The document summarizes common respiratory emergencies like bronchitis, asthma, COPD, and respiratory arrest. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches for each condition. Key points covered include how bronchitis and asthma involve airway inflammation, COPD is caused by smoking and lung tissue destruction, and respiratory arrest results from inadequate oxygen exchange in the lungs. The presentation provides an overview of respiratory emergencies for nursing students.

2. PRESENTATION ON
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
SAJEDA KHATOON
BSC NURSING 3RD YEAR
ROLL NO-29
DIBYA COLLEGE OF NURSING,ANGUL.

3. • INTRODUCTION
Respiratory emergencies may originate from disease
in the airway, thoracic usessels,& pulmonary
parenchyma.
DEFINITION
The respiratory emergencies arise when someone
tries desperately to have a breath of air or they feel
that they may not be able to have the next breath.

4. CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
◦Hyperventilation ( increase the rate of breathing
above normal, normal breathing rate in adult 12-
18b/m)& airway obstruction are two most
common cause.
◦ Asthma
◦Obstructed airway .
◦MI
◦Heart failure
◦CVA

5. SIGN & SYMPTOMS
◦ Breathing deeper & shallower.
◦ Breathing much fast or more slow than the normal pace.
◦ Fast heart rate.
◦ Shortness of breath.
◦ The obvious abnormal noise like wheezing or gasping.
TREATMENT:-
◦ Making the patient to sit in upright position to give them comfort.
◦ You should remove the obstructing material from the mouth.
◦ Loosen the binding clothing,such as tight collar, belt or tie to give
them comfort.

6. • CONT…
Ask the respiratory patient to breath slowly that can be 4-6
breath in a minute.
• If the above mentioned treatment not work,make them
rebreath with exhaled air little by little in the cupped hands
and full face mask with the unit of oxygen delivery.

7. BRONCHITIS

8. COMMON RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
▫️BRONCHITIS:-
. Bronchitis is inflammation or swelling of the bronchial tubes.
. Bronchitis is caused by viruses, bacteria.
TYPES OF BRONCHITIS:-
1. Acute bronchitis:-
▫️ It is a shorter illness that commonly follows a cold or viral infection,
such as
▫️ It is usually lasts a few days or weeks.

9. CONT….
2. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS:-
. It is characterized by persistent, mucus producing cough on
most of the month, 3 month of the month, 3 month of a year for
2 successive years.
CAUSES & RISK FACTORS:-
. Smokers
. Upper respiratory infection.
. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
. People who are exposed to air pollution.
. People with weakened immune system

11. SIGN & SYMPTOMS:-
.coughing
.shortness of breath.
.Wheezing
.Fever & chills
. Chest pain
. Blocked or runny nose.

12. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:-
.History collection.
. Physical examination
. Chest x – ray
. Sputum cultures
. Bronchoscopy
. Pulmonary function test

13. MANAGEMENT:-
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT:-
.Antibiotics
.Cough medicine
.Bronchodilators
.Anti-inflamatory & glucocorticoid steroids.

14. • NURSING MANAGEMENT:-
.Assess the condition of patient.
. Assess the vital sign.
. Provide comfortable position.
. Change the position periodically.
. Maintain personal hygiene.
. Use pulse oximetry & suction.

15. ASTHMA:-

16. 2. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA:-
INTRODUCTION:-
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames & narrows the
airways.
DEFINITION:-
Asthma is a reversible, obstructive airway disease in which trachea &
bronchi respond in a hyperactive way to certain stimuli.

17. CAUSES & RISK FACTORS:-
• Genetic factors.
• Air allergens
• Air pollutants
• Hay fever
• Physical activity
• Respiratory infection

19. • CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:-
.Coughing
. Wheezing
.Shortness of breath
. Chest tightness
. Acute respiratory failure.

20. MANAGEMENT:-
Short term management
• Bronchodilators:- Salbutamol, salmeterol, formoterol.
• Anticholinergic:- Doxepin & amitriptyline.
LONG TERM MANAGEMENT:-
• Corticosteroids :- prednisone Dexamethasone.
• NURSING MANAGEMENT:-
• Check oxygen status.
• Assess for respiratory distress.
• Provide upright position to Patient.
• Administer medication as prescribed.

21. 3. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE:-
A group of lung disease that
block airflow and make it
difficult to breathe

22. DEFINITION:-
COPD is a chronic inflammatory Lung disease that causes
obstructed airflow from the lungs.
CAUSES
• Emphysema.
• Chronic bronchitis.
• Smoking.
• Dust & fumes.

23. RISK FACTORS:-
• Passive smoking.
• Occupational exposure
• Ambient air pollution
• Genetic abnormalities.

24. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD:-
Due to etiological factors.
|
Inflammation occurs in bronchial tubes.
|
Increase mucus secretion.
|
Swelling and excessive mucus, blocks the bronchial tubes.
|
Bronchitis.
|

25. CONT…
If inflammation remains for longtime.
|
It may destroys the alveoli tissue.
|
Emphysema.
|
Bronchitis + Emphysema (COPD)

26. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:-
•Cough
• Shortness of breath
•Wheezing
•Increased work of breathing
• Weight loss

27. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
◦Bronchodilators:- Albuterol, salbutamol.
◦Corticosteroids:- Hydrocortisone, prednisone,
beclomethasone.
◦Antibiotic therapy:- Ampicillin, erythromycin,
ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin.
◦Steam inhalation.
◦Oxygen therapy:- to improve body oxygen level and
reduce hypoxemia.

28. Management…
NURSING MANAGEMENT:-
• Assess and monitor respiratory &breath sound.
• Note presence of cyanosis &dyspnea.
• Assist the pt. to assume a comfort position.
• Increase fluid intake 3 litr/day.
• Advise for deep breathing and coughing exercise.
• Provide adequate nutrition.

29. RESPIRATORYARREST:-

30. 4. RESPIRATORY ARREST AND
INSUFFICIENCY:-
INTRODUCTION:-
Respiratory arrest results from inadequate gas exchange by the
respiratory system.
• It usually related to cardiac arrest or heart attack.

31. DEFINITION:-
The condition in which the lungs can’t take in sufficient
oxygen or expell sufficient carbon dioxide to meet the
needs of the cells of the body.

32. CAUSES
•Upper and lower airway obstruction.
• Lung disease such as COPD, pneumonia,
pulmonary embolism.
• Over use of tobacco and over consumption
of alcohol.
• Premature birth.
• Seizures or heart burn.
• Stroke

33. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:-
• Abnormal breath sounds like wheezing.
• Low levels of oxygen in the blood.
• Loos of consciousness.
• Cyanosis of the skin (blue coloration).
• Discoloration of the body due to lack of oxygen.

34. MANAGEMENT
IMMEDIATE TREATMENT
CPR in emergency condition, CPR can be administered to the patient to
stabilized his breathing.
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Antibiotics
• Bronchodilators

35. CONT..
SURGERY
• Tracheostomy
• Postural drainage therapy.
• Sustaining.

36. SUMMARY
The ability to identify quickly the signs and symptoms of
acute respiratory distress and provide life – saving
interventions can truly save a person’s life.

37. CONCLUSION
◦ Every patient diagnosed with life threatening respiratory
emergency should receive the emergency care as early as
possible including oxygenation, ventilatory support and
appropriate pharmacotherapy which would help in saving
patients life and preventing complications.

38. BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
• A text book of medical surgical nursing-II, Javed Ansari, 3rd
edition page on 1334 to 1342.
• Net reference- www.google.com.

39. ANY DOUBT