This document defines communication and its key elements. It discusses the communication process, types of communication, direction and flow of communication in organizations, communication networks, barriers to communication, and how to overcome communication barriers. Specifically, it defines verbal and non-verbal communication. It outlines the main elements in the communication process as the sender, message, channel, receiver, and feedback. It also discusses formal and informal communication as well as upward, downward, horizontal, and diagonal flows of communication in an organization.
Effective public relations and media strategyShahzaib Khan
Effective Public Relations and Media Strategy,analysis of a text book for Public Relations written in an easy to understand language written in local Context. It Includes case studies from local corporate sector cater to the different areas of public relations.
Effective public relations and media strategyShahzaib Khan
Effective Public Relations and Media Strategy,analysis of a text book for Public Relations written in an easy to understand language written in local Context. It Includes case studies from local corporate sector cater to the different areas of public relations.
Features of Business Communication:
Business Communication has certain features or characteristics which enable us to distinguish it from
other communication.
A communication to be business communication must be:
1. Practical:
Effective business communication deals with the practical aspect of the information explaining why, how,
when and the like queries. It avoids impractical, imaginary, unnecessary or repetitive information to
eliminate waste of time. It conveys important information to the receiver.
2. Factual:
In general, a business message contains facts and figures in place of overall idea. Important date, place,
time, etc. should be clearly mentioned in a business communication.
3. Clear and Brief:
The language used in business communication should be simple, clear, brief and without ambiguity.
Sometimes charts, photographs, diagrams, etc. are used to condense or clarify the information.
4. Target-Oriented:
A business communication must have a specific objective and must be planned properly so that the
objective can be achieved.
5. Persuasive:
Business communication often plays a persuasive role. It persuades an employee to perform his/her
duties, a customer to buy a product or service etc. The basic characteristics mentioned above are related
to the message or information of the communication.
The process of business communication has certain other characteristics. They are:
1. Integral Part of Management Process:
Communication encompasses those activities by which the ideas, opinions and decisions of the managers
are conveyed to the subordinates of different ranks. It also involves the exchange of facts, feelings,
suggestions and responses between the superiors and subordinates.
Communication, in this way, puts the people into action, guides and directs their activities, regulates and
co-ordinates them for proper work performance. A manager, thus, performs the management functions
through communication and managerial positions become the communication centres to receive
information from various sources for its transmission to relevant points.
So, communication is a part and parcel of management function, and is, thus, an integral part of
management process. That is why, Chester I. Bernard remarks, “the first executive function is to
develop and maintain a system of communication”.
2. Two-Way Traffic:
Communication does not only mean its downward movement from superior to the subordinates it implies
both the transmission and reception. So, when conveying any information, a manager should know its
reactions and responses. Otherwise, managerial task of guiding and directing will be ineffective.
A man should, thus, not only speak, inform and order, but should also be able to listen, answer and
interpret. Communication, therefore, involves two-way traffic from the managers to the employees and
from the employees to the managers. It is not complete unless the message has been correctly understood
by the receiver and its res
What is Communication_ Verbal, Non-Verbal, Types of Communication.pdfparminderkaur452766
Communication is fundamental to the existence and survival of humans as well as to an organization. It is a process of creating and sharing ideas, information, views, facts, feelings from one place, person or group to another. Communication is the key to the Directing function of management.
The Barriers to Effective Communication By Rupal Jain .docxmehek4
The Barriers to Effective Communication
By Rupal Jain
D.E. McFarland has defined Communication as the process of meaningful interaction among
human beings. More specifically, it is the process by which meanings are perceived and
understandings are reached among human being. But there may be some faults /barriers in the
communication system that prevents the message from reaching the receiver, these barriers are as
follows:-
1. Language Barrier; - Different languages, vocabulary, accent, dialect represents a national/
regional barriers. Semantic gaps are words having similar pronunciation but multiple meanings
like- round; badly expressed message, wrong interpretation and unqualified assumptions. The
use of difficult or inappropriate words/ poorly explained or misunderstood messages can result in
confusion.
2. Cultural Barriers: - Age, education, gender, social status, economic position, cultural
background, temperament, health, beauty, popularity, religion, political belief, ethics, values,
motives, assumptions, aspirations, rules/regulations, standards, priorities can separate one person
from another and create a barrier.
3. Individual Barrier: - It may be a result of an individual's perceptual and personal discomfort.
Even when two persons have experienced the same event their mental perception may/may not
be identical which acts as a barrier. Style, selective perception, halo effect, poor attention and
retention, defensiveness, close mindedness, insufficient filtration are the Individual or
Psychological barrier.
4. Organizational Barrier: - It includes Poor Organization's culture, climate, stringent rules,
regulations, status, relationship, complexity, inadequate facilities/ opportunities of growth and
improvement; whereas; the nature of the internal and external environment like large working
areas physically separated from others, poor lightening, staff shortage, outdated equipments and
background noise are Physical Organizational Barrier.
5. Interpersonal Barrier: - Barriers from Employers are :- Lack of Trust in employees; Lack of
Knowledge of non-verbal clues like facial expression, body language, gestures, postures, eye
contact; different experiences; shortage of time for employees; no consideration for employee
needs; wish to capture authority; fear of losing power of control; bypassing and informational
overloading, while Barriers from Employees includes Lack of Motivation, lack of co-operation,
trust, fear of penalty and poor relationship with the employer.
6. Attitudinal Barrier: - It comes about as a result of problems with staff in the organisation.
Limitation in physical and mental ability, intelligence, understanding, pre-conceived notions, and
distrusted source divides the attention and create a mechanical barrier which affects the attitude
and opinion.
http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Rupal_Jain
7. Channel Barrier: - If the length of the communicati ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Features of Business Communication:
Business Communication has certain features or characteristics which enable us to distinguish it from
other communication.
A communication to be business communication must be:
1. Practical:
Effective business communication deals with the practical aspect of the information explaining why, how,
when and the like queries. It avoids impractical, imaginary, unnecessary or repetitive information to
eliminate waste of time. It conveys important information to the receiver.
2. Factual:
In general, a business message contains facts and figures in place of overall idea. Important date, place,
time, etc. should be clearly mentioned in a business communication.
3. Clear and Brief:
The language used in business communication should be simple, clear, brief and without ambiguity.
Sometimes charts, photographs, diagrams, etc. are used to condense or clarify the information.
4. Target-Oriented:
A business communication must have a specific objective and must be planned properly so that the
objective can be achieved.
5. Persuasive:
Business communication often plays a persuasive role. It persuades an employee to perform his/her
duties, a customer to buy a product or service etc. The basic characteristics mentioned above are related
to the message or information of the communication.
The process of business communication has certain other characteristics. They are:
1. Integral Part of Management Process:
Communication encompasses those activities by which the ideas, opinions and decisions of the managers
are conveyed to the subordinates of different ranks. It also involves the exchange of facts, feelings,
suggestions and responses between the superiors and subordinates.
Communication, in this way, puts the people into action, guides and directs their activities, regulates and
co-ordinates them for proper work performance. A manager, thus, performs the management functions
through communication and managerial positions become the communication centres to receive
information from various sources for its transmission to relevant points.
So, communication is a part and parcel of management function, and is, thus, an integral part of
management process. That is why, Chester I. Bernard remarks, “the first executive function is to
develop and maintain a system of communication”.
2. Two-Way Traffic:
Communication does not only mean its downward movement from superior to the subordinates it implies
both the transmission and reception. So, when conveying any information, a manager should know its
reactions and responses. Otherwise, managerial task of guiding and directing will be ineffective.
A man should, thus, not only speak, inform and order, but should also be able to listen, answer and
interpret. Communication, therefore, involves two-way traffic from the managers to the employees and
from the employees to the managers. It is not complete unless the message has been correctly understood
by the receiver and its res
What is Communication_ Verbal, Non-Verbal, Types of Communication.pdfparminderkaur452766
Communication is fundamental to the existence and survival of humans as well as to an organization. It is a process of creating and sharing ideas, information, views, facts, feelings from one place, person or group to another. Communication is the key to the Directing function of management.
The Barriers to Effective Communication By Rupal Jain .docxmehek4
The Barriers to Effective Communication
By Rupal Jain
D.E. McFarland has defined Communication as the process of meaningful interaction among
human beings. More specifically, it is the process by which meanings are perceived and
understandings are reached among human being. But there may be some faults /barriers in the
communication system that prevents the message from reaching the receiver, these barriers are as
follows:-
1. Language Barrier; - Different languages, vocabulary, accent, dialect represents a national/
regional barriers. Semantic gaps are words having similar pronunciation but multiple meanings
like- round; badly expressed message, wrong interpretation and unqualified assumptions. The
use of difficult or inappropriate words/ poorly explained or misunderstood messages can result in
confusion.
2. Cultural Barriers: - Age, education, gender, social status, economic position, cultural
background, temperament, health, beauty, popularity, religion, political belief, ethics, values,
motives, assumptions, aspirations, rules/regulations, standards, priorities can separate one person
from another and create a barrier.
3. Individual Barrier: - It may be a result of an individual's perceptual and personal discomfort.
Even when two persons have experienced the same event their mental perception may/may not
be identical which acts as a barrier. Style, selective perception, halo effect, poor attention and
retention, defensiveness, close mindedness, insufficient filtration are the Individual or
Psychological barrier.
4. Organizational Barrier: - It includes Poor Organization's culture, climate, stringent rules,
regulations, status, relationship, complexity, inadequate facilities/ opportunities of growth and
improvement; whereas; the nature of the internal and external environment like large working
areas physically separated from others, poor lightening, staff shortage, outdated equipments and
background noise are Physical Organizational Barrier.
5. Interpersonal Barrier: - Barriers from Employers are :- Lack of Trust in employees; Lack of
Knowledge of non-verbal clues like facial expression, body language, gestures, postures, eye
contact; different experiences; shortage of time for employees; no consideration for employee
needs; wish to capture authority; fear of losing power of control; bypassing and informational
overloading, while Barriers from Employees includes Lack of Motivation, lack of co-operation,
trust, fear of penalty and poor relationship with the employer.
6. Attitudinal Barrier: - It comes about as a result of problems with staff in the organisation.
Limitation in physical and mental ability, intelligence, understanding, pre-conceived notions, and
distrusted source divides the attention and create a mechanical barrier which affects the attitude
and opinion.
http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Rupal_Jain
7. Channel Barrier: - If the length of the communicati ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Definition of Terms
Communication- the exchange of information and understanding
Verbal Communication- refers to oral and written communication
Non-verbal Communication- refers to communication through
body movements, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, or body
contact
Elements of Communication Process
1. Input
2. Sender
3. Code
4. Channel
5. Noise
6. Receiver
7. Output
8. Feedback
3. Communication applies to all management functions and its general purposes for
the organization to bring positive changes that influence activities leading to the
firm’s welfare.
The communication process starts with the sender who has an idea or a
message, which is then transmitted through a selected channel to the receiver,
who in turn has to be ready for the reception of the message, so that it could be
decorated into thoughts. Accurate communication occurs when the sender and the
receiver understand one another, according Hobbins and Coulter (2009).
4. Types of Communication
Communication may be verbal or non-verbal.
It may also be classified as formal, if communication takes place
within prescribe, routine organizational work arrangements, or informal, if
communication is not defined by an organization’s hierarchical structure.
Communication is formal when the manager gives an assignment to a
subordinate and informal when employees talk to their friends in the office
about a weekend party or a vacation which they plan to take.
5. DirectionandFlowof Communication
Communication flows in different directions within an organization. Communication may be
vertical, upward, downward, horizontal/lateral, or diagonal.
• Vertical communication- involves communication flow between people
belonging to different organizational levels.
• Upward communication- is the flow of information from an employee who
belongs to a lower hierarchical level to the boss/manager who belongs to a higher
hierarchical level. Employees/subordinates may communicate upward regarding
their personal problems, request that they would like the boss to approve, issues
with coworkers, and others.
• Downward communication- is the flow of information from the manger, who
belongs ta a higher hierarchical level, to the subordinates/employees, who belong
to lower hierarchical levels, Examples are when the boss gives orders to
subordinates to finish certain tasks, communicates organizational policies and
practices, and commers about work performance among others.
• Horizontal/lateral communication- takes place among employees
belonging to the same hierarchical level. Members of cross-functional teams who
belong to different units/departments but occupy the same organizational level
make use of this type of communication in order to save time and facilitate
coordination.
6. • Diagonal communication- entails communicating with someoneor others who
belong to different departments/unitsand different hierarchical levels. For example, an
employee belongingto the company’sfinancial managementdepartment
communicates directly with the head of the human resources departmentabout his
personalcomplaint against a marketing departmentemployee. Take note of the
different departments and different organizationallevels of the personscommunicating
with each other. Diagonalcommunicationis said to be beneficial because of its
efficiency and speed; however, it may also cause some confusion.
Communication Network in Organization
Communication networks are varied patterns of combined horizontal and vertical
flows of organizational communication. Types of communication networks include
the following:
Chain network- where communication flows according to the usual formal chain of
command, downward and upward.
Wheel network- where communication between a leader and other members of
their group/team.
All-channel network- where communication flows freely among all members of a
team.
7. It has been observedby communication researchers that there is no single network
that could be considered applicable or fit for all circumstances in an organization.
Organizationmembers also communicate through other networks and mean such
as the grapevineand computer networks.
The grapevine is an informal communication network in an organization.An
example is gossip/rumorwhich could quickly disseminate information. Managers must stay
aware of the grapevine’sflow and patterns, and could use it to transmit important
information. They, however, should also be conscious in their company.Negative effects of
rumors maybe minimized by practicing transparency and communicating openly with
employees.
Meanwhile, computer networks presentsanother means of communication among
organizationmembers. Information technology has made it possiblefor managerto
communicate with each other and with subordinatesand for employeesto communicate
with each other anytime, regardless of distance. Examples of computer communication
applications are e-mail, blogging, teleconferencing,and intranet.
8. Barriers to Communication
Organization members may encounter various types of barriers that can alter the meaning of
communications that they receive. These barriers include filtering, emotions, information overload,
defensiveness, language, and national culture.
Filtering- the shaping of information communicated in order to make it look good or advantageous
to the receiver.
For example, a sales agent may report to his manager the big amount of sales that he
was able to make with one of their customers, but fails to report the complaints he received from
other costumers regarding their product.
Emotions- The interpretation of communications which may be influenced by extreme emotions
felt by the receiver.
For example, a manager who is in a very bad mood and receives good news may not see
the positive aspects of it because his rational thinking process is affected by his emotional
judgement.
9. Information overload- another barrier to good communication since there are too many pieces of
information received by an individual may have a negative effect on a person’s processing
capacity.
For example, the hundreds of job applications received by human resource manager
through e-mail may be too many for them to read
Defensiveness- the act of self-protection when people are threatened by something or someone.
Due to this feeling, people may resort to communicating lies in order to protect themselves
or to interpret communications differently to defend their interests, thus, reducing mutual group.
Language- could also hamper good communications because words used may have different
meanings to different people belonging to different age, educational background, or cultural group.
Diversity of background of organization members may influence the language or the words
that they use. For example, the world “hello” may just be an ordinary greeting to the older
members of an organization; but the same word, “hello” may have a negative connotation to the
younger group of employees depending on the context.
10. National culture- just like language, the prevailing national culture may also cause a
problems in communication among members of an organization, especially if it is
multinational company
Certain office practices, like sending formal memoranda to employees, may
ne negatively interpreted by employees coming from another country with a different
culture that values face-to-face interpersonal communication. Such negative
interpretation may, in turn, cause employee dissatisfaction and less motivation to
perform their work well.
11. Overcoming Communication Barriers
To avoid conflicts resulting from communication problems, managers try to overcome
communication barriers through the following means:
Using feedback- This is usually done by asking questions about a memo sent to
subordinates or by asking them to give their comments or suggestions. In doing so, they are
able to determine whether the communication they sent out was understood the way they
originally intended.
Using simple language- This is done by avoiding uncommon terms and flowery
words that may just cause misinterpretation. Language used must fit the level of
understanding of the intended recipients of the communication. Effective communication is
achieved when the message is understood by those who received it.
Active listening- This means listening well in order to grasp the full meaning of the
communication. Hearing without giving full attention to what others seek to communicate
usually results in misinterpretations and communication distortions.
12. Controlling emotions- This is another method of overcoming communication
misinterpretation. When the receiver is affected by extreme anger, his interpretation of a
message received may not be accurate. On the other hand, when the sender is affected
by extreme emotions he/she may also send or transmit inaccurate information. Therefore,
it is important to practice emotional restraint.
Observing body language- This also influences how communication is
interpreted. Actions of the message receiver, like throwing away a letter delivered to him,
betrays his negative feelings regarding its message, even if he says “yes” or “okay” to
what is requested. Nonverbal cues must always be watched because, as the saying goes,
action speak louder than words.