Community Pharmacy Management
Layouts of Pharmacy stores
Selection of staff for drug store
Arrangement of drugstore
Codification of drugs
Maintains Various registers
Use of computers in Drug store
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
Laws are rules of legal binding on all persons in a state or nation.
Ethics is related to attitude and morality.
3 pillars for laws and ethics
The appearance of the premises should reflect the professional character of Pharmacy
In Every Pharmacy there should be Q.P .(RPh)
Drugs and other ingredients should be purchased from reputed source.
A pharmacist should not make any attempt to capture the business of fellow competitor by offering unfair discounts
A pharmacist should not show any such emotion on his face
A Pharmacist is a link between medical professionals and public.
A pharmacist should provide efficient and reasonable comprehensive and pharmaceutical services through the medical store or pharmacy.
Pharmacy Practice
Scope of pharmacy practice
Community Pharmacy
Scope of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy management
Selection of Pharmacy site
Objective
Legal requirements
Drug procurement
Drug storage and inventory control
Pharmacy Practice is the discipline of pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice offers practicing pharmacists in-depth useful reviews and research trials and surveys of new drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
Formulary is an official or authorised publication of an approved list of medicines for use in a hospital, a group of hospitals a society a state or a region a country or a number of countries.
Hospital Formulary is a continually revised compilation of pharmaceuticals dosage agents and their forms that reflects the current clinical view of the medical staff.
Laws are rules of legal binding on all persons in a state or nation.
Ethics is related to attitude and morality.
3 pillars for laws and ethics
The appearance of the premises should reflect the professional character of Pharmacy
In Every Pharmacy there should be Q.P .(RPh)
Drugs and other ingredients should be purchased from reputed source.
A pharmacist should not make any attempt to capture the business of fellow competitor by offering unfair discounts
A pharmacist should not show any such emotion on his face
A Pharmacist is a link between medical professionals and public.
A pharmacist should provide efficient and reasonable comprehensive and pharmaceutical services through the medical store or pharmacy.
Pharmacy Practice
Scope of pharmacy practice
Community Pharmacy
Scope of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy management
Selection of Pharmacy site
Objective
Legal requirements
Drug procurement
Drug storage and inventory control
Pharmacy Practice is the discipline of pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice offers practicing pharmacists in-depth useful reviews and research trials and surveys of new drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
Formulary is an official or authorised publication of an approved list of medicines for use in a hospital, a group of hospitals a society a state or a region a country or a number of countries.
Hospital Formulary is a continually revised compilation of pharmaceuticals dosage agents and their forms that reflects the current clinical view of the medical staff.
Coverage 4
Marketing, Sales, & Channel Management
The biggest goal for a distribution channel is to create a product that is easily available to the customer who wish to buy the merchandise. In the consideration of consumer goods, two conditions of availability should be thought-through. First, attain the wanted standard of coverage in the conditions of the appropriate retail outlets. For this reason, retailers vary in their sales volume and manufacturers have to consider the importance of all retailers on the grounds of their chunk of transactions inside the stock category. For example, a bundle of edible material may be stocked by only 40 percent of the districts food stores. However, there may be 70 percent of all commodity volume (ACV) because it is controlled mainly through the supermarkets accounting for a great amount of the mass sales of the products. Second element to consider about availability for consumer goods is the products location inside the store. One approach to gauge performance in this area is the percentage of accessible shelf or display room committed to a brand, carried by the significance of the store.
Let’s use industrial products, for determining channel performance through the wholesale stage for consumer products. Appropriate concerns of availability are whether the industrial customer or retailer has the time to make a purchase and acquire the merchandise while it is desired. Now we have a question of the adequacy of market coverage. Companies can evaluate coverage by weighting out how frequently customers in an area are selected by business or distributor sales representative and by the period required to fulfill and transport an order (i.e., order cycle time). Cycle time procedures are especially important when retailers can buy their demands directly from a corporations Web site, or through a linked manufacturer via a computerized system.
Product availability is a vital goal for every distribution channels. The convenient level of availability fluctuates with the features of the merchandise and the desired customers, particularly the merchandises significance to the customers and the output of time and work they will exhaust to attain it. For example, customer convenience goods, like packaged goods and health products, require urgent availability because nearly all customers are reluctant to dedicate a great deal of effort to obtain a certain brand. While urgent availability is barely critical for exclusive and essential merchandise, like customer specialty goods or important industrial supplies and installations.
Market and competitive elements also determines a company’s ability to bring a desired degree of availability for its merchandise. When demand is short or while the brand possesses a tiny relative share of the entire market, wholesalers or retailer’s eager to display it may be tough to find. The company may have to provide added incentives and inducements to manage a fair degree of.
After viewing this project one can understand how a FMCG company operates its finances. The ratio analysis of the firm showing how to calculate the profitability, sustainability, viability of a firm to operate its day to day business in a profitable zone.
As you reviewed the RMC Policy and Procedure Manual you may have.docxlauricesatu
As you reviewed the
RMC Policy and Procedure Manual
you may have noticed that the bullet point items for the
Confidentiality Procedures
do not comply with the way procedure steps should be written. Your task is to re-write each of the procedure steps. Update each of the procedure bullet points in
Confidentiality Procedures
. The first one has been done for you here as an example:
OLD: All persons employed at RMC having access to information concerning patients, such as volunteers, hospital staff members and physicians must hold all information in strict confidence, and shall abide by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations.
NEW:
Abide
by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations. All persons employed at RMC having access to information concerning patients, such as volunteers, hospital staff members and physicians must hold all information in strict confidence.
If you need to review the step see Writing Procedures on the
RMC Policy and Procedure Manual
page.
SUBJECT: CONFIDENTIALITY
POLICY:
It is the policy of RMC to maintain an individual’s right to privacy and confidentiality of information. Information known or contained in the patient's medical record (known as protected health information) shall be treated as confidential and will be released in appropriate circumstances only with the written consent of the patient or legal guardian. Information concerning patients, visitors and staff shall be managed with the highest degree of appropriateness and confidentiality, pursuant to organization-wide policies and procedures.
PROCEDURE:
·
All persons employed at RMC having access to information concerning patients, such as volunteers, hospital staff members and physicians must hold all information in strict confidence, and shall abide by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations.
·
Information concerning patients which may be considered ordinary facts and necessary for planning of specific care and services, will be handled with professional discretion and on a "need to know” basis.
·
Information regarding physicians, staff members or volunteers is to be relayed to others as appropriate to the related job function or task and/or to facilitate patient care and services only. Information regarding physicians, staff members or volunteers is to be kept on a professional level, and only discussed in relationship to the individual’s purpose and function within the institution.
·
Requests for patient information will be directed to the Health Information Management Department. Disposition of such requests will be in accordance with the hospital's established policy and procedure for Release of Information and pursuant to the HIPAA regulations.
·
Advances in technology will be reviewed as these are made available to the institution, to determine if these advances can be employed to improve privacy and confidentiality practices.
.
6/4/2019 Print
https://content.ashford.edu/print/AUBUS620.12.1?sections=sec1.2&content=all&clientToken=facba320-3875-6b39-053e-fd4d5df2b43b&np=sec1.2 1/9
How can you apply this process to a company, product, and target market you are aware of?
1.2 The Marketing Management Process
Marketing management is a process that is intended to facilitate transactions by bringing buyers
and sellers together. Consistent with the marketing concept, the ultimate goal of the process is to
create exchanges that satisfy both company and customer.
As illustrated in Figure 1.2, the process of marketing management from the seller's perspective can
be characterized as a series of four stages of decision making: situation analysis, marketing
strategy, marketing mix decisions, and implementation and control.
Figure 1.2: Marketing management process
Each of these stages is described in greater detail in the sections that follow. Before proceeding,
however, it is important to keep two features of the model in mind. The purpose of the model is to
provide a measure of discipline to the process of marketing management to improve the quality of
managers' decisions. Its value lies in making sure that the decision maker is deliberate, thorough,
and systematic in the planning and execution of marketing strategy. An important consideration
when evaluating the model is that it is not simply a linear recipe card for decision making. It is
intended to provide an aid to assessing the goodness of fit between marketing problems and
alternative solutions. As such, it is not a substitute for thinking. The model can only be as useful,
flexible, and dynamic as the user makes it.
Stage I: Situation Analysis
In many instances, corporate, division, and business unit level goals and strategic priorities will
shape and direct the process of marketing management from the outset. Given those constraints,
the first step of the process is to undertake a thorough analysis of the current situation and
environment confronting the organization. Situation analysis is at the heart of marketing's endeavor
to identify new opportunities to satisfy unmet customer wants and needs. Opportunities typically
stem either from finding new ways to serve the needs of existing customers or uncovering new
markets for existing product or service lines. Many new opportunities incorporate elements of both
new products and new markets. Productrelated opportunities for a regional hospital, for example,
might include the addition of alternative therapies (e.g., acupuncture) or creating satellite wellness
or expresscare centers in local shopping centers and malls. The addition of a new service line in
sports medicine and rehabilitation care might be one way to reach a new segment of the market.
6/4/2019 Print
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CVS and many other companies are meeting shoppers'
needs conv.
Week 4 Dis 1Please respond to the following Brand Stretch .docxmelbruce90096
Week 4
Dis 1
Please respond to the following: "Brand Stretch Spectrum and Market Product Grid"
· Assess the importance of evaluating newly developed health care products in order to determine whether the products should carry existing brand names or whether they should be assigned new brand names. Suggest realistic branding strategies needed for marketers to evaluate newly developed health care products or services. Provide support for your rationale.
· From the e-Activity, determine whether or not the product offerings that you selected are consistent with the perceived selections of the given health care entity. Explain your rationale.
2 page
Dis 2
Please respond to the following: "Lateral Marketing Strategy"
· Assess the value of target marketing as an effective health care marketing strategy. Appraise the degree to which vertical and traditional segmentation help marketing managers use target marketing strategies. Support your rationale with at least two (2) specific examples of target marketing within a health care organization with which you are familiar.
· Evaluate the impact of lateral segmentation in encouraging marketing managers to look broadly at markets in order to identify previously overlooked opportunities. Provide at least one (1) specific example of quality initiatives within a health care organization.
2 page
Week 5
Dis 1
· Please respond to the following: "Marketing Segment and Perceptual Map"
· Evaluate the value and utility afforded by Philip Kotler’s Segment-by-Segment Invasion Plan as a tool for mapping current and future market segment pursuits. Provide support for your rationale.
· Assess the importance of a Perceptual Map for current and potential product offerings in the marketplace. Suggest one (1) way in which this instrument can be used by marketers to affect better product positioning outcomes within the health care industry.
2 page
Dis 2
Please respond to the following: "Product Ladder and Hierarchy of Needs"
· Assess the importance of the Ries and Trout’s Product Ladder as a target marketing device within the health care industry. Provide a rationale for your response.
· Assess the level of necessity for health care marketers to possess an effective understand of human motivation in order to better understand their customers. Provide at least two (2) specific examples of the use of human motivation within a health care organization.
2 page
Week 6
Dis 1
Please respond to the following: "Diffusion of Innovation"
· Per the text, health care consumers vary in their willingness to adopt new product offerings, with some being quicker to adopt than others. Suggest the key reasons why you believe these variances exist. Provide a rationale with at least (1) example of a situation or scenario that would support your response.
· Assess the importance of Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Model as a tool for understanding the product adoption tendencies of health care consumer. Provide at least two (2) specific.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. Table of content
01
Selection of site, Space
layout, and design
02
Staff, Materials- coding,
stocking
03
Legal requirements
04
Maintenance of various
registers
05
Use of Computers:
Business and health care
soft wares
3. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 1
The community pharmacy medicines management (CPMM) is a
unique point with an objective to introduce a structured intervention
process into the relationship study between the community pharmacist,
the patient and the general practitioner. The study is designed as a
randomized controlled trial (RCT).
Objectives
The primary objectives of the CPMM are:
1. Compare the proportion of the patients receiving appropriate
treatment, as defined by currently available evidence and
guidelines, between intervention and control groups at baseline
and follow up.
2. Quantity “Health gain” by describing the change in patients
overall health status after the intervention as defined by standard
measures, both general and condition specific.
3. Conduct an economic evaluation of the medicines management
intervention (including estimates of drug cost changes).
The secondary objectives are to:
1. Describe the opinions of the stakeholders (patients, general
practitioners and their staff and community pharmacists) of
medicines management before and after its introduction.
2. Describe the role of over the counter (OTC) medicines in the
overall patient management of this condition.
Function of materials management
1. Procurement of raw materials and other inputs required for
production.
4. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 2
2. Maintaining stores and stock levels.
3. Receiving and issuing of the materials.
4. Transportation and material handling.
5. Disposal of scrap and surplus material.
Selection of Site Space Layout and Design
Various factors should be considered during the selection of
a site for a new pharmacy. Such as population in the trading
area, distribution of the income among the population, type
of industry and the competitive climate.
During the selection of a site for new pharmacy following
factors should be considered:
▪ A needy town or city should be selected.
▪ Site of pharmacy in a particular city should be most
suitable among those available.
▪ Site of pharmacy should be convenient and accessible to
the majority of consumers. For this purpose site location
should be centre to population to be served.
▪ Pharmacy site should be equipped with adequate free
parking facility.
▪ If possible then site should be in neighbourhood of a
community shopping centre for the convenience and
accessibility of the consumers.
▪ An island type of location, where the pharmacy sites
by itself in a main traffic artery and surrounded by
adequate parking facility, should be preferred.
5. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 3
▪ Usually, a bargain location in terms of rent proves to
be a liability rather than an asset in the long run.
Plan of an Ideal Retail and Whole Sale Drug Store
One of the main factors responsible for the success of a drug store
its location and proper layout design. An ideal plan for proper
layout design of a retail drug store and whole sale drug store.
Objective of layout design
1. To attract a large number of customers.
2. To increase the sale of a store.
3. To reduce the selling expenses to a minimum.
4. To provide the customer satisfaction.
5. To have space for reserve for stock, office and resting place
for the employees.
6. To have a proper entrance for coming goods.
7. To project a professional image and improve general
appearance.
8. To minimize the movement of customers with in the
premises of the drug store.
A modern drug store should fulfill all the requirements in schedule
'N' of the drug and cosmetic rules, 1945. To start a retail drug store
a minimum of 150 sq. meter area is required similarly to whole
sale drug store a minimum of 200 sq. meter area is required.
6. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 4
Staff (Personnel):
Personnel or staff selection is one of the most important aspects of
developing an efficient operating community pharmacy. Success of
a community pharmacy depends upon proper selection training, and
maintenance of employees (staff).
Selection of staff:
Following criteria should be followed during the selection of the
staff for community pharmacy:
▪ Minimum standards for qualification of employees should not
be allowed to fall below the minimum standards "under here"
for a given position will result in fall in reputation of
pharmacy.
Figure 1 Retail and whole sale Pharmacy layout
7. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 5
▪ "Over hiring" means superior people should not be hired for
inferior jobs; this type of selection may result in an adverse
effect on staff moral and efficiency.
For the proper selection of staff for a specific job, the manager
should develop a job description and a job specification for each
position in pharmacy. This job description should contain such
detail as scope of job, its relation to other jobs, working hours, and
pay scale, etc. It prevents misunderstanding about the nature of the
duties of a particular job.
Promotion within a pharmacy staff may be appropriate. But in most
of the cases external source must be used such as employment
agencies, placement offices of schools and universities or classified
newspaper advertising.
Co-op-work study program may prove as a big source of part time
employees. An availability file (a record of qualified peoples who
applied for job) should be maintained in pharmacy which serves
when no opening existed.
Owner or manager of pharmacy should design an application form
to assist in the selection process. Although an application form
serves basically to provide information about the applicant, it also
serves in following way:
▪ Helps in observing the applicant's ability to follow simple
written instruction.
▪ Serves as a guide during interview.
8. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 6
▪ Serve as a permanent record of employee and a source of
information of social security and withholding tax reports.
All the employment policies and procedures must be consistent with
applicable federal state laws governing equal employment
opportunity. In general, such laws prohibit discrimination in
selection and hiring process.
Orientation and training of staff: After proper selection needs
to be followed by adequate orientation and training of the employee,
which results in increase productivity and reduced employee
turnover. During the orientation process, discussion should be on
the basis of give and take basis on the following points:
▪ Basic goal and philosophy of the pharmacy.
▪ Expected working hours from the employee (evenings,
weekends and holidays).
▪ Duration of lunch hours.
▪ Overtime rules and compensation.
▪ Policy of coffee break.
▪ Rules about punctuality.
▪ Uniform rules and paying schedule for uniform purchase
and maintenance.
▪ Safety and security regulations.
▪ Telephone usage and answering authority of telephonic
questions.
▪ Personal telephone usage.
▪ Vacation policy.
9. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 7
▪ Policy regarding leave (sick or personal business).
▪ Opportunities and procedures for advancement or promotions.
▪ Policies on employees purchase and discount.
These points concern to both the employer and the employee so a
clear discussion about them prevents, reduces problems between
employers and the employee.
After a general orientation to the pharmacy, the employee needs
specific training in the duties and responsibilities of the job. Sink-
or- swim method of training is insufficient to pick up knowledge on
the job, for this purpose a community pharmacy should arrange a
sophisticated training program. There are effective simple training
methods that can be used. The sponsored system of training is most
suitable for a pharmacy. A new employee is assigned to a capable
experienced employee who explains and demonstrates the job in
questions. Conference method can also be used, by itself of
sponsored system.
Arrangements of Drugs in Drug Store
The drugs may be arranged in the following manner
According to manufacturer
The drugs are arranged in a drug store, manufacturer-wise for example,
the drug manufactured by Glaxo (India) Ltd. are place in one cup-board
and so on.
According to pharmacological action
The drugs may be arranged in order of their pharmacological action for
example, all analgesics drugs are placed in one cupboard. All
10. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 8
multivitamin preparations are kept in another cupboard and so on.
Alphabetical order
The drugs may also be arranged alphabetically. The drugs starting with
letter “A” are placed in one row of the cupboard. Similarly with other
drugs based on their first alphabet.
As per old stock and date of expiry Drugs are stored in such a way that
the older stock must be sold first, so that the old stock is stored in front
row and the fresh stock is stored on the backside.
Location of stores for stocking The location of stores in an enterprise
should be at a place where handling, transportation and movement of
the material is at a minimum level. If there is only single plant or many
plants situated at the same area, then it is profitable to have one
centralize store to serve all production operations.
The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of
centralized storing-
Advantages
Economy in investments.
Reduction in incidental expenses.
Less storage of space.
Less manpower required, due to which reduction in administrative
costs.
More bargaining power due to buying in bulk.
Disadvantages
More materials handling operations.
The chances of delay are likely to be more.
11. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 9
More exposed to loss due to natural calamities like fire, rain, dust etc.
Coding or Codification
It is the process of assigning a code number or code symbol to a
particular material for easy identification. Usually manufacturers,
distributors and wholesalers have large merchandise in the stores. It is
difficult to locate the items in the store unless some system is evolved
to store them. There should be place for everything and it should be
place at their right place. Therefore, code numbers are allocated to
various items to facilitate easy identification.
Advantages of codification
1. It helps in easy identification of items.
2. It helps in grouping the similar items together.
3. The ambiguity in description of the materials can be avoided.
4. The detailed description of the materials is minimized.
5. It helps in avoiding duplication of items.
6. It helps in physical counting.
7. It helps in inspection of the materials.
8. The coding helps in maintaining the secrecy of the items.
Methods of codification
The various methods employed for codification includes
▪ Alphabetical order method
▪ Mnemonic method
▪ Numerical method
1. Decimal system
2. Block system
12. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 10
▪ Combination method or alphanumerical method
▪ Location coding
1. Fixed location
2. Random location
3. Zonal location
Alphabetical order method:
This method is also known as “Letter Code” system. In this system all
items are on the code number alphabetically for example Code “C”
represents capsules Code “T” represents tablets.
Mnemonic method:
In this method, coding letters assigned to each items so that they can be
very easily identified for example “APC” represents aspirin,
paracetamol and caffeine. The main disadvantage is that the items
cannot be identified without refers code index book.
Numerical method:
This method is also known as ‘sequence system method’. Under this
method separate numbers are assigned to different classification of
store items. The method has the following sub-systems-
Block system
In this method the numbers are reserved for specified items. Example
let the number 10-50 is allotted to various types of tablets. 10.1, 10.2,
10.3, 10.4, 10.5 represents antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
decongestants and cold remedies respectively.
Decimal system
13. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 11
In this system, the numbers are assigned in such a way that each digit
represents the separate name under same heading. example- Let the
code for tablet is 10, then 10.1 (Paracetamol- antipyretic), 10.2
(Analgin-analgesic).
Combination method:
In this method both mnemonic and numerical methods are combined to
assign a code to different items of the store example Code number
“CPC” is allotted from chloramphenicol capsules. Code number “PAT
11” is allocated to paracetamol with analgin tablets. This method is
used when store items are quite large.
Locating coding:
In a large organization, there are a large number of stores. The store
rooms are divided in blocks and each block is identified by lateral block
letter and longitudinal block letter. The location of items can be
identified from ware-house number, block number, row number, rack
number and shelf number etc.
Location of any item inside the store rooms can also be done in the
following manner-
Fixed location
In this method each and every group of items is allotted a fixed place
inside the store according to either-
1. Supplier wise
2. Item wise
3. According to the utility of the item.
14. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 12
Random location
This is most widely used method in almost all kinds of retail shops but
each group items are stored, in a particular shelf for its easy location.
Zonal location
According to this system, available space is divided into different zones
and each zone is allotted to different kinds of items.
The zones can be named as-
1. Bulk Zone
2. Reserve Stock Zone
3. Spare part Zone
4. Consumable Item zone
Legal requirements
The legal requirements for the establishment of retail drug store.
For retail sale two types of licenses are issued.
1. General licenses
2. Restricted licenses
General licenses:
General licenses are granted to persons who have the premises for
the business and who engage the services of a qualified person to
supervise the sale of drug store.
Licenses for retail sale of drugs other than those specified in
schedule C,C1 and X are issued in form 20 for drug specified in C,
C1 excluding those specified in schedule X in form 21 and for
schedule X drugs in form 20F.
Condition for general licenses:
15. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 13
1. The licenses should be displayed in prominent place in a part
of premises open to the public.
2. The licenses should comply with the provisions of drugs and
cosmetics act and rules there under in force.
3. Any change in the qualified staff should be reported to the
licensing authority within one month.
4. Precaution prescribed by the licensing authority for the storage
of schedule C and C1 drugs should be observed.
5. For the sale of additional categories of drugs listed in schedule
C, C1 excluding X the licensee must take prior permission of
the licensing authority.
Restricted licenses:
The licenses for the restricted sale of drug other than those
specified in schedule C, C1 and X and those specified in schedule
C and C1 but not in schedule in X are issued in form 20A and
21A respectively.
Condition for restricted licenses:
1. The licensee must have adequate premises equipped with
facilities for the proper storage of drugs to which the licenses
applies provided that this condition does apply to vendors.
2. Licensee should be complying with the provisions of the drugs
and cosmetics act and rules there under in force.
3. Drugs only purchased from a duly licensed dealer or
manufacturer.
16. Community Pharmacy Management
Page | 14
4. The licenses can deal only in such drug as can be sold without
the supervision of qualified person.
5. Drugs should be sold in their original container.
Maintenance of various registers
Maintenance of various registers (records) in community
pharmacy: For various reasons it is very important to maintain
various legal, financial and professional records in a community
pharmacy. Type of records required in a community pharmacy may
be classified as following:
1. Legal records (records required by law regarding the
acquisition and disposition of drugs)
2. Patients record (records regarding patients utilization of
drugs)
3. Financial records (records regarding the past and present
financial status of pharmacy)
This is the duty of the management to identify the specific record
required, development of the system and assuming the
responsibility of capable personal for day-to-day record keeping.
1. Legal records (registers):
According to federal and sate law, the pharmacy owner (manager)
is responsible for maintenance of accurate up-to-date records of
specific classes of drugs and poisons according to Drugs and
Cosmetic Act 1940. Rules 1945 and The Poison Act 1919, the
pharmacist is responsible for maintaining accurate records related
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to acquisition and disposition of certain drugs that are supposed to
be subject to possible misuse or abuse. According to law it is
required to maintain a record on the distribution of poison and
hazardous substances. Improperly maintained or incomplete records
can bring legal action and penalties.
2. Patient's records:
To include patient's drug histories those type of records are
maintained, although the format of records may vary according to
basic ideas of establishing a record. Records may be based on
family unit basis that allows the pharmacist to monitor the drug
usage of each member of family. It provides basic information about
kinds and amounts of drugs being taken by average patients,
which helps in reducing the problems associated with drug
interactions and individual's idiosyncrasies to drugs. These records
also serve in economic purposes, as source of information for
insurance claims and for income tax deduction of the patients.
3. Financial records:
▪ Properly collect and organized accounting data serves various
important uses as follows:
▪ Serves as a basic tool for efficient management and
measuring its effect.
▪ For making sound decisions regarding future money needs,
inventory requirement, personnel matters and expansion of
facilities.
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▪ In evaluation of past operations, controlling current operations
and providing information for planning and forecasting.
▪ Analysing revenues and expenses.
▪ Measuring return on investment.
▪ Providing the required information to potential granter's credit
and loans as well as to federal, state, and local governmental
agencies regarding income and business taxes.
▪ Helping to ensure a profitable operation.
Use of computer in community pharmacy:
Computers have invaded in every walk of life and almost all
commercial organization and business firms have undergone
significant computerization with no exception of community
pharmacy establishment. At present community pharmacy use
computer for selective pharmaceutical purposes. While there are
several possible purposes. Following is a list of majorities of
community pharmacy functions that could be computerized.
Clerical:
Preparation of prescription levels. Providing a receipt for patient,
Generation of hard copy record of transaction. Calculation of total
prescription cost. Maintenance of perpetual record of inventory
record. Accumulation of suggested orders based on suggested order
quantity. Automatically order required inventory via electronic
transmission. Calculation and storing of annual withholding
statements.
Managerial:
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Preparation of daily sales report. Generation of complete sales
analysis as required for a day, week, month, year and to date for
number of prescriptions handled and amount in cash. Estimation of
profit and financial ratio analysis. Production of drug usage reports.
Calculation of gross margin, reported in all manner of details.
Calculate number of prescriptions handled per unit time, to help in
staff scheduling. Printing of billing a payment summary.
Professional:
Building a patient profile. Storing of information on drug and other
allergies to warn about possible problems. Retrieval of current drug
regimen for review. Updating of patient information in file. Printing
of drug-drug and drug-food interactions. Maintaining of physicians
file including specialty, designation, address, hone office hours, etc.
Clinical support:
▪ Patient medication profile
▪ Patient education profile
▪ Consulting pharmacist activities
▪ Drug utilization monitoring
Accounting and business management:
▪ Business record keeping
▪ Prescription analysis.