprograms ontelevisionreflected
the public's attitudes toward theolder generation.
In a 2000 article,Hodges discussedhow, duringthe turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on
televisionreflectedthe public's attitudes toward theolder generation.

2. The references aboverefer to the entire source in a general way. If youare referringto a specific part of the
source - or quotingexactly- include thespecificpage number(s) ofthat part:
(Hodges, 2000, p.179)
(Devine & Sherman, 1992,pp.156-157)
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet PropulsionLaboratory, 2007, para.3) [document
has a corporate author]
("The RoddenberryLegacy,"2007, paras. 5-6) [document has no author; see notes]
(Star Trek: Four Generations, 1995, pp. 63-66) [document has noauthor; see notes]
("Star Trek Planet Classifications," n.d., OtherClasses section,para. 2) [document has no author; see
notes]
Sources withthreethroughfive authors:
(Kirk, Spock, McCoy, & Scott,1966, p. 1701) [forthe first time youcite it]
(Kirk et al., 1966, p. 1701) [forall other times you cite it]
Sources withsix authors ormore:
(Picard et al., 1987, p.1701d) [forevery time you cite it, butinclude upto seven authors in the full
reference.If there are more, include the first six, followedbyan ellipse (...) followedbythe last ofthe
names.]
Notes
• Doublespace all lines. Indent the secondandfollowinglines 5 to 7 spaces or one halfinch. Useoneinch
margins andTimes New Roman12-point font.Do notjustify.
• Arrange the items on your referencelist alphabetically bythe author's last name,letter byletter,
interfilingbooks, articles, etc.Items withno author areinterfiledin this list bythe first significant wordof
the title.
• Use only the initials ofthe authors' first (andmiddle) names.
• If no author is given, start withthe title andthenthe date. Note that someauthors onthe internet use a
screen name insteadof theirreal name and that an organizationcan also bean author (a "corporate
author").See examples underbooks,websites,andblogs.
• Article titles, book titles, andwebpage titles: capitalize onlythe first word ofthe title andsubtitle.
(Capitalize all significant words ofperiodicaltitles andwebsite titles.)
• If the journal (or magazine) begins each issue withpage one (paginated byissue), includethe issue
number (not italicized)if one is provided. Ifthe journal continues thepage numberingfromissueto issue
throughout the volume (paginated byvolume), donot includeit.
DOI: Digital Object Identifier is a stringof numbers (and/orletters) assignedto individual journal articles
as well as to some otherpublications.
• Include the DOIforarticles that youretrieve bothonline and in hardcopy.
• The database mayprovidethe DOI as part of the citation, or youmayhave to look at the topor bottom of
the first page of the articleto findit.
• If a document has a DOI, thenyou donot needto include a website address (URL) orother retrieval
information. Your readers can go to http://www.doi.organdusethe DOI to locate the article.
• If you retrieve an article onlineor froma database, andit does not have a DOI,includethe URL of the
journal's homepage at the publisher's website (not thedirect link to thearticle). Youmayhave to use a
search engineto findthis website.If the URL to thejournal's homepage is toolongand complicated,use
the URL of the publisher's homepage. This is a judgment call that youwill haveto make. Donot include
the database's name or URL instead (unless you are accessinga dissertation, anERIC document, oran
older article from JSTOR).
• Older hardcopy journals will not have a DOI, andit can be left out.
• If you retrieve an onlinemagazine, newspaper,book,or encyclopediafrom one ofourdatabases,
include the DOI orURL as discussedabove and as shown under theexamples for journals.
Websites:
• If no author is given,start with the title andthenthe date. Notethat someauthors on theinternet use a
screen name insteadof theirreal name and that an organizationcan also bean author (a "corporate
author").
• If possible,include the month and daythat thepage was created.
• If a webpage is likely to change overtime, suchas a wiki or personal website, include the date that you
looked at the page.Webpages that providejournal articles,books,or reports from publishingcompanies,
professional associations, andgovernment agencies are less likely to change anddo not require retrieval
dates. This is alsoa judgment call that you will have to make.Theformat for includinga retrieval date
comes from theAPA Style Guide to Electronic References, 2007.
• If the date the page was created is not given, use (n.d.).See example under wiki.
• If the name of the websiteis the sameas the nameof the author, you donot needto include it a second
time. This is especiallylikelyto happen withthe websites for government agencies and professional
associations (seethe examples forNational Aeronautics andSpace Administration). Ifthe name ofthe
website is obvious fromthe URL, you donot needto include it (another judgment call).
• If the URLdoes not fit onone line,divide it before anypunctuationmarks (except forthe "http://").
• If you are citingthe web version ofa hardcopysource,format it the same way that youwouldthe
hardcopy source andincludethe relevant retrieval information.
• The examplefor citinga PowerPoint presentationis adapted fromthe APAStyle Guideto Electronic
References, 2007.
Parenthetical References:
• If there is no author, use the first few words ofthe title. Unlikecitations in the reference list, capitalize all
significant words.Article,chapter, and webpage titles are placed in quotation marks.Book,
periodical, report, and brochuretitles are placedin italics. Note that anorganizationcan also bean
author (a "corporate author"). (Alsonote that a webpage title maybe italicized in thereference list at the
end even though it is in quotationmarks here.)
• If two authors havethe same lastname, include thefirst initial(s).
• Use only the year,evenif the full citationin the reference list includes the month andday. If you cite the
same sourcea second time in the same paragraph, youdo not need to mentionthe yeara second time.
• If there are no page numbers,youcan count the paragraphnumbers or list thename of a sectionor leave
this informationout if neitherof theseis practical.
• The rules concerninga title within a title are not displayedabovein order to avoidconfusingpeople.In
these examples, Star trek would be italicizedif it appears in the non-italicizedtitle of an article andnot
italicized if it appears in the italicized title ofa book(reverse italicization). See the example for Ebert
under newspaper.
• A little bit of additional information is available onthe official website, http://www.apastyle.org/
• For documents and situations not listedhere,seethe printedversionof themanual. If you arestill unsure,
Timothy McAdoo, onthe official APA Style website, discusses The Flexibility of APA Style:
"Sometimes it's okayto coloroutside the lines. Although the stylistic guidelines in the Publication
Manual are meant to ensure consistency within scientificwriting, we alsorecognize theimportance
of a writer's good judgment.Thetrick is knowingwhen it's okayto do your ownthing. It's even
trickier when youknow someonemaybe readingyour paperwith a red pen in hand!... Ifyou've
mastered the finepoints of APA Stylethroughout a manuscript, yourchoices will be recognizedas
careful decisions, not oversights.So be sureto display your in-depthknowledge ofAPA Style in all
other areas ofyourpaper."
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/08/the-flexibility-of-apa-style.html
Robert Delaney, 3/9/10
http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citapa.htm