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Communication.pptx
- 1. UNIT-IV COMMUNICATION MS. K. LAVANYA M.SC(N)-CHILD HEALTH ASSOC.PROFESSOR
- 2. Definition: The Englishword ‘communication’ is derived from the Latin ‘communis’, which means common sense. The word communication means sharing the same ideas. Communication is a two-way process which involves transferring of information or messages from one person or group to another. This process goes on and includes a minimum of one sender and receiver to pass on the messages. These messages can either be any ideas, imagination, emotions, or thoughts.
- 3. Levels of Communication IntrapersonalCommunication Interpersonal communication Transpersonal communication Small group communication Public Communication
- 4. Intrapersonal Communication Intrapersonalcommunication is a powerful form of communication that occurs within an individual. This level of communication is also called self-talk, self- verbalization, and inner thought. People’s thoughts strongly influence perceptions, feelings, behavior, and self- concept, and you need to be aware of the nature and content of your own thinking. Nurses and clients use intrapersonal communication to develop self-awareness and a positive self-concept that will enhance appropriate self-expression. For example, you may improve health and self-esteem through positive self-talk by replacing negative thoughts with positive assertions. Another type of intrapersonal communication, self-instruction provides a mental rehearsal for difficult tasks or situations so individuals are able to deal with them more effectively.
- 5. Interpersonal communication Interpersonalcommunication is one-to-one interaction between the nurse and another person that often occurs face to face. It takes place within a, social context and includes all the symbols and cues used to give and receive meaning. Because meaning resides in persons and not in words, messages received are sometimes different from messages intended. Nurses work with people who have different, opinions, experiences, values, and belief systems, so it is important to validate meaning or mutually negotiate it between participants. For example, when teaching a client about a health concern, you use interaction to assess understanding and clarify misinterpretations. Meaningful interpersonal communication results in exchange of ideas, problem solving, expression of feelings, decision making, goal accomplishment, team building, and personal growth.
- 6. Transpersonal Communication Transpersonalcommunication is interaction that occurs within person's spiritual domain. Study of the influence of religion and spirituality has increased dramatically over the past decade, and ongoing research helps us understand the role of spirituality in health and coping. Many persons use prayer, meditation, guided reflection, religious rituals of other means to communicate with their “higher power”. Nurses who value the importance of human spirituality often us this form of communication with clients and for themselves Nurses have a responsibility to assess client's spiritual needs and intervene to meet those needs.
- 7. Small Group Communication Small-group communication is interaction that occurs when small number of persons meet together. This type of communication is usually goal directed and requires an understanding of group dynamics. When nurses work on committees, lead client support groups, form research teams, or participate in client care conferences, they use a small-group communication process, Small groups are more effective when they are a workable size, have an appropriate meeting place, suitable seating arrangements, and cohesiveness and commitment among group members.
- 8. Public Communication Publiccommunication is interaction with an audience. Nurses have opportunities to speak with groups of consumers about health-related topics, present scholarly work to colleagues at conferences, or lead classroom discussions with peers or students. Public communication requires special adaptations in eye contact, gestures, voice inflection, and use of media materials to communicate messages effectively. Effective public communication increases audience knowledge about health-related topics, health issues, and other issues important to the nursing profession.
- 9. Elements of Communication Communication is an ongoing, dynamic, and multidimensional process. This simple linear model represents a very complex process, but it helps identify its essential components.
- 10. Referent The referentmotivates one person to communicate with another. In a health care setting, sights, sounds, odors, time schedules, messages, objects, emotions, sensations, perceptions, ideas, and other cues initiate communication. The nurse who knows what stimulus initiated communication is able to develop and organize messages more efficiently and better perceive meaning in another's message. A client request for help prompted by difficulty breathing brings a different nursing response than a request prompted by boredom.
- 11. Sender and Receiver The sender is the person who encodes and delivers the message, and the receiver is the person who receives and decodes the message. The sender puts ideas or feelings into a form that is transmitted and is responsible for the accuracy of its content and emotional tone. The sender's message acts as a referent for the receiver, who is responsible for attending to, translating, and responding to the sender's message. Sender and receiver roles are fluid and change back and forth as two persons interact; sometimes sending and receiving occurs simultaneously. The more the sender and receiver have in common and the closer the relationship, the more likely they will accurately perceive one another’s meaning and respond accordingly.
- 12. Messages The messageis the content of the communication. It contains verbal, nonverbal, and symbolic language. Personal perceptions sometimes distort the receiver's interpretation of the message. Two nurses can provide the same information yet convey very different messages according to their personal communication styles. Two persons understand the same message differently. You send effective messages by expressing clearly, directly, and in a manner familiar to the receiver. You determine the need for clarification by watching the listener for nonverbal cues that suggest confusion or misunderstanding. Communication is difficult when participants have different levels of education and experience. “Your incision is well approximated without purulent drainage” means the same as “Your wound edges are together, and there are no signs of infection,” but the latter is easier to understand. You can also send messages in writing, but be sure clients are able to read.
- 13. Channels: Channels aremeans of conveying and receiving messages through visual, auditory, and tactile senses. Facial expressions send visual messages, spoken words travel through auditory channels, and touch uses tactile channels. Individuals usually understand a message more clearly when the sender uses more channels to convey the message. For example, when teaching about insulin self- injection, the nurse talks about and demonstrates the technique, gives the client printed information, and encourages hands-on practice with the vial and syringe. Nurses use verbal, nonverbal, and mediated (technological) communication channels. They send and receive information in person, by informal or formal writing, over the telephone or pager, by audiotape and videotape, through fax and electronic mail, and through computer interactive and information sites.
- 14. Feedback Feedback isthe message the receiver returns. It indicates whether the receiver understood the meaning of the sender's message. Senders need to seek verbal and nonverbal feedback to ensure that good communication has occurred. To be effective, the sender and receiver need to be sensitive and open to each other's messages, clarify the messages, and modify behavior accordingly. In a social relationship, both persons assume equal responsibility for seeking openness and clarification, but the nurse assumes primary responsibility in the nurse-client relationship
- 16. Forms of Communication: The sending and receiving of messages is accomplished through two different modes, verbal and nonverbal. Both these modes are used separately or simultaneously. As people communicate, they express themselves through facial expressions, words, movements, and voice inflection. Verbal communication uses the spoken or written words and nonverbal communication uses other forms such as facial expressions, touch, and gestures.
- 17. Verbal Communication Itis an exchange of ones ideas, thoughts and feelings to others by using the spoken and/or written words. Examples of spoken words are: face-to-face meeting and recording messages on tapes, radio, and television. A person uses spoken and written words that depict the person’s intellectual development, education level, and cultural and geographical origin. Nurses use verbal communication extensively when providing care to the patient, giving oral reports to other nurses, writing care plans, and recording progress in the patient's chart.
- 18. Non Verbal communication It is the exchange of a message without the use of words. Non verbal communication is also known as body language. The various forms of nonverbal communication are: Physical appearance Posture & Gait Facial Expressions Eye contact Body Movements and Gestures Touch Tone of voice Symbols Signals
- 19. Factors Influencing Communication DevelopmentalLevel Gender Sociocultural Roles & Responsibilities Space & territoriality Physical Mental & emotional State Environment Values
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- 21. Methods of Effectivecommunication Rapport Building • Specific objectives • Comfortable Environment • Privacy • Confidentiality Empathy Openness & respect Competence
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- 23. Linguistic Barriers Thelanguage barrier is one of the main barriers that limit effective communication. Language is the most commonly employed tool of communication. The fact that each major region has its own language is one of the Barriers to effective communication. Sometimes even a thick dialect may render the communication ineffective. Psychological Barriers There are various mental and psychological issues that may be barriers to effective communication. Some people have stage fear, speech disorders, phobia, depression etc. All of these conditions are very difficult to manage sometimes and will most certainly limit the ease of communication. Emotional Barriers The emotional IQ of a person determines the ease and comfort with which they can communicate. A person who is emotionally mature will be able to communicate effectively. On the other hand, people who let their emotions take over will face certain difficulties. A perfect mixture of emotions and facts is necessary for effective communication. Emotions like anger, frustration, humour, can blur the decision-making capacities of a person and thus limit the effectiveness of their communication. Physical Barriers to Communication They are the most obvious barriers to effective communication. These barriers are mostly easily removable in principle at least. They include barriers like noise, closed doors, faulty equipment used for communication, closed cabins, etc. Sometimes, in a large office, the physical separation between various employees combined with faulty equipment may result in severe barriers to effective communication.
- 24. Cultural Barriersof Communication As the world is getting more and more globalized, any large office may have people from several parts of the world. Different cultures have a different meaning for several basic values of society. Dressing, Religions or lack of them, food, drinks, pets, and the general behaviour will change drastically from one culture to another. Hence it is a must that we must take these different cultures into account while communication. This is what we call being culturally appropriate. In many multinational companies, special courses are offered at the orientation stages that let people know about other cultures and how to be courteous and tolerant of others. Organisational Structure Barriers As we saw there are many methods of communication at an organizational level. Each of these methods has its own problems and constraints that may become barriers to effective communication. Most of these barriers arise because of misinformation or lack of appropriate transparency available to the employees. Attitude Barriers Certain people like to be left alone. They are the introverts or just people who are not very social. Others like to be social or sometimes extra clingy! Both these cases could become a barrier to communication. Some people have attitude issues, like huge ego and inconsiderate behaviours. Perception Barriers
- 25. Principles of Communication/ 7cs of communication
- 27. Therapeutic Communication Intherapeutic communication, the nurse directs the communication toward the patient to identify his/her current health problem, plan, implement, and evaluate the action taken. THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES Although humans communicate during virtually all waking moments, the therapeutic use of communication requires training and practice.
- 28. Conversation Skills Itis the quality to exchange verbal communication. As social beings, humans learn as children how to converse with others; nursing students, therefore, have already had years of experience communicating verbally. However, you can improve your communications with patients and achieve a more effective helping relationship in the following ways: Control the tone of your voice: As a nurse, you should ensure that you are conveying exactly what you mean to say and not a hidden message. Your tone should indicate interest rather than boredom. Knowledgeable: Be knowledgeable about the topic of conversation and have accurate information. When possible, be familiar with the subject of conversation before discussing it with the patient. Be clear and concise: It will be helpful to make statements as simple as possible. Patients are often anxious and fail to understand the message unless the patient understands the language used. Stay on one subject at a time. This helps prevent confusion.
- 29. Use simplewords: Avoid words that might have different interpretations. The study of the meaning of words is called semantics. Even when two people speak the same language, some words such as love, hate, freedom, and health might have different meanings to different people. Be truthful: A patient who is given false information will soon distrust the nurse. If you’re not sure about something, admit you don’t know and seek an answer rather than make a comment that may be an error.
- 30. LISTENING SKILLS Listeningis a skill that involves both hearing and interpreting what the other says. It requires attention and concentration to sort out, evaluate, and validate clues to better understand the true meaning of what is being said. The following techniques are recommended to improve listening skills: Whenever possible, sit while communicating with a patient. Do not cross your arms or legs because that body language conveys a message of being closed to the patient's comments. Be alert and relaxed and take sufficient time so that the patient feels at ease during the conversation. Keep the conversation as natural as possible, and avoid sounding overly eager. e If culturally appropriate, maintain eye contact with the patient, without staring, in a face-to-face pose. This technique conveys interest in the conversation and willingness to listen.
- 31. Using Touch Touchis a powerful means of communication with multiple meanings. It can connect people; provide affirmation, reassurance, and stimulation; decrease loneliness; increase self-esteem; and share warmth, intimacy, approval, and emotional support. It can also communicate frustration, anger, aggression, and punishment, and invade personal space and privacy. Because of the personal nature of touching, be sure to weigh the benefit of touch against the detrimental use of touch for each patient. Touch can be a powerful therapeutic tool when used at the right time. Anxiety or discomfort might result, however, when a patient does not understand the meaning of a tactile gesture or when the patient simply dislikes being touched.
- 32. Humor Humor isincreasingly valued as both an interpersonal skill for the nurse and a healing strategy for patients. Nurses can use humor effectively to maintain a balanced perspective in their work and to encourage patients to do the same.
- 33. Interviewing techniques: Thepurpose of the patient interview is to obtain accurate and thorough information. In nursing, the interview is a major tool for collecting data during the assessment step of the nursing process. Open ended question/ comment Closed ended question Validating question Clarifying Question/ Comment
- 34. Nurse Patient HelpingRelationship The helping relationship is characterized by an unequal sharing of information. The patient shares information related to personal health problems, whereas the nurses shares information in terms of a professional role. Helping relationships are professional relationships.
- 35. Characteristics of HelpingRelationship The helping relationship has at least 3 basic characteristics: It is Dynamic. It is purposeful and time limited Having Responsibilities
- 36. Phases of theHelping Relationship This process has 4 sequential phases & it is described by Hildegard peplau(1952) ORIENTATION PHASE- Problem defining phase IDENTIFICATION PHASE- Selection of appropriate assistance WORKING PHASE- Exploring and understanding thoughts or feelings; facilitating and taking action TERMINATION PHASE- ( Accepting the end of the relationship without anxiety or dependence)