This document summarizes a study on community perceptions of pangolin conservation in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park in Cameroon. The study found that hunting of pangolins is common, with an estimated 1,664 pangolins killed annually by local hunters. Pangolins fetch a low price locally compared to international markets, contributing to overhunting. Many community members expressed negative attitudes toward conservation due to lack of alternative livelihoods. Effective support for alternative livelihoods and education are needed to encourage conservation of this heavily trafficked species.
The role of incentive mechanisms in wildlife managementBatro N Ngilangwa
The document summarizes a study on wildlife management in Tanzania that compares population and poaching trends of African elephants in Serengeti National Park and Moyowosi Game Reserve. The study found that Serengeti National Park had a significantly higher annual population growth rate of elephants (15%) compared to Moyowosi Game Reserve (9%). It also found that Moyowosi Game Reserve had a significantly higher poaching rate of elephants. The differences were attributed to the parks being managed by different organizations, with Serengeti National Park receiving more protection due to being managed by a parastatal organization. The study suggests incentive mechanisms could help improve elephant conservation at Moyowosi Game Reserve.
The Limit of Chill Method as a Non-Lethal Deterrent in Mitigating Human Eleph...inventionjournals
Despite the popularity of chill method in mitigating human-elephant conflict (HEC) in crops fields of areas adjacent or within unfenced protected areas ecosystem in Africa countries, there are some challenges facing application of the method resulting to food insecurity. The study aimed at examining limitation of chill method in mitigating HEC using Western Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania as a case study. Data were collected by using Survey and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. Collected data were analysed by using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) software. The study revealed that human elephant conflicts were a big problem in two selected villages (namely Nyamburi and Bonchugu) for about 97%. In trying to solve the problem different mitigation measures were used by the local people to prevent elephants (Loxodontaafricanaafricana) from crops fields whereas chill method despite of its challenges seems to be effectives for about 83%. Major challenges which limit/hinder chill method in mitigating human elephant conflicts includes pepper types, availability and their effectiveness in producing chocking smell; weather conditions; and changing behaviour of elephants (Loxodontaafricanaafricana).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280565135_The_importance_of_the_Myanmar_coast_for_water_birds
The importance of the Myanmar coast for water birds
https://medcraveonline.com/IJAWB/IJAWB-03-00104.pdf
https://myanmar.wcs.org/Wildlife/Birds.aspx
BIRDS
http://www.myanmar-ecotourism.org/index.php/qbird-watching-in-moeyungyi-wetlands
Bird watching in Moeyungyi Wetlands
The Bushmeat Crisis In Eastern Africa was a talk given to a visitng MSc class from University of Exeter at Naivasha\' Fisherman\'s Camp in January 2010.
An Emergent Carapa oreophila Products Value Chain – A Case Study of The Kilum...AI Publications
This document summarizes a case study on the value chain of products from Carapa oreophila, a tree species found in the Kilum Mountain forest of Cameroon. Three main traded products were identified: 1) fuel wood, 2) wood craft goods like tool handles, and 3) leaves used to wrap processed rodent meat. Fuel wood and leaves had high market value and turnover, while wood crafts had lower market value but high turnover. Harvesters supply both fuel wood and leaves. The incomes are used to meet household needs. However, current harvesting methods are unsustainable and do not support long-term conservation of the forest resource. The document recommends domesticating Carapa oreophila and developing its seed oil to provide
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Origin, non-monetary benefits and perspectives of domestication of Non-Timber...AI Publications
The objective of this study is to contribute towards the promotion of NTFPs from various origins by assessing their contribution in sustaining the livelihood of communities in Mifi Division and the domestication potential of some of the NTFP species. The study was carried out in the Mifi Division in the West Region of Cameroon. Respondent were drawn from a cross-section of exploiters and marketers. Data were collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides as well as direct observations with actors including 65 wholesalers, 150 retailers and 120 households. Data analysis was carried out using Excel 2016 to generate tables and graphs, and ARCGIS 10.1 to generate the map of the areas of origin of NTFPs. Results revealed that 29 species are used in the Division but almost all (28 species) come from areas out of Mifi. Parts used for consumption consist of 36,84% fruits, 36.84% seeds, 10.52% leaves, 5.26% sap, 5.26% mushrooms and 5,26% rhizome while their use for medicinal purposes consist of 42,85% barks, 28.57% fruits, 14.28% seeds and 7.14% leaves and rhizome. In total, species are used as food (46.55%), medicine (36.2%), for construction and furniture (6.89%), packaging (6.89%) and cosmetics (3.44%). NTFPs are becoming increasingly rare, reason for the need of an effective domestication of the most used species. NTFPs mainly Garcinia kola and Tetrapleura tetraptera with higher assets and low constraints can potentially be domesticated in the Mifi Division in order to reduce overexploitation and promote sustainable management of NTFPs in the present context of climate change. There are many favorable conditions including, the need of small financial capital, the interest of inter-community groups and available workforce. Some constraints persist such as the lack of young plants, lack of technical assistance and financial support.
While bush meat consumption as a driver of deforestation has received international attention, understanding the roles played by women and men in the consumption of wild animals will be vital if the trade is to continue sustainably. This presentation gives an overview of CIFOR research on the roles and contributions of men and women in the hunting, trade, and consumption of bush meat within the value chain.
Robert Nasi, CIFOR Scientist and Leader of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forest, Trees, and Agroforestry (http://www.cifor.org/crp6/), gave this presentation at the first Africa Congress of the International Union of Forest Research Organisations (IUFRO) and the Forestry Network for sub-Saharan Africa (FORNESSA), held in Nairobi, Kenya in June 2012.
The role of incentive mechanisms in wildlife managementBatro N Ngilangwa
The document summarizes a study on wildlife management in Tanzania that compares population and poaching trends of African elephants in Serengeti National Park and Moyowosi Game Reserve. The study found that Serengeti National Park had a significantly higher annual population growth rate of elephants (15%) compared to Moyowosi Game Reserve (9%). It also found that Moyowosi Game Reserve had a significantly higher poaching rate of elephants. The differences were attributed to the parks being managed by different organizations, with Serengeti National Park receiving more protection due to being managed by a parastatal organization. The study suggests incentive mechanisms could help improve elephant conservation at Moyowosi Game Reserve.
The Limit of Chill Method as a Non-Lethal Deterrent in Mitigating Human Eleph...inventionjournals
Despite the popularity of chill method in mitigating human-elephant conflict (HEC) in crops fields of areas adjacent or within unfenced protected areas ecosystem in Africa countries, there are some challenges facing application of the method resulting to food insecurity. The study aimed at examining limitation of chill method in mitigating HEC using Western Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania as a case study. Data were collected by using Survey and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. Collected data were analysed by using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) software. The study revealed that human elephant conflicts were a big problem in two selected villages (namely Nyamburi and Bonchugu) for about 97%. In trying to solve the problem different mitigation measures were used by the local people to prevent elephants (Loxodontaafricanaafricana) from crops fields whereas chill method despite of its challenges seems to be effectives for about 83%. Major challenges which limit/hinder chill method in mitigating human elephant conflicts includes pepper types, availability and their effectiveness in producing chocking smell; weather conditions; and changing behaviour of elephants (Loxodontaafricanaafricana).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280565135_The_importance_of_the_Myanmar_coast_for_water_birds
The importance of the Myanmar coast for water birds
https://medcraveonline.com/IJAWB/IJAWB-03-00104.pdf
https://myanmar.wcs.org/Wildlife/Birds.aspx
BIRDS
http://www.myanmar-ecotourism.org/index.php/qbird-watching-in-moeyungyi-wetlands
Bird watching in Moeyungyi Wetlands
The Bushmeat Crisis In Eastern Africa was a talk given to a visitng MSc class from University of Exeter at Naivasha\' Fisherman\'s Camp in January 2010.
An Emergent Carapa oreophila Products Value Chain – A Case Study of The Kilum...AI Publications
This document summarizes a case study on the value chain of products from Carapa oreophila, a tree species found in the Kilum Mountain forest of Cameroon. Three main traded products were identified: 1) fuel wood, 2) wood craft goods like tool handles, and 3) leaves used to wrap processed rodent meat. Fuel wood and leaves had high market value and turnover, while wood crafts had lower market value but high turnover. Harvesters supply both fuel wood and leaves. The incomes are used to meet household needs. However, current harvesting methods are unsustainable and do not support long-term conservation of the forest resource. The document recommends domesticating Carapa oreophila and developing its seed oil to provide
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Origin, non-monetary benefits and perspectives of domestication of Non-Timber...AI Publications
The objective of this study is to contribute towards the promotion of NTFPs from various origins by assessing their contribution in sustaining the livelihood of communities in Mifi Division and the domestication potential of some of the NTFP species. The study was carried out in the Mifi Division in the West Region of Cameroon. Respondent were drawn from a cross-section of exploiters and marketers. Data were collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides as well as direct observations with actors including 65 wholesalers, 150 retailers and 120 households. Data analysis was carried out using Excel 2016 to generate tables and graphs, and ARCGIS 10.1 to generate the map of the areas of origin of NTFPs. Results revealed that 29 species are used in the Division but almost all (28 species) come from areas out of Mifi. Parts used for consumption consist of 36,84% fruits, 36.84% seeds, 10.52% leaves, 5.26% sap, 5.26% mushrooms and 5,26% rhizome while their use for medicinal purposes consist of 42,85% barks, 28.57% fruits, 14.28% seeds and 7.14% leaves and rhizome. In total, species are used as food (46.55%), medicine (36.2%), for construction and furniture (6.89%), packaging (6.89%) and cosmetics (3.44%). NTFPs are becoming increasingly rare, reason for the need of an effective domestication of the most used species. NTFPs mainly Garcinia kola and Tetrapleura tetraptera with higher assets and low constraints can potentially be domesticated in the Mifi Division in order to reduce overexploitation and promote sustainable management of NTFPs in the present context of climate change. There are many favorable conditions including, the need of small financial capital, the interest of inter-community groups and available workforce. Some constraints persist such as the lack of young plants, lack of technical assistance and financial support.
While bush meat consumption as a driver of deforestation has received international attention, understanding the roles played by women and men in the consumption of wild animals will be vital if the trade is to continue sustainably. This presentation gives an overview of CIFOR research on the roles and contributions of men and women in the hunting, trade, and consumption of bush meat within the value chain.
Robert Nasi, CIFOR Scientist and Leader of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forest, Trees, and Agroforestry (http://www.cifor.org/crp6/), gave this presentation at the first Africa Congress of the International Union of Forest Research Organisations (IUFRO) and the Forestry Network for sub-Saharan Africa (FORNESSA), held in Nairobi, Kenya in June 2012.
Donkeys Transport, Source of Livelihoods, Food Security and Traditional Knowl...dbpublications
Abstract - Even through donkeys have been extensively used by people in many areas in the
world, their use has been synonymous with backwardness, under development and low status. In
a qualitative and quantitative study of 120 households located within the Bolgatanga.
Municipality, this study sought to provide an overview of the consequences of development for
donkey use and management. The survey was done to assess donkey transport, sources of
livelihoods, food security and traditional knowledge, and the myths about donkey usage in
Bolgatanga. Municipality. Formal questionnaire and informal interviews were used to gather
information from purposively sampled donkey owners. Descriptive statistics and linear
regression were used to analyze the data. The donkey was a source of employment particularly
for the rural dwellers and female-headed households in the transportation of goods. It also made
a direct positive contribution of food security of many female-headed as well as low income
households. Increasing net income from the donkey however resulted in a reduction in the
expenditure made on food by most male-headed households while increasing the percentage of
income saved. The study also tried to show how the use of donkey shad enabled these people to
withstand some of the threats to their lives and livelihoods. The paper provides several examples
of how these different uses ensured the survival of women and men in hostile environments and
enables them to integrate into the social and economic processes from which they are often
excluded. Government and NGOs, as a strategy to all eviate poverty may consider providing a
donkey and cart to poor farming households and female-headed households in places with
similar characteristics like Bolgatanga and its environs.
This is one of the presenation I gave in Wasgington DC at WWF US, during my November 2009 tour of the US where I talked about the the Buhsmeat probelm in East Africa at various venues including JGI, FWS, USAID.
Donkey cart transport, a source of livelihood for farmers in the kassena nank...Alexander Decker
Donkey-cart transportation provides a source of livelihood for farmers in the Kassena Nankana Municipality in Ghana. Farmers use donkeys to transport manure to fields, harvest crops from fields to homes and markets. This enables farmers to withstand threats to their livelihoods and increases food security. A study of 120 households found that donkey transportation is important for agricultural production and marketing, especially for perishable goods. It reduces women's transport workload and improves prices farmers receive. While seen as backward, donkey-carts provide important transport and an income for disadvantaged groups.
This document provides a critical analysis of Zimbabwe's jatropha biodiesel program in Mutoko district. It examines the socio-economic impacts on rural farmers. The program aimed to use jatropha to produce biodiesel and promote rural development, but it failed to achieve these goals due to lack of proper planning and implementation in a policy vacuum. While jatropha has traditional uses for local farmers, the commercial cultivation component of the national program did not benefit farmers as anticipated. The study advocates for small-scale, non-commercial cultivation and local processing of jatropha to benefit farmers.
Pastoralists’ Perception of Resource-use Conflicts as a Challenge to Livestoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
One of the major but hidden challenges to livestock development and animal agriculture in the world
over is resource-use conflicts between crop farmers, pastoralists, and other land users. This is so because
during conflict situation, almost all human livelihood activities come to a standstill including livestock
farming. This study, therefore, sought to examine how conflicts involving different land users hinder
livestock production. Questionnaire and oral interview were used to obtain information from a total of
120 pastoralists in three selected states of Southeast (Abia, Enugu, and Imo). Data were analyzed using
percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The results showed that the mean age of pastoralists was 38,
and the mean household size was 10, mean herding experience was 18. The following were the causes
of resource-use conflicts – blocking of water sources by crop farmers with a mean (M) response of 3.30,
farming across cattle routes (M=2.95), burning of fields (M=3.30), and theft/stealing of cattle (M=3.40),
among others. The factors attracting the pastoralists to the study area were availability of special pasture
(M=2.37), availability of land for lease (M=2.52), and water availability (M=2.60) among other reasons.
Conflicts, therefore, affect livestock production in the following ways – unsafe field for grazing, poor
animal health, loss of human and animal lives, abandonment of herds for dear life, and many others
The document summarizes an agrobiodiversity program in Kenya between FAO and the Government of Kenya. The program has 3 main themes: agrobiodiversity, forestry, and food security. It aims to be people-centered, inter-sectoral, strengthen existing activities, and have policy impact. Key activities include local community actions through farmer field schools, policy dialogue, and strengthening information systems like databases on plant genetic resources and invasive species. The program addresses needs like drought resilience, markets, and seed systems through local assessments, research, and improving access to information.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
Propose Strategies to Enhance the Biodiversity Status and Traditional Knowled...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study entitle propose strategies to enhance the biodiversity status and traditional knowledge systems relevant for the conservation of Pan troglodytes ellioti was undertaken in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (KWFR) and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) Northwest region of Cameroon. The main objective was to investigate sustainable tactics that will contribute to trim down pressure on Pan troglodytes ellioti and other flagship species around the study areas. Data collections were undertaken with the help of interviewed administered questionnaires, informal interview using interview guide, group discussion and direct observations activities. Following interviewees response, sixty eight (68%) of the respondents were confident that they could take up effective management of the K-FNP and K-WFR. Equally, 92% of respondents agreed to the fact that increasing population, poverty increment, insufficient modern health facilities, influx of new cultural activities due to loss of traditional taboos and totemic beliefs, remains greater threat to chimpanzees in the study areas. Most of the interviewees (74%) agreed that updating of knowledge on the abundance and distribution of chimpanzee, identifying location of all human activities especially huts, farms, shortcuts and illegal market in the park/reserve through regular patrols with eco-guards to reinforce order and ensure a better protection for chimpanzees is vital. Much more, 95% of respondent accepted the fact that old and new traditional knowledge of conservation such as taboos/law, totemic beliefs, sacred forests, royal species, automatic spiritual sanction, harvesting seasons should be revived and encourage through traditional institutions/council to better protect chimpanzees. Furthermore, 85% of interviewees accepted the suggestion that to get rid of poor traditional practices that uses chimpanzee’s body parts/meat for medicine and rituals, can be replace with goats, sheep, pig, fouls body parts/meat. To reduce over dependent and conflicts on chimpanzees products and other natural resources, 97% of the respondents were in favour that income generating micro-projects such as fish farming, animal rearing, and market gardening should be promoted. Providing jobs through ecotourism activities such as forest clearance and excursions, construction of adequate and equip infrastructures were highly welcome by 99% of interviewees. To attain all these, regular conservation educational programmes in schools, meeting places and in “ngumba” houses should be promoted to well sensitize population on chimpanzee’s conservation.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Status of large mammals: case study of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehi), chimp...IJEAB
This study entitled status of large mammals: case study of gorilla, chimpanzee and buffalo, was carried out in the Black Bush Area of Waindow (BBAW), Menchum South, NW Cameroon from January-March, 2014. The general objective was to determine the status of large mammal’s species and to investigate the presence of gorilla, chimpanzees and buffalo reported by the indigenous people in order to contribute to the conservation of these species in the region. The recce- survey method was used for species inventory whereby direct and indirect observations of bio-indicators of these species and human signs were recorded. From the result, the encounter rates of buffalo and chimpanzee were 0.35 and 0.26 signs per km respectively with no gorilla sign observed. Spatial distribution maps revealed great concentration of these species in the northern zone. Hunting recorded the highest encounter rate of 0.42 signs per km of anthropogenic activities. As such, one could deduce that the pressures exacerbated on these animals due to human activities and encroachment by Nigeria traders, and grazers placed the remaining species under intense threat of disappearing within the study areas. It is therefore necessary to intensify conservation efforts so as to urgently address these species concerns.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of the endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. 9 line transects were established in the forest with sample plots laid every 400m. A total of 201 disturbance events were recorded along the transects, with tree cutting being the most frequent. 28 Sokoke pipit birds were recorded distributed across 5 plots. The mean density of Sokoke pipit was estimated to be 0.02 birds/ha, with an overall population estimate of 611 individuals in the forest. Habitat degradation from tree loss, fire damage, and charcoal making were found to be threats. Conservation efforts including reducing defore
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
This document evaluates the Wildlife Conservation Society's (WCS) alternative livelihood project in Cross River State, Nigeria that aims to reduce bushmeat hunting by providing alternative income sources like beekeeping and snail farming. The study assessed the program's success by interviewing 57 hunters trained across 35 villages in 3 divisions - Mbe, Afi and Okwango. It found that only 10.5% of hunters at Mbe, 23.8% at Afi, and 43.8% at Okwango remained actively involved in beekeeping. Over 45% of hunters trained at each site reported still engaging in hunting, suggesting the program had limited success in reducing hunting behavior. The document recommends improving monitoring,
Sever-wild translocations in ugand-review.2021Zvi Sever
Sever, Z. (2021). Review: Wildlife translocations in Uganda. Submitted to Uganda wildlife authority (UWA) as a background towards "The Okapi restoration to Uganda project", January, 11 pp.
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
Community based forest management in buru, taraba state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The Nigerian Conservation Foundation and Royal Society for Protection of Birds implemented a 5-year participatory forest management project in Buru Community forest in Taraba State, Nigeria to address deforestation issues.
2) The project established a community-based governance structure for the forest and provided training to improve livelihoods through sustainable forest product harvesting and alternative income generating activities.
3) A volunteer patrol group was formed to monitor the forest and biodiversity, and their efforts led to no commercial logging and reduced poaching since the project began.
Spatial distribution and species abundance area of Non Timber Forest Products...AI Publications
This document examines the spatial distribution and species abundance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Mount Cameroon National Park and surrounding forest zones. Key findings include:
1) The most widely distributed NTFP species across the four clusters studied were plum, njangsa, bush pepper, bush mango, bitter kola, pygeum, eru, and bush onion.
2) Analysis of species abundance areas showed that most NTFP species were located in abundance in Mount Cameroon National Park, farmlands, and community forests.
3) It is recommended that more ecological and livelihood data on NTFPs be collected regularly to monitor changes in their management
Use of Raffias’ species (Raphia spp.) and its impact on socioeconomic charact...Open Access Research Paper
Raffias’ species are used in handcrafts, constructions, food processing etc. But in Benin, any quantitative ethnobotanical study was not evaluated for their use and socioeconomic impact of uses on average income. This study investigated the importance of use of raffias’ species and the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of informants on the household income. Ethnobotany quantitative approach was used and data on use, products prices and the quantity sold were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during an interview. The result showed that raffias’ species in Benin are used principally for craft (CI = 1.41 for R. hookeri and 1.68 for R. sudanica), but R. hookeri was most important for people in Guinean zone than those in soudanian and soudano-guinean zones. The frequently uses were the beds, mats, baskets and roofs. The most part of the plant used is the rachis for both species and the less used is the nut. Education level, gender and main activities were socioeconomic variable which influenced the annual income from exploitation of raffias species. The uneducated, men and farmers took more income from raffias’ species than others. Also, the development level of areas where the species are found, influence the income from their exploitations. To evaluate better the contribution of raffias’ species to regional and national gross product, it will be necessary to study the value chain of the main products, but also take into account the informant categories defined in this study regarding operators.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
Donkeys Transport, Source of Livelihoods, Food Security and Traditional Knowl...dbpublications
Abstract - Even through donkeys have been extensively used by people in many areas in the
world, their use has been synonymous with backwardness, under development and low status. In
a qualitative and quantitative study of 120 households located within the Bolgatanga.
Municipality, this study sought to provide an overview of the consequences of development for
donkey use and management. The survey was done to assess donkey transport, sources of
livelihoods, food security and traditional knowledge, and the myths about donkey usage in
Bolgatanga. Municipality. Formal questionnaire and informal interviews were used to gather
information from purposively sampled donkey owners. Descriptive statistics and linear
regression were used to analyze the data. The donkey was a source of employment particularly
for the rural dwellers and female-headed households in the transportation of goods. It also made
a direct positive contribution of food security of many female-headed as well as low income
households. Increasing net income from the donkey however resulted in a reduction in the
expenditure made on food by most male-headed households while increasing the percentage of
income saved. The study also tried to show how the use of donkey shad enabled these people to
withstand some of the threats to their lives and livelihoods. The paper provides several examples
of how these different uses ensured the survival of women and men in hostile environments and
enables them to integrate into the social and economic processes from which they are often
excluded. Government and NGOs, as a strategy to all eviate poverty may consider providing a
donkey and cart to poor farming households and female-headed households in places with
similar characteristics like Bolgatanga and its environs.
This is one of the presenation I gave in Wasgington DC at WWF US, during my November 2009 tour of the US where I talked about the the Buhsmeat probelm in East Africa at various venues including JGI, FWS, USAID.
Donkey cart transport, a source of livelihood for farmers in the kassena nank...Alexander Decker
Donkey-cart transportation provides a source of livelihood for farmers in the Kassena Nankana Municipality in Ghana. Farmers use donkeys to transport manure to fields, harvest crops from fields to homes and markets. This enables farmers to withstand threats to their livelihoods and increases food security. A study of 120 households found that donkey transportation is important for agricultural production and marketing, especially for perishable goods. It reduces women's transport workload and improves prices farmers receive. While seen as backward, donkey-carts provide important transport and an income for disadvantaged groups.
This document provides a critical analysis of Zimbabwe's jatropha biodiesel program in Mutoko district. It examines the socio-economic impacts on rural farmers. The program aimed to use jatropha to produce biodiesel and promote rural development, but it failed to achieve these goals due to lack of proper planning and implementation in a policy vacuum. While jatropha has traditional uses for local farmers, the commercial cultivation component of the national program did not benefit farmers as anticipated. The study advocates for small-scale, non-commercial cultivation and local processing of jatropha to benefit farmers.
Pastoralists’ Perception of Resource-use Conflicts as a Challenge to Livestoc...BRNSS Publication Hub
One of the major but hidden challenges to livestock development and animal agriculture in the world
over is resource-use conflicts between crop farmers, pastoralists, and other land users. This is so because
during conflict situation, almost all human livelihood activities come to a standstill including livestock
farming. This study, therefore, sought to examine how conflicts involving different land users hinder
livestock production. Questionnaire and oral interview were used to obtain information from a total of
120 pastoralists in three selected states of Southeast (Abia, Enugu, and Imo). Data were analyzed using
percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The results showed that the mean age of pastoralists was 38,
and the mean household size was 10, mean herding experience was 18. The following were the causes
of resource-use conflicts – blocking of water sources by crop farmers with a mean (M) response of 3.30,
farming across cattle routes (M=2.95), burning of fields (M=3.30), and theft/stealing of cattle (M=3.40),
among others. The factors attracting the pastoralists to the study area were availability of special pasture
(M=2.37), availability of land for lease (M=2.52), and water availability (M=2.60) among other reasons.
Conflicts, therefore, affect livestock production in the following ways – unsafe field for grazing, poor
animal health, loss of human and animal lives, abandonment of herds for dear life, and many others
The document summarizes an agrobiodiversity program in Kenya between FAO and the Government of Kenya. The program has 3 main themes: agrobiodiversity, forestry, and food security. It aims to be people-centered, inter-sectoral, strengthen existing activities, and have policy impact. Key activities include local community actions through farmer field schools, policy dialogue, and strengthening information systems like databases on plant genetic resources and invasive species. The program addresses needs like drought resilience, markets, and seed systems through local assessments, research, and improving access to information.
Knowledge, Attitudes and perceptions of the local people towards the conserva...AI Publications
Local attitudes and perceptions are important concepts toward wildlife conservation. The success of chimpanzee conservation relies on the perceptions and the willingness of the local population to contribute towards its conservation. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude and perception of local communities towards chimpanzee conservation in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS) in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. Structured questions based on a questionnaire (open and close ended questions), Focus group discussion and Participatory rapid Appraisal tools and techniques were used to collect information from 300 participants within the participatory age group of 20years and above from six out of 14 villages (Nkong, Bangang, Besali, Bechati, Folepi and Fossimundi) around the THWS. Fifty individuals were sampled from each village and a maximum of 2 individuals (the head of household and one other active participant) participated from each household. Collected data were stored in Microsoft excel spreadsheets 2007 after importation into XLSTAT 2007. 8. 4 statistic software for the different statistical tests. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were conducted at 0.05 level of significance. The knowledge of interviewees on chimpanzee presence was supported by 90.33% of participants. Local knowledge on the population status of chimpanzee shows that 61% affirmed that their population is reducing primarily due to hunting and habitat loss of poor agriculture. According to 67% of interviewees, benefiting from wildlife through tourism, seed dispersion, bush meat and medicine influenced local attitudes and perception toward chimpanzee conservation while their destructive habits through crop riding, inadequate farmland for agriculture and high income derived from the sales of chimpanzee makes 33% of the local population to change their attitude and perception toward chimpanzee conservation. People with no formal education (62.96%) did not found chimpanzee conservation important whereas more educated people (76.76%) found chimpanzee conservation a priority. Most respondents (57.04%) said the idea of chimpanzee conservation was not supported due to high income (15,500FCFA) generated from the sales of chimpanzee. Increasing public awareness of the benefits and values of chimpanzee conservation through media (radios, televisions and smart phones), handbills, bill boards, seminars and symposiums, and films could help mitigate the poor attitudes of the local population towards chimpanzee conservation. Instigating outreach programs to communities living in close proximity to chimpanzee and other wildlife species is often high on the agenda of conservation NGOs with the assumption that long-term change can best be achieved through accelerating change in societal attitudes towards wildlife.
Propose Strategies to Enhance the Biodiversity Status and Traditional Knowled...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study entitle propose strategies to enhance the biodiversity status and traditional knowledge systems relevant for the conservation of Pan troglodytes ellioti was undertaken in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (KWFR) and Kom-Wum Forest Reserve (KWFR) Northwest region of Cameroon. The main objective was to investigate sustainable tactics that will contribute to trim down pressure on Pan troglodytes ellioti and other flagship species around the study areas. Data collections were undertaken with the help of interviewed administered questionnaires, informal interview using interview guide, group discussion and direct observations activities. Following interviewees response, sixty eight (68%) of the respondents were confident that they could take up effective management of the K-FNP and K-WFR. Equally, 92% of respondents agreed to the fact that increasing population, poverty increment, insufficient modern health facilities, influx of new cultural activities due to loss of traditional taboos and totemic beliefs, remains greater threat to chimpanzees in the study areas. Most of the interviewees (74%) agreed that updating of knowledge on the abundance and distribution of chimpanzee, identifying location of all human activities especially huts, farms, shortcuts and illegal market in the park/reserve through regular patrols with eco-guards to reinforce order and ensure a better protection for chimpanzees is vital. Much more, 95% of respondent accepted the fact that old and new traditional knowledge of conservation such as taboos/law, totemic beliefs, sacred forests, royal species, automatic spiritual sanction, harvesting seasons should be revived and encourage through traditional institutions/council to better protect chimpanzees. Furthermore, 85% of interviewees accepted the suggestion that to get rid of poor traditional practices that uses chimpanzee’s body parts/meat for medicine and rituals, can be replace with goats, sheep, pig, fouls body parts/meat. To reduce over dependent and conflicts on chimpanzees products and other natural resources, 97% of the respondents were in favour that income generating micro-projects such as fish farming, animal rearing, and market gardening should be promoted. Providing jobs through ecotourism activities such as forest clearance and excursions, construction of adequate and equip infrastructures were highly welcome by 99% of interviewees. To attain all these, regular conservation educational programmes in schools, meeting places and in “ngumba” houses should be promoted to well sensitize population on chimpanzee’s conservation.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
Status of large mammals: case study of gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehi), chimp...IJEAB
This study entitled status of large mammals: case study of gorilla, chimpanzee and buffalo, was carried out in the Black Bush Area of Waindow (BBAW), Menchum South, NW Cameroon from January-March, 2014. The general objective was to determine the status of large mammal’s species and to investigate the presence of gorilla, chimpanzees and buffalo reported by the indigenous people in order to contribute to the conservation of these species in the region. The recce- survey method was used for species inventory whereby direct and indirect observations of bio-indicators of these species and human signs were recorded. From the result, the encounter rates of buffalo and chimpanzee were 0.35 and 0.26 signs per km respectively with no gorilla sign observed. Spatial distribution maps revealed great concentration of these species in the northern zone. Hunting recorded the highest encounter rate of 0.42 signs per km of anthropogenic activities. As such, one could deduce that the pressures exacerbated on these animals due to human activities and encroachment by Nigeria traders, and grazers placed the remaining species under intense threat of disappearing within the study areas. It is therefore necessary to intensify conservation efforts so as to urgently address these species concerns.
Potential Distribution and Conservation of Endangered Bird Anthus sokokensis ...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential distribution and conservation of the endangered Sokoke pipit bird in Ruvu-South Coastal Forest Reserve in Tanzania. 9 line transects were established in the forest with sample plots laid every 400m. A total of 201 disturbance events were recorded along the transects, with tree cutting being the most frequent. 28 Sokoke pipit birds were recorded distributed across 5 plots. The mean density of Sokoke pipit was estimated to be 0.02 birds/ha, with an overall population estimate of 611 individuals in the forest. Habitat degradation from tree loss, fire damage, and charcoal making were found to be threats. Conservation efforts including reducing defore
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
This document evaluates the Wildlife Conservation Society's (WCS) alternative livelihood project in Cross River State, Nigeria that aims to reduce bushmeat hunting by providing alternative income sources like beekeeping and snail farming. The study assessed the program's success by interviewing 57 hunters trained across 35 villages in 3 divisions - Mbe, Afi and Okwango. It found that only 10.5% of hunters at Mbe, 23.8% at Afi, and 43.8% at Okwango remained actively involved in beekeeping. Over 45% of hunters trained at each site reported still engaging in hunting, suggesting the program had limited success in reducing hunting behavior. The document recommends improving monitoring,
Sever-wild translocations in ugand-review.2021Zvi Sever
Sever, Z. (2021). Review: Wildlife translocations in Uganda. Submitted to Uganda wildlife authority (UWA) as a background towards "The Okapi restoration to Uganda project", January, 11 pp.
Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This assessment was specifically carried out to identify the avian species present in the study area, describe its distribution, determine its frequency, ascertain their conservation status, and enumerate the anthropogenic factors that influence their presence in the sampling sites. In each of the five barangays, representing different habitat types, a 1 kilometer trail was established and visited twice a day until the species accumulation asymptote was reached. During each visit, photographic images of the avian species present were taken for documentation and identification purposes. There were 27 species of birds, belonging to 17 families, present in the sampling sites. Of these species, Passer montanus, Artamus leucorhynchus, and Hirundo tahitica were the most frequently sighted. On the other hand, Bulbopsittacus lunulatus was the least frequently observed bird. Majority of the birds inhabited the forest area, while others were found along riverbanks, in grasslands, and along the coasts. Except for Ceyx melanurus, which is listed as “vulnerableâ€, all other species were categorized as “least concern†under the IUCN Guidelines. Swidden agriculture slash and burn or kaingin and hunting for food and the pet trade affect the presence of birds in the sampling sites. Although there are still a number of species present, it is imperative that adequate protection and conservation measures are adopted and strictly implemented by the local government units. Joseph L. Lucban, Jr. | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Birds of Pambujan, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22938.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/22938/birds-of-pambujan-northern-samar-philippines/joseph-l-lucban-jr
Community based forest management in buru, taraba state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The Nigerian Conservation Foundation and Royal Society for Protection of Birds implemented a 5-year participatory forest management project in Buru Community forest in Taraba State, Nigeria to address deforestation issues.
2) The project established a community-based governance structure for the forest and provided training to improve livelihoods through sustainable forest product harvesting and alternative income generating activities.
3) A volunteer patrol group was formed to monitor the forest and biodiversity, and their efforts led to no commercial logging and reduced poaching since the project began.
Spatial distribution and species abundance area of Non Timber Forest Products...AI Publications
This document examines the spatial distribution and species abundance of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Mount Cameroon National Park and surrounding forest zones. Key findings include:
1) The most widely distributed NTFP species across the four clusters studied were plum, njangsa, bush pepper, bush mango, bitter kola, pygeum, eru, and bush onion.
2) Analysis of species abundance areas showed that most NTFP species were located in abundance in Mount Cameroon National Park, farmlands, and community forests.
3) It is recommended that more ecological and livelihood data on NTFPs be collected regularly to monitor changes in their management
Use of Raffias’ species (Raphia spp.) and its impact on socioeconomic charact...Open Access Research Paper
Raffias’ species are used in handcrafts, constructions, food processing etc. But in Benin, any quantitative ethnobotanical study was not evaluated for their use and socioeconomic impact of uses on average income. This study investigated the importance of use of raffias’ species and the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of informants on the household income. Ethnobotany quantitative approach was used and data on use, products prices and the quantity sold were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during an interview. The result showed that raffias’ species in Benin are used principally for craft (CI = 1.41 for R. hookeri and 1.68 for R. sudanica), but R. hookeri was most important for people in Guinean zone than those in soudanian and soudano-guinean zones. The frequently uses were the beds, mats, baskets and roofs. The most part of the plant used is the rachis for both species and the less used is the nut. Education level, gender and main activities were socioeconomic variable which influenced the annual income from exploitation of raffias species. The uneducated, men and farmers took more income from raffias’ species than others. Also, the development level of areas where the species are found, influence the income from their exploitations. To evaluate better the contribution of raffias’ species to regional and national gross product, it will be necessary to study the value chain of the main products, but also take into account the informant categories defined in this study regarding operators.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
This document summarizes a study that assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem, using Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves as a case study. The study aimed to identify natural resource management strategies used, examine their impacts and hindrances, and identify ways to improve performance. It found that strategies have successfully reduced poaching by 96% and improved community relations. However, challenges remain like loss of life/property from wildlife conflicts and lack of access to water sources. The study concluded strategies have been fairly sustainable but need more participatory local approaches and benefit sharing to achieve collaborative management across the ecosystem. It recommended solutions like equitable benefit sharing, more funding, non-lethal deterrents, and strengthened
This document discusses pathways for African forests and forestry to achieve relevance and sustainability. It notes that while African forests have historically supported communities and development, losses over the past 50 years have undermined this. Key challenges include insecurity, outdated laws, inadequate funding, weak governance and research. Emerging opportunities to reverse this include optimizing forest-water relations, investing in REDD+, bioenergy and green growth. Continued capacity building, knowledge generation and good governance at all levels are needed for forests to meaningfully contribute to sustainable development in Africa.
Impacts of elephants disturbances on local communityAlexander Decker
Elephants frequently raid crops belonging to the local community near Katavi National Park in Tanzania, causing economic hardship. This study examined the impacts of elephant disturbances on residents of Sitalike Village. Through interviews with 32 households, the study found that elephants damage agriculture, negatively affect livelihoods, and mostly disturb crops during certain seasons. While other animals like rodents also impact farms, elephants were identified as the primary problem. Residents expressed willingness to collaborate on solutions but noted multi-year research is needed. The findings can help wildlife managers develop plans to mitigate human-elephant conflict while supporting community welfare.
Ethnobotanic use Value Knowledge of Carapa oreophila in the Kilum Mountain Re...AI Publications
Carapa orephila, is a native species with versatile values traditionally exploited by the local population in Kilum Mountain forest area. This study focused on assessing local knowledge about the use of Carapa oreophila, Semi-structured ethnobotanical questionnaires were conducted among the ethnic groups Oku, Kom, Nso and the Borroro (Peul) in four localities of Kilum. Use values and Interviewee/resource assessment of stages of harvest among these ethnic groups and gender were evaluated. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used alongside with Stata to assess significant differences related to gender and ethnic groups. Results indicates that Carapa oreophila has a high use values as a multipurpose species. According to the consensus value for plant parts, the trunk (23.21%); branches (25.11%); fruits and seeds (9.84%); bark (9.84%); roots (9.84%); leaf (16.46%) and the gum (latex) 5.771%, were indicated with branches and trunk as the most significant. The use diversity values of Carapa oreophila showed a high proportion of domestic (UD=0.62) and therapeutic (UD=0.26) uses. The UD for these were higher for Oku and Kom (0.36 and 0.39) than Nso and the Borroro (0.16 and 0.07) ethnic groups. Comparative analysis between genders revealed that the highest UD for domestic uses (0.55) and therapeutic uses (0.24) were observed in men than women. Men of Oku and Kom had the highest level of knowledge regarding plant parts used, forms of use and the specific reasons for using Carapa oreophila. Given its multipurpose uses, we recommend the promotion and enhancement of Carapa oreophila through its domestication and seed oil production to provide significant socio-economic benefits to the local people. To this end, it is necessary to develop and implement strategies to support local communities to actively participate in the conservation and sustainable use of the species as part of the preservation of plant biodiversity lost.
PHVA Orangutan 2016
Orangutans occur on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo (see Figure 1.). These iconic Indonesian species are the only great apes living in Asia. Both Sumatran and Bornean orangutans are classified as Critically Endangered by IUCN (IUCN 2016) and are protected by Indonesian and Malaysian law. However, the development of forest resources, which assists Indonesia and Malaysia to achieve economic development, has resulted in the loss and degradation of forests over the last 25 years, threatening the habitat of orangutans. This threat, in concert with others, such as the pressure of increasing human population, forest fires, oil palm plantations, mining, poor enforcement of wildlife law, illegal hunting/trade, and inconsistent policies on the management and functions of forested areas, threatens the very existence of these species in the immediate future.
Wild populations of orangutans are in steady decline. This situation has long attracted attention from stakeholders, and in 1993 orangutan scientists and conservationists conducted the first Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA), facilitated by the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) of the IUCN SSC. These assessments were updated and expanded at a second PHVA held in 2004 that integrated estimates of human-based threats, such as current and projected land-use patterns and illegal removals, into viability projections. Computer models were used to evaluate current and future risks of population decline or extinction under current and alternative management scenarios.
The results of the 2004 PHVA have provided important input for government policies, such as the Conservation Strategy and Action Plan for Indonesian Orangutans 2007-2017, the Sabah Orangutan Action Plan 2012-2016 and the Orangutan Strategic Action Plan (OUSAP) for the Trans-boundary Biodiversity Conservation Area in Sarawak. In Indonesia, the official launch of the policy, in December 2007 by the President of the Republic of Indonesia in Nusa Dua, Bali, in a parallel workshop of the Conference of Parties (COP) XIII–United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), was a real political commitment by the government of the Republic of Indonesia to conserve orangutans. The policy, which was established by the Ministry of Forestry Regulation Number P.53 Menhut-IV/2007, also encourages coordination of orangutan conservation. Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), a central coordinating body for orangutan conservation established on 25 February 2009 with orangutan conservation communities, has regularly evaluated the implementation of the action plan, including in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013. Meanwhile, WWF-Malaysia has become the key implementing partner of the Sabah Orangutan Action Plan 2012-2016, and WCS Malaysia has become the key implementing partner of the Sarawak Orangutan Strategic Action Plan (OUSAP) for the Trans-boundary Biodiversity Conservation Area.
In 2016, after more t
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
assessment of the effectiveness of chilling method in mitigatingIJEAB
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Similar to Community Perception and Pangolins (Manis spp.) Conservation in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park, North West Cameroon (20)
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Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
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Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
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The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
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Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
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The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systemsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Christopher Martius (CIFOR-ICRAF) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
Welcoming Wolves Back Home and the Effects of Manifest Destiny
Community Perception and Pangolins (Manis spp.) Conservation in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park, North West Cameroon
1. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF) [Vol-3, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2019]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.3.3 ISSN: 2456-8791
www.aipublications.com/ijfaf Page | 86
Community Perception and Pangolins (Manis
spp.) Conservation in the Kimbi-FungomNational
Park, North West Cameroon
NGONG Kenneth KAIMO1, TSI Evaristus ANGWAFO1, 2, MVO Denis CHUO1
and GHASARAH Gloria LUM1,
1
School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences (FASA),
University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222- Dschang, Cameroon
2
Department of Fundamental Science Higher Technical Teacher Training College (H.T.T.T.C.) University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39 Bambili–
Cameroon
Abstract—This study was undertaken in 2017 with the aim to bring out community perception that can contribute to the
conservation of pangolins in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP). A survey was used for data collection with
questionnairesadministered,semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions. Results showed that,58% of respondents
reported Smutsia gigantea as the most abundant pangolin species followed by Phataginus tricuspis (27%) and Phatagimus
tetradactyla (15%).Hunters’ interviews revealed that 35% of hunted animal species in the Park were pangolins and about 1664
pangolins were killed annually in the seven villages surveyed. An average small pangolin in K-FNP area costs 2,500CFA. This
showed a low cost-value of pangolins in the K-FNP compared with 550,000 to 625,000CFA (1100-1250USD) in countries like
China. This probably explains the high poaching and the unwillingness of the good number of respondents (55%, n=117) who
expressed negative attitudestowards Pangolins conservation with some stating that they have no means to alternative sources of
livelihood.Thismeans that,effective support for domestication of animalsand frequent sensitization campaign should be actively
undertaken around the K-FNP to divert the minds of the villagers from illegal hunting of pangolins toward their conservation.
Keywords— Conservation, Pangolin, Socio-economic activities, Traditional knowledge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) is home to many
species of wildlife such as lions, cheetah, hyena, kora, wild
cats, a strange variety of gorilla, buffalos, a small
population of giraffe, and many species of birds like
vultures and parrots (Sainge, 2016). Chuo and Tsi, (2017),
also reported the presence of chimpanzees and several
species of monkeys. However, baseline data on the
existence of pangolins is still not established despite the
confirmation by Park authorities, hunters and villagers
living around this park, of the existence of pangolins
(Fominyam, 2015). This is evident by the frequent catch
and seizure of pangolins and pangolin scales depicting a
high poaching rate in the park (Fominyam, 2015). The four
species of African pangolins: white-bellied tree pangolin
(Phataginus tricuspis); Black bellied tree pangolin
(Phataginus tetradactyla); giant ground pangolin (Smutsia
gigantea) and Temminck’s ground pangolin (Smutsia
temminckii), which were previously listed as "least
concerned" or "near threatened" are now all classified as
seriously "Vulnerable" or “Threatened” (IUCN,2017). The
Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), classified
Smutsia gigantea in Class A amongst totally protected
species and the other three sub-species in Class B as
partially protected accordingly to the categories of
mammals in Cameroon with both declared rare or
threatened with extinction in some of their suitable habitats
(MINFOF, 2013). Therefore, they are totally protected and
it is forbidden to kill them except on special authorization
issued by the services in charge of wildlife (MINFOF,
2013). Ahead of World Pangolin Day in February 2017, the
government of Cameroon conducted Africa’s first-ever
public burn of confiscated pangolin scales, showing their
commitment to conserving the world’s most heavily-
trafficked wild mammal (ZSL, 2016). This gesture of the
state created awareness on the importance of these species
of wildlife. Unfortunately, the rate of encroachment into the
K-FNP by the local communities have been reported very
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rampant and increasing (Chuo, 2018). This is because
wildlife species especially pangolins are illegally hunted for
food and for uses in traditional medicine as well as sold to
improve livelihoods (Hill, 2000).
The community’s perception towards the conservation of
Pangolins has not been known in the K-KNP thereby
creating a knowledge gap (Huggins et al., 2004). This has
greatly hindered pangolin conservation in this park. There is
no map yet showing the distribution of these three species
of pangolins in K-FNP (Fominyam, 2015). Thus limiting
conservation efforts since knowing habitats characteristics,
preferences and threats are of prime importance to wildlife
conservation (Chuo and Tsi, 2017). It causes one to want to
know the local peoples’ perception about the Park. It will be
important to know if these people actually support the
maintenance of the Park or not and if yes why and if no,
their reasons. Without answers to these questions, the
conservation of species of wildlife in this park and
pangolins in particular will still remain a big challenge. One
of the problems faced in wildlife conservation around the
K-FNP is the lack of education of local communities on the
disadvantages of wildlife extinction, economic and social
benefits that can be derived from the protected area (Tsi and
Chuo 2016). Another problem is the corrupt practices of
wildlife officials put in place by the state to keep a watchful
eye over protected areas. A serious problem too is the
shortage of staff to cover round the K-FNP (Nda et al.,
2018). Overdependence on the park by the villagers also
poses a problem in conservation. It is for this reasons that
this research was carried out to investigate community’s
perception towards the conservation of Pangolins (Manis
spp.) in the K-FNP, North West Cameroon.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Description of study area
The K-FNP was created by a Prime Ministerial decree
number 2015/0024/PM of 3 February, 2015 with a total
surface area of 953.8 km2 (figure 1).The K-FNP occurs
approximately at latitude 6.5-6.9° N and longitude 9.8-10.5°
E in the North West Region of Cameroon (Tata, 2011). The
K-FNP cuts through 3 divisions: Boyo, Menchum, and
Donga-Mantung, covering 4 Sub-divisions: Fonfuka,
Fungom, Furu-Awa, and Misaje. In the north, it is bordered
by Tumbo and Tosso in Nigeria, Baji, Nser, Kpep,
Furubana, Supong, Akum, Edjong and river Katsina Ala in
Furu Awa sub-division. In the east by Labo, Batari, and the
Dumbo cattle ranch in the Misaje sub-division (Fominyam,
2015). In the South by river Kimbi, Kimbi village and Su
Bum in the Fonfuka sub division. In the center by Zhoa-
Nkang, Esu, Kundzong and Iwo in the Fungom sub-
division, and in the West by Munkep and Gayama also in
the Fungom sub-division. These two compartments are
linked by a corridor that stretches between Nkang and
Nkannye on the Fungomend to the north west of Kimbi and
South West of Dumbo cattle ranch with river Kimbi being a
natural boundary between the ranch and the National Park.
The park has four main entry points: Kimbi to the south,
Zhoa-Nkang in the center, Esu - Gayama to the west, and
Furuawa to the North (Fominyam, 2015).
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Fig.1: Map of Cameroon showing the location of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park in the North West region of Cameroon
Source: Adapted from COMAID map drawn for MINFOF (2014)
III. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Data collection in the K-FNP was carried out from the 10th
of July 2017 to 10th of October 2017 using the principles
laid down by White and Edwards (2000). The main sources
for primary data collection included: interviewed
administered questionnaires, interviews and simple
observations obtained from unit committee members, focus
group discussions, Traditional Authorities, households,
Wildlife Division staff among others. Questionnaires were
administered from household to household. In each village
an indigene was chosen by the chief to serve as an
interpreter. Interviews were conducted both in Pidgin
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English and local language aided by the interpreter.
Questionnaires were administered mostly in the evenings,
on market days and on Sundays to increase the probability
of meeting the various target groups. Questions asked were
centered on the people’s knowledge about the different
pangolins species, frequency encountered, conservation
status of pangolins, and knowledge on medicinal values,
sites of high pangolin density in the park as well as threats
to their existence. During the interviews, posters of the three
African species of pangolins were shown to the
interviewees labeled A, Band C. The sampling was
purposive and the targeted groups included farmers,
hunters, grazers, restaurant dealers and “traditional
doctors”. The households were carefully selected such that
all individuals from all the target groups were interviewed
with no bias. An interview lasted for an average of
10minutes. A total of 335 households were targeted while
213 households were interviewed with focus mostly on the
family heads or the eldest persons giving a sampling effort
of 63.5% (Table 1). Four different focus groups were
organized in each village constituted as follows: Farmers’
group: farmers (men and women separately), grazers,
youths (Non Timber Forest Products gatherers);
“Traditional healers’ group: witch doctors and sorcerers”,
Hunters’ group including, part time hunters and full time
hunters; Restaurant operators. Heads of the organizing
committees were appointed by the Chief with collaboration
with religious, administrative and municipal authorities.
Top on the agenda were issues pertaining to
current status of pangolins, including their uses, strategies
and action plan that could be put in place to ensure their
conservation. Members in each group were asked to express
themselves freely and where necessary, an interpreter would
do the translation. Translation was specifically very
important when it came to local names of diseases cured by
pangolins.
Farmers furnished information concerning the
frequency at which they encounter individuals, be
them other farmers, hunters, business men and
women with pangolins or pangolin parts and where
Traditional healers were asked the various diseases
cured by different parts of pangolin
Hunters were asked the frequency of catch of
pangolins and the quantity in numbers sold per
week and to whom. The researchers sought to
know the various methods used to catch pangolins
and their knowledge as per the current
conservation status of pangolins
Restaurant operators were asked how much they
sell a medium slice of pangolin meat and the
attitude of customers towards pangolin meat.
At the end of each focus group discussion, a
blank cardboard paper was presented to the different
members of each group to sketch the map of the KFNP at
their own local level and to try indicating the villages where
they had been seeing different species of pangolins most
often and the specific sites. On the sketched map, they also
indicated the possible roads that can enable a stranger or
visitor to locate these sites. Table 1 shows the
Administrative and geographical location, estimated
number of households, number of households targeted,
number of households interviewed and the sampling effort
while table 2 shows the number of different groups of
respondents encountered during the study.
Table 1: Administrative and geographical location, estimated number of households, number of households targeted, number of
households interviewed and the sampling effort
Division Zones Villages Estimated
number of
households)
Number of
households
targeted
Number of
Households
interviewed
Sampling
effort (% )
Boyo South Kimbi 300 50 35 70
Bua-bua 175 40 23 57.5
Donga and
Mantung
Est Dumbu 515 75 45 60
Menchum North Kpep 89 20 12 60
West Munkep 84 20 12 60
Center Esu 1622 100 60 60
Nkang 248 30 26 86
TOTAL 3033 335 213 63.5
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Table 2: Number of different groups of respondents encountered during the study
IV. DATA ANALYSIS
The analysis of data recorded from people’s perception
began by decoding data sheets and information obtained
from respondents during interview administered
questionnaire surveys. They were then entered into
Microsoft excel sheets and analyzed in line with the
objective. Based on the research questions, themes were
identified from the data and given meaning. Finally, field
data results were presented in the form of tables, figures,
frequencies, and percentages.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic factors of the interviewees
To understand the active population force of the study
areas, questions were designed to bring out the age-sex
structure of the members of each household interviewed.
Results revealed that the number of females exceeded the
number of males in the villages bordering the park. Up to
54.8% of the populations in the surveyed zones were
females while 45.2% are males. These findings are in line
with those of Chou and Tsi (2017) who found out that 53%
of the population around the K-FNP are females while 47%
are males. With respect to the age structure, majority of the
households were within the economic active group (20-59).
This constituted 84.9% of the total households while the
aged population constituted 10.5% of the total households.
Out of the 213 respondents interviewed, majority (n=98) of
them did formal elementary education giving a percentage
of 46%; 27.7% of them had never schooled at all. This was
confirmed by the inability of some to fill questionnaires by
themselves. About 21.6% of the respondents were either
secondary school drop outs or had acquired the Ordinary
and advanced Level Certificates but could not continue
further. A small percentage (4.7%) actually pursued
university education and were either working in the public
and private sectors mostly in the teaching domain. Those
without any form of formal education (46%) gave reasons
for their non-attendance of any level of education as
basically financial and lack of interest. Many of those who
dropped out of school gave various reasons but mainly the
fact that they were not performing well. Most (57.3%) of
the respondents encountered in the park were farmers. This
reveals that farming is an important economic activity in the
area. This explains why encroachment into the park is fast
gaining grounds as is the case in most parts of the Fungom
compartment. After farming, the next economic activity is
cattle rearing (18.3%). Hunting is equally an important
activity although it is represented only by 15% of the
respondents. This could probably be because some hunters
did not want to identify themselves as hunters for fear of the
unknown. Some few respondents were found to be teachers
both in the private and public sectors (2%). This low
percentage could be due to the fact that those that were civil
servants could be reciting in cities where life is more
comfortable. Schooling registered a low percentage as well
(2%) which clearly depicts while about 72.4 % of the
respondents considered literate ended at the primary level
and schooled dropout as equally reported by (Tsi et al,
2016) in his findings in the Mbi Crater where 80.7% of
literate ended at primary school or were secondary school
dropouts. The survey also revealed that the people lack the
requisite education that would enable them competes
effectively for jobs in the formal sector. The people again
lack the required occupational skills that would allow them
to venture into different types of alternative livelihood
activities. As a result they turn to find their source of
livelihood in the K-FNP through traditional hunting,
farming and grazing. The low level of education among the
Zones Villages Number
of hunters
Number of
farmers
Number of
grazers
Workers Number of
restaurant
dealers
Number of
traditional
healers
Totals
South Kimbi 5 7 8 3 5 5 35
Bua-bua 3 10 3 0 2 5 23
Est Dumbu 10 10 15 2 5 5 45
North Kpep 2 5 3 0 1 1 12
West Munkep 3 5 1 0 2 1 12
Center Esu 20 15 5 6 4 10 60
Nkang 10 5 4 1 5 1 26
Totals 53 57 39 12 24 28 213
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people was observed to be affecting their appreciation and
support for conservational policies in the K-FNP.
Consequently, they invade the park for their livelihoods and
live mostly in hamlets that are located within the park and
virtually miles away from educational settings.
Relative presence of the three species of pangolins based
on sampled opinions
The giant ground pangolin (Smutsia gigantea) is
most abundant (58% of observation), followed by the tree
or the white bellied pangolin (P. tricuspis, 27%) and the
long tailed or black bellied pangolin (P. tetradactyla, 15%).
Respondents however were not very sure of their answers
when it came to deciding which species of the three
pangolin species were most commonly seen. Illegal hunters
for example based their reasoning on the size and on when
they commonly see these pangolins. Given that the giant
pangolin is nocturnal, most sizable pangolins caught in the
night were assumed to be giant pangolins. Most literature
published on the relative presence of pangolins does not
come up with fix percentages or information about their
presence. For example Tragester et al., (2017) reported that
though pangolins do occur throughout Bangladesh area,
findings do not specify clearly which of the possible
pangolin species these observations refer to. No peer-
reviewed study exists assessing the status or relative
distribution of pangolin species within Bangladesh.
Furthermore, no consensus exists pertaining to the validity
of the historical distributions of the different pangolin
species within Bangladesh. These results are also in line
with those of Choudrury (2004) about the difficulty in
establishing in numeric terms the percentage distribution of
pangolin species in the protected areas of Bangladesh
situated on the western cusp of the Indo-Burma biodiversity
hotspot.
Illegal hunting in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park
Illegal hunting was reported to be a very lucrative
economic activity in the different localities surveyed as all
(100%) of the hunters interviewed accepted that hunting is
still currently going on in the park. But further findings
based on the authorization to hunt showed that no single
hunter have ever acquired a hunting permit. That is, out of
the 53 hunters interviewed during the study, none proved to
ever have acquired a hunting permit. This was very
surprising considering the fact that poaching is very
rampant in the Park as all the hunters testified and it was
further proven by the visible hunting indicators. From the
point of view of the Park authorities, the Park is
understaffed, vast and inaccessible making it very difficult
to successfully ensure effective patrol. On the part of the
hunters, government has not provided alternative sources of
livelihood to them and their families yet is trying to deprive
them of their only source of hope. In addition, the procedure
for acquiring a hunting permit is too costly and complicated
for poor villagers like them.
To prove if illegal hunting activities is really
currently going on in the park, a question was designed to
find out the animals frequently hunted for bush meat. Figure
2 show the animal frequently hunted in the park.
Fig.2: Animals frequently hunted in the Kimbi Fungom National Park
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Figure 2 shows that duikers were the most
hunted animal species (55%). This was followed by
Pangolins (35%) and then several monkey species (10%).
Results during focus group discussions with hunters
revealed that duikers fetch much more money than any of
the common species of animal. This high demand was
related to their use in marriage, death and birth celebrations.
These results agree with those recorded by Lahm et al.
(1993) in three villages of North-eastern Gabon where
artiodactyls (Bushbuck and Blue duiker) accounted for
57.5% of animals hunted with the Blue duiker being the
most common species hunted by villagers. During focus
group discussions, respondents said pangolins are mostly
demanded by some traditional doctors and restaurant
owners. Hunters testified that pangolins are mostly seen
during the dry season but are very vulnerable and easy to
catch. Restaurant operators also reported that pangolins are
highly preferred by customers. Most hunters regarded
monkeys as totems and that when killed the person
concerned dies and that is why they do not mostly target
monkeys. Most respondents refused having seen great apes
like chimpanzees. Therefore, taboos, taste and availability
are factors that greatly affect bush meat preference and
consequently hunting level for wild animals in the K-FNP.
Illegal hunting of pangolin keeps increasing in
the study areas and most surprisingly, when hunters were
asked if they are aware of the penalties awaiting anybody
caught with pangolins, all the hunters admitted that they
were aware. These findings are in line with those reported
by Chin and Pantel (2008) that despite awareness that it is
illegal to be involved in the trade of pangolins, all of their
respondents remained active due to the high sale prices they
got from pangolin sales. A question was also designed to
estimate the average number of pangolins that could be
hunted in the K-FNP. Based on hunters’ responses
throughout the study area, table 3 summarizes the number
of pangolins hunted per week and per year.
Table 3: Number of pangolins hunted per week and per
year in the different villages surveyed
Villages Number killed per
week
Number killed per
year
Kimbi 2 104
Buabua 1 52
Dumbu 5 260
Kpep 4 208
Munkep 5 260
Esu 10 520
Nkang 5 260
TOTAL 32 1664
Table 3 reveals that an estimated 32 pangolins
were hunted per week and 1664 per year in the different
villages surveyed. Out of these figures, Esu which is found
in Menchum Division and in the Fungom compartment
registered 10 pangolins per week and 520 per year. This is
closely followed by Dumbu and Munkep with each
recording 5/week and 260/year. The Kimbi and Buabua
villages registered the smallest number of pangolins hunted
per week and year. The high figures recorded in Esu and
Munkep is due to high demand from restaurant dealers in
Wum, Bamenda or as a result of demand from the
neighbouring Nigeria for medicine. Also, the large figure in
Dumbu is due to demand in bush meat by the population
and restaurant operators from Nkambe or “poachers” from
neighbouring Nigeria. “Poaching” around these entry points
into the park is very pronounced not only in pangolins but
in other species of wildlife.
Considering that a female pangolin (black bellied
or white bellied pangolin) has a gestation period of 139
days (Van Ee, 1966), and considering that one female gives
birth to one young and rarely to twins (Lim, 2008) each
time, it can be deduced that the rate at which pangolins are
hunted in the K-FNP far outweigh the rate at which they
multiply. During focus group discussions, respondents
stated that more than 20 villages are closely associated with
the Park implying that the study surveyed only about 30%
of the total villages closely related to the Park. This by
extrapolation means more than 4992 pangolins are killed
annually in the K-FNP. An in-depth research is urgently
needed to ascertain an estimate of the total live pangolins in
the Park so as to be able to state with certainty the fate of
pangolins in the near future.
Price range of illegal hunted pangolins in the Kimbi-
Fungom National Park area
A question was designed to know the price range
of hunted pangolins in the communities in and around the
study areas over the years. Figure 3 shows the average price
for small, medium and large pangolins in and around the
park.
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Small Medium Large
AveragePrice(CFA)
Fig.3: Average prices of small, medium and large size pangolins hunted in the Kimbi-Fungom National Park
Figure 3 reveals that averagely the price range of
pangolins from average medium to large killed in the K-
FNP was between 2000-3000 CFA. This price range
seriously contrasts that of China where Yongping (2008),
reported that the range was between 550,000-625,000CFA
(1100-1250USD). Based on these two reports, one can
conclude that pangolins in the localities of the study areas
are highly devalued. The hunters as well as the population
lack knowledge of the value of pangolins and therefore, a
management plan of action has to be laid in which the local
communities have to be part in order to educate themon the
importance of conserving pangolins. The high demands and
high prices of pangolins indicate that pangolins are a
delicacy, have a variety of uses and that their status has to
be raised both by CITES, IUCN and Cameroon’s Ministry
of Forestry and Wildlife.
During the survey, a question was asked to know
where and who buy the hunted pangolins. Figure 4 shows
that the pangolins hunted in K-FNP are sold at the local
cities and at the international markets.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Local supplies City supplies Direct export
(Ngieria)
Fig.4: Market destinations of pangolins hunted in the Kimbi-Fungom Natinal Park
Percentage(%)
Place of sale
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Figure 4 shows that pangolins killed in the K-FNP have three destinations. About 52% is sold in the cities, 38% sold
in the local communities and 10% sold in the neighboring Nigeria. It should be noted that hunters were reluctant to answer these
questions for fear that their markets may be disrupted. Some however admitted that they prefer to sell the scales instead of the
smoked or fresh pangolins because it is easier and more lucrative. Most hunters reported that their most usual customers are the
restaurant dealers and sometimes traditional medicine men. Open interviews with most of these restaurant dealers revealed tha t
pangolins are highly preferred by most of their customers. Figure 5 shows the relative preference of bust meat in the local
markets.
Fig.5: Bush meat preference in local restaurants expressed in percentages
Figure 5 shows that pangolins are demanded by
more than 30% of customers. This is closely followed by
other mammals (25.8%) (Duikers, porcupine sitatunga,
deer) and primates (23.21%) like monkeys. Snakes and
birds are the least on the list (15.23% and 5.6%
respectively) with mostly the python and bust fowls
demanded. The high preference of pangolins by customers
in the F-FNP area also confirms the report furnished by
Sopyan (2008) that Pangolin meat is a delicacy in China.
Perception on the medicinal values of pangolins
Concerning the indigenous knowledge about the
medicinal values of pangolins, few traditional healers were
knowledgeable on the different ailments treated by pangolin
and its parts. Table 4 shows the different pangolin parts and
the diseases cured.
Table 4: Pangolin parts and the various diseases cured
Pangolin part Diseases cured
Scales Spiritual protection, back pain,
asthma impotence, mental illness
Bones Bed wetting, rheumatism
Head Skin rash
Meat Financial ritual, elephantiasis, breast
cancer sexual weakness
Claws Waist pain, spiritual protection
Toes Waist pain, spiritual protection
From table 4, the scales of pangolins have many
uses compared to all the other parts. This is followed by the
meat. This confirms why many traditional rulers were
reported by hunters to be one of their usual customers.
These results are however not enough when it comes to the
medicinal values of pangolins. For example Kwame et al.,
(2015) reported that a total of 13 pangolin body parts were
identified as being used and prescribed for the treatment of
35 ailments in Ghana. Lack sufficient knowledge on the
medicinal value of pangolins by hunters explains why
hunters dump these animals in the market at little or no
price. Both the hunters, traditional healers and the local
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population are not aware of the extent to which they are
wasting pangolins or loosing from their sales.
Attitude and willingness to participate in the
conservation of resources in the Kimbi-Fungom
National Park
A question was designed to ascertain whether the
local populations are for or against the protection and
conservation of resources in the K-FNP. The results show
that most (55%, n=117) of the respondents held negative
attitudes towards the conservation of resources in K-FNP.
This could be attributed to high levels of illiteracy,
increased number of crop farmers demanding more
farmland, low participation in conservation awareness
programs and past experience of human wildlife conflicts.
Many crop farmers complained that animals especially
monkeys cause untold damages to farm crops. More than
three-quarter of hunters interviewed had negative
impressions concerning conservation. Conservation of wild
life according to them will deprive them of their livelihood
as they cannot have access to the fertile soils in the forest.
They put the blame on government for seizing their land
and not providing themwith alternative sources of income.
VI. CONCLUSION
Looking at the community perception towards
the conservation of Pangolins (Manis spp.) in the Kimbi-
Fungom National Park, North West Cameroon, it is evident
that a greater proportion of the population (55%, n=117)
were against the protection and conservation of Pangolins in
the Park while 45% (n=96) showed positive attitudes
towards their protection and conservation. Most of them
complained about the empty promises made to them on
yearly basis concerning the improvement of their
livelihoods if they should stay away from the Park. These
people need more action than words to cause them to
change their mentalities about conservation. Therefore, the
stakeholders of conservation, from Cameroon and abroad
have a very big challenge to bring conservation to the
doorsteps of the Kimbi-Fungom community, this time with
more action than words. While there will be need in the
future to study traditional knowledge and the genetic
resources of pangolin for possible exploitation in the Access
Benefit Sharing (ABS) process, an urgent action plan is
needed to curb down illicit smuggling of pangolins and
pangolin parts from K-FNP and its environs.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
We declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the
publication of this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to all our respondents, traditional authority
and the conservation team for their participation and
contributions toward the success of this piece of work.
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