The document discusses the fundamental aspects of communication, including the roles of sender, message, receiver, and feedback, along with various methods and barriers to communication, especially in a nursing context. Key skills highlighted are active listening and therapeutic communication, which aims to achieve specific goals such as trust and information exchange. Various factors influencing both nurse and client communications are outlined, emphasizing the importance of congruency in verbal and nonverbal messages.

1. COMMUNICATION

2. Communication
 The sending and receiving of a
message.

3. Aspects of Communication (i)
 Sender - the one who conveys the
message to another person.
 Message - the thought, idea, or emotion
conveyed.
 Channel - how the message is sent.

4. Aspects of Communication (ii)
 Receiver - physiological/ psychological
components.
 Feedback - the receiver’s response to
the sender.
 Influences - Culture, education,
emotions and other factors involved.

5. Methods of Communication
 Verbal - Speaking, Listening, Writing,
Reading.
 Nonverbal - Gestures, Facial
Expressions, Posture and Gait, Tone of
Voice, Touch, Eye Contact, Body
Position, Physical Appearance.

6. Influences on Communication
 Age
 Education
 Emotions
 Culture
 Language
 Attention
 Surroundings

7. Congruency of Messages
 Verbal and nonverbal communication
must be congruent, or in agreement.

8. Listening and Observing
 Listening and observing are two of the
most valuable skills a nurse can have.
 These two skills are used to gather the
subjective and objective data for the
nursing assessment.

9. Active Listening
 The process of hearing spoken words
and noting nonverbal behavior.
 Active listening takes energy and
concentration.

10. Therapeutic Communication
 Sometimes called effective
communication, it is purposeful and
goal-oriented, creating a beneficial
outcome for the client.

11. Goals of
Therapeutic Communication
 To obtain or provide information
 To develop trust
 To show caring
 To explore feelings

12. Enhancing Communication
 Self-Disclosure.
 Caring.
 Genuineness.
 Warmth.
 Active Listening.
 Empathy (the capacity to understand another’s
feelings).
 Acceptance and respect.

13. Communication Techniques
 Clarifying/validating.
 Asking open questions.
 Using indirect statements.
 Reflecting.
 Paraphrasing.
 Summarizing.
 Focusing.
 Silence.

14. Barriers Communication
Some barriers include:
 Closed questions.
 False reassurance.
 Judgmental responses.
 Defensive reflex.
 Agreeing/Disagreeing or Approving/ Disapproving.
 Giving advice.
 Requesting an explanation.
 Changing the subject.

15. Nurse-Client Communication
 Almost every nurse-client interaction
should involve therapeutic
communication.
 Nurse-client communication is
influenced by both the nurse and the
client.

16. Three Phases of
Nurse-Client Communication
 Introduction: Fairly short; expectations clarified;
mutual goals set
 Working: Major portion of the interaction; used to
accomplish goals outlined in introduction; feedback
from client essential.
 Termination: Nurse asks if client has questions;
summarizing the topic is another way to indicate
closure.

17. Determinant Factors in
Communication
A nurse’s communication is affected by:
 Past Experience
 State of Health
 Home Situation
 Workload
 Staff Relations
 Self-Awareness

18. Determinant Factors in
Communication
A client’s communication is affected by:
 Social Factors
 Religion
 Family Situation
 Level of Consciousness
 Stage of Illness
 Visual, Hearing and Speech Ability
 Language Proficiency