COMMON ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF INDIVIDUALS
BA 354
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
1
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE “GIVING VOICE TO VALUES” APPROACH:
Ethical dilemmas at work are common, not rare.
You have values that you want to live up to.
There are many ways that you can voice your values.
Practicing ahead of time will help you to be more effective.
2
THE POWER OF FAIRNESS
The example of grades
Equity
Reciprocity
Impartiality
3
Discrimination
Unequal treatment based on one’s race, gender, ethnicity, national origin, religion, age, disability, etc.
Standard for hiring, promotions, etc., should be the ability to do a job
+
4
Have you ever experienced discrimination?
What could you have done about it?
Why is discrimination an ethical issue?
DISCRIMINATION
5
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Objectivity is compromised by possibility of financial or other gains.
Gifts or bribes
Access to resources such as privileged information
Relationships or Influence
6
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
7
Conflict of Interest
Your daughter is applying to a prestigious university. Since admission to the school is difficult, your daughter has planned the process carefully. She has consistently achieved high marks, taken preparatory courses for entrance exams, and has participated in various extracurricular activities. When you tell one of your best customers about her activities, he offers to write her a letter of recommendation. He's an alumnus of the school and is one of its most active fund raisers. Although he's a customer, you also regularly play golf together and your families have socialized together on occasion.
8
CUSTOMER CONFIDENCE
Includes such issues as
Confidentiality
Product safety
Truth in advertising
Fiduciary responsibilities
9
Confidentiality
You work for a consulting company in Atlanta. Your team has recently completed an analysis of Big Co. including sales projections for the next five years. You're working late one night when you receive a call from an executive vice president at Big Co. in Los Angeles, who asks you to immediately fax her a summary of your team's report. When you locate the report, you discover that your team leader has stamped "For internal use only" on the report cover. Your team leader is on a hiking vacation and you know it would be impossible to locate him. Big Co. has a long-standing relationship with your company and has paid substantial fees for your company's services.
10
Product Safety
You’re the head of marketing for a small pharmaceutical company that has just discovered a very promising drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. You have spent months designing a marketing campaign which contains printed materials and medication sample kits for distribution to almost every family physician and gerontologist in the country. As the materials are being loaded into cartons for delivery to your company’s representatives, your assistant tells you that .
I. IntroductionYou were recently hired as an associate consultaNarcisaBrandenburg70
I. Introduction:
You were recently hired as an associate consultant by a major consulting firm (Shefrain
Consulting). This learning demonstration will guide you through several challenges allowing you
to demonstrate competencies in understanding the importance of psychology on financial decisions
and how to avoid common psychological mistakes in financial decision making. Behavioral
Finance covers “individual and group emotion, and behavior in markets. The field brings together
specialists in personality, social, cognitive and clinical psychology; psychiatry; organizational
behavior; accounting; marketing; sociology; anthropology; behavioral economics; finance and the
multidisciplinary study of judgment and decision making”. (Source: Journal of Behavioral
Finance). Developed in the 1970s and 1980s by academics including Amos Tversky, Daniel
Kahneman, Richard Thayer and Meir Statman, behavioral finance stresses that psychology and
emotion prompt investors to behave in ways that are inconsistent with what is considered rational
in traditional finance. The 2010 World Wealth Report devoted a special ten-page section to
behavioral finance, stemming from the conclusion that one of the most profound consequences of
the financial crisis has been the increasing prominence of “emotional factors” in the financial
decision-making process of large investors.
II. Steps to Completion:
Over the course of this learning demonstration you will be required to complete a six part
deliverable for your new employer, Shefrain Consulting to demonstrate your competence in the
important field of Behavioral Finance. In particular, you will be required to demonstrate a high
level understanding of Prospect Theory and the implications of this theory on traditional financial
decision making, understand major biases common in financial decision making and the process
of debiasing, demonstrate your knowledge of behavioral finance in the context of a client’s
investment decisions and portfolio allocation, understand that behavioral factors impact many
important corporate financial decisions, and clearly articulate the important aspects of behavioral
finance on your career and the prospects for Shefrain Consulting. Since you are a recent hire of
Shefrain Consulting, it is important to make a good impression. Throughout this learning
demonstration be sure to always support your arguments with reputable sources, sound logic, and
your own unique insights. Professionalism throughout this learning demonstration is expected and
required as Shefrain has a large pool of potential junior consultants if your report is deficient. At
the conclusion of this learning demonstration, you will be required to submit a final report with
six parts addressing each of the hypothetical issues raised throughout this learning demonstration.
2
1. Prospect Theory
“We really want to help clients make better decisions,” said Stephanie Jones, senior consultant at
Shefrain Consulting, LLC, “and if we unders ...
JOINT VENTURES MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH CHECKS
Your FINANCIAL DUE DILIGENCE is Left-Brain
Your PEOPLE DUE DILIGENCE is Right-Brain
If you are only doing a Financial Due Diligence and ignoring the PEOPLE SIDE OF THE DEAL, you are doing your Due Diligence
WITH HALF A BRAIN
You need to DETECT PEOPLE PROBLEMS BEFORE YOU INVEST
How to Hire the Right Financial Aid DirectorCampusLogic
It’s time to hire a financial aid director. You know finding one is no small task! The financial aid office is the fulcrum of admissions for most students, and you need a solid leader.
As the new technical communications manager for International Gadg.docxbob8allen25075
As the new technical communications manager for International Gadgets (IG), you have developed a good idea of the various internal and external audiences for communications across the enterprise.
You have learned that IG is organized into five main areas consisting of Research & Development (R&D), Manufacturing, Sales & Marketing, Technical Support, and Finance/Accounting. Each area has its own structure:
· R&D – New Product Development and Product Enhancement teams
· Manufacturing – Detroit, Shanghai, and Purchasing teams
· Sales & Marketing – U.S. Sales, U.S. Marketing, European Sales, European Marketing, Partner Management, and Online Sales teams
· Technical Support – the exception, as there is only a single team handling this function
· Finance/Accounting – Corporate Finance and Corporate Accounting teams
· Human Resources – Corporate HR team with ties to HR representatives at each work site
In addition to the internal departments, IG staff interface with a wide range of external entities and individuals including customers (large accounts, individuals via web sales), distribution partners, component suppliers, subcontractors (design and occasional manufacturing). IG also contracts with Amazon to handle all its product logistics—warehousing, packaging and shipping, and returns.
However, you have noticed that different audiences do not always have the same needs from similar announcements. For example, a communication announcing the launching of a new product means different things to different departments.
In a memo to your communications team, instruct them on ways to discover the needs of the stakeholders in different areas of the company so that a new product announcement will be relevant to them.
Case Study Overview
What Is a Case Study?
Are you more interested in abstract concepts that have little application to your own life
or real-life scenarios that could happen to you or to someone you know? The answer is
almost surely the latter, and that is why this course is built around case studies. Case
studies are relevant situations that might never happen to you but that you could easily
imagine happening to you. You work through a case study of some kind every day in
your work or family life, even if you don’t realize it. A case study is a group of related
factors that come together to form a problem or a circumstance that you are called on to
resolve. Often there are several choices to be considered and different possible
outcomes based on each of the choices.
You might have a case study situation at your job based on the fact that you have two
major projects due at the same time—both of equal importance to your company—and
there is simply not enough time for you to handle both of the projects with the high
degree of attention they need. You could work on both projects and hope for the best.
You could ask your boss to reassign one of the projects to another team member. You
could ask a colleague to help.
I. IntroductionYou were recently hired as an associate consultaNarcisaBrandenburg70
I. Introduction:
You were recently hired as an associate consultant by a major consulting firm (Shefrain
Consulting). This learning demonstration will guide you through several challenges allowing you
to demonstrate competencies in understanding the importance of psychology on financial decisions
and how to avoid common psychological mistakes in financial decision making. Behavioral
Finance covers “individual and group emotion, and behavior in markets. The field brings together
specialists in personality, social, cognitive and clinical psychology; psychiatry; organizational
behavior; accounting; marketing; sociology; anthropology; behavioral economics; finance and the
multidisciplinary study of judgment and decision making”. (Source: Journal of Behavioral
Finance). Developed in the 1970s and 1980s by academics including Amos Tversky, Daniel
Kahneman, Richard Thayer and Meir Statman, behavioral finance stresses that psychology and
emotion prompt investors to behave in ways that are inconsistent with what is considered rational
in traditional finance. The 2010 World Wealth Report devoted a special ten-page section to
behavioral finance, stemming from the conclusion that one of the most profound consequences of
the financial crisis has been the increasing prominence of “emotional factors” in the financial
decision-making process of large investors.
II. Steps to Completion:
Over the course of this learning demonstration you will be required to complete a six part
deliverable for your new employer, Shefrain Consulting to demonstrate your competence in the
important field of Behavioral Finance. In particular, you will be required to demonstrate a high
level understanding of Prospect Theory and the implications of this theory on traditional financial
decision making, understand major biases common in financial decision making and the process
of debiasing, demonstrate your knowledge of behavioral finance in the context of a client’s
investment decisions and portfolio allocation, understand that behavioral factors impact many
important corporate financial decisions, and clearly articulate the important aspects of behavioral
finance on your career and the prospects for Shefrain Consulting. Since you are a recent hire of
Shefrain Consulting, it is important to make a good impression. Throughout this learning
demonstration be sure to always support your arguments with reputable sources, sound logic, and
your own unique insights. Professionalism throughout this learning demonstration is expected and
required as Shefrain has a large pool of potential junior consultants if your report is deficient. At
the conclusion of this learning demonstration, you will be required to submit a final report with
six parts addressing each of the hypothetical issues raised throughout this learning demonstration.
2
1. Prospect Theory
“We really want to help clients make better decisions,” said Stephanie Jones, senior consultant at
Shefrain Consulting, LLC, “and if we unders ...
JOINT VENTURES MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH CHECKS
Your FINANCIAL DUE DILIGENCE is Left-Brain
Your PEOPLE DUE DILIGENCE is Right-Brain
If you are only doing a Financial Due Diligence and ignoring the PEOPLE SIDE OF THE DEAL, you are doing your Due Diligence
WITH HALF A BRAIN
You need to DETECT PEOPLE PROBLEMS BEFORE YOU INVEST
How to Hire the Right Financial Aid DirectorCampusLogic
It’s time to hire a financial aid director. You know finding one is no small task! The financial aid office is the fulcrum of admissions for most students, and you need a solid leader.
As the new technical communications manager for International Gadg.docxbob8allen25075
As the new technical communications manager for International Gadgets (IG), you have developed a good idea of the various internal and external audiences for communications across the enterprise.
You have learned that IG is organized into five main areas consisting of Research & Development (R&D), Manufacturing, Sales & Marketing, Technical Support, and Finance/Accounting. Each area has its own structure:
· R&D – New Product Development and Product Enhancement teams
· Manufacturing – Detroit, Shanghai, and Purchasing teams
· Sales & Marketing – U.S. Sales, U.S. Marketing, European Sales, European Marketing, Partner Management, and Online Sales teams
· Technical Support – the exception, as there is only a single team handling this function
· Finance/Accounting – Corporate Finance and Corporate Accounting teams
· Human Resources – Corporate HR team with ties to HR representatives at each work site
In addition to the internal departments, IG staff interface with a wide range of external entities and individuals including customers (large accounts, individuals via web sales), distribution partners, component suppliers, subcontractors (design and occasional manufacturing). IG also contracts with Amazon to handle all its product logistics—warehousing, packaging and shipping, and returns.
However, you have noticed that different audiences do not always have the same needs from similar announcements. For example, a communication announcing the launching of a new product means different things to different departments.
In a memo to your communications team, instruct them on ways to discover the needs of the stakeholders in different areas of the company so that a new product announcement will be relevant to them.
Case Study Overview
What Is a Case Study?
Are you more interested in abstract concepts that have little application to your own life
or real-life scenarios that could happen to you or to someone you know? The answer is
almost surely the latter, and that is why this course is built around case studies. Case
studies are relevant situations that might never happen to you but that you could easily
imagine happening to you. You work through a case study of some kind every day in
your work or family life, even if you don’t realize it. A case study is a group of related
factors that come together to form a problem or a circumstance that you are called on to
resolve. Often there are several choices to be considered and different possible
outcomes based on each of the choices.
You might have a case study situation at your job based on the fact that you have two
major projects due at the same time—both of equal importance to your company—and
there is simply not enough time for you to handle both of the projects with the high
degree of attention they need. You could work on both projects and hope for the best.
You could ask your boss to reassign one of the projects to another team member. You
could ask a colleague to help.
Common mistakes made by sales people and how to avoid them - Juma WilliamJuma William
Selling products is like making a relationship. It needs deep understanding and listening skills. There is a difference between CONTACT and CONTRACT, which is R that stands for Relationship.
CLIENTS NEEDS:
1. Respect,
2. Genuine Product,
3. After sale's service
4. Feedback-ask how the product/service is?
5. Relationship-Continuous vibes.
Common mistakes made by sales people and how to avoid themJuma William
Selling products is like making a relationship. It needs deep understanding and listening skills. There is a difference between CONTACT and CONTRACT, which is R that stands for Relationship.
CLIENTS NEEDS:
1. Respect,
2. Genuine Product,
3. After sale's service
4. Feedback-ask how the product/service is?
5. Relationship-Continuous vibes.
Common mistakes made by sales people and how to avoid them juma williamJuma William
Selling products is like making a relationship. It needs deep understanding and listening skills. There is a difference between CONTACT and CONTRACT, which is R that stands for Relationship.
CLIENTS NEEDS:
1. Respect,
2. Genuine Product,
3. After sale's service
4. Feedback-ask how the product/service is?
5. Relationship-Continuous vibes.
What's Included:
-Most Common Hiring Criteria
-Questions based on Management Skills, Behavior and Motivation
-Legal and Illegal Inquiries
-Candidate Evaluation Form
-After the Interview Process
Enhanced Service Through Consultative SalesRichardson
This presentation explores:
1. How to execute customer service that rises to the level of a competitive advantage
2. How sales professionals can shift their mindset to view sales as a way to add additional value to the customer
3. How to position additional services and products as part of the solution
· Sanjon has worked for the South Insurance Company for the past 2.docxodiliagilby
· Sanjon has worked for the South Insurance Company for the past 23 years. He graduated with a top-notch accounting degree and also has his MBA. Bar none, Sanjon is considered by everyone in his organization to be a brilliant accountant. At issue is that Sanjon's brilliance may be coupled with just a little too much "creativity" when one considers his approach to maximizing the company's profits.
At the end of every quarter, Sanjon calls up the supervisors of each of South’s insurance branches and asks them to estimate their outstanding insurance claims. These insurance claims represent money that the company likely owes its customers—that is, claims are estimates of money owed at the end of the quarter to South’s customers who are likely to file a claim in the near future, but who have not yet done so. (The total money owed—but still outstanding—is referred to as a "claims lag," since there is a lag between the date of an insurable event and the date that South becomes aware that a customer has filed a valid claim).
For instance, based on historical experience, at the end of each quarter, Division 1 of South Insurance estimates that 20% of all claims for that quarter are still outstanding (i.e., an insurable event has occurred, but has not yet been reported to Division 1). This is the number (20%) reported to Sanjon. Being the "brilliant" accountant that he is, and in light of his sheer eagerness to maximize profits for the quarter (and because his quarterly bonus is based on each quarter's profits), Sanjon reduces the outstanding claims reported by all of South's insurance divisions by 10%. In doing so, he has effectively reduced the company's quarterly claims expenses by this same 10%—and voila!— Sanjon has also managed a creative increase in his own quarterly bonus.
Sanjon sees nothing wrong in reducing the divisions' company claims estimates, reasoning, "Look, they're all a bunch of estimates anyhow!" Sanjon further opines, "Besides, I have a duty to this company and to its stockholders—to maximize profits!"
Consider this situation from a virtue ethics perspective. What virtues are at stake?
Does Sanjon appear to be rationalizing his behavior as a "duty" to others?
On a scale of unethical (1) to ethical (5), where would you rate Sanjon’s practice? Why?
Note:
150 word response to the posts of at least two of your classmates. Your responses should have depth of critical thought and not simply agree or disagree. For each response also bring in information from at least one background source or your own research to help inform your classmates. Cite the source.
Classmate Post #1
Who Do You Want To Be???
Hello Everyone,
Virtue ethics you are decisions we make that help mold us into better people. This implies that our character, who we are, changes based on the decisions we make throughout our life (The Ethics Centre, 2016). In other words, a virtuous person makes decisions not based on personal gains but on the sheer fact that ...
Insights for career professionals seeking to prepare themselves, prepare their families, leave their jobs and build the ultimate startups.
Insights from world-class VCs, angel investors, entrepreneurs, researchers and attorneys including: Brad Feld (co-founder of Techstars), Peter Wilkins (Hyde Park Angels), Hank Barry (former CEO of Napster), Howard Tullman (1871) and many others make this the ultimate guide for someone wanting to leave their corporate life behind and launch a startup.
COMMONALITY AND DIVERSITY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS .docxcargillfilberto
COMMONALITY AND DIVERSITY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 2
Maintaining a strong security system in the networking environment to prevent any form of attack and compromise information has been a formidable problem in recent times. There is fairly a small number of operating systems compared to the vast number of computer systems that are in operation. This situation has created a leeway for cyber attackers to target the systems easily (Palmer, 2010). Cyber attackers have formulated diverse techniques to exploit the homogeneity of the network environment. This article will explore the benefits related to diversity and commonality in the event of a malicious attack.
The purpose of any security strategy is to completely eliminate or at least limit the impact of damage to a successful attack on a particular system. At some point, any computer can be vulnerable to malware attacks, and the most important aspect in a case like this is to achieve an optimum level of preparedness. Diversity of the operating systems is beneficial in several ways, though an organization could incur an extra operational cost. Moving some groups of users to various different operating systems helps avert the overall damage caused by the SQL Slammer and MSBlast worms. Malicious-code attacks directed towards the commonly used operating system, windows, have been so rampant, thereby necessitating the need for improved security procedures of the computers (Anderson & Anderson, 2010).
Significant operational damages have been incurred before by businesses and enterprise to extensive downtime, brought about by malware attacks. Adopting diversity in operating systems comes along with several security benefits;
· Helps contain malicious-code attacks- Virus and worm attacks target and exploit the flaws in windows operating systems. In a case like this, availing an alternative operating system would be critical in helping to contain the spread to other PCs owned by the business. The impact of the attack is leveled down since some core business can be carried out in the event of an attack.
· Directing some pressure towards Microsoft- Health competition among service and commodity provider is beneficial for the consumers. Being diversified in terms of operating systems pushes dominant companies like Microsoft to try so hard to meet the security needs of their customers.
· It helps speed up innovations in the sense that other operating system developers will work towards improving their operating systems to match that of the windows. Such innovations include stable security systems that prevent malware from instilling too much damage to the computer system.
Exercising commonality in the usage of operating systems comes with its own benefits, too, especially when dealing with a malicious attack. The business would not incur too much cost, in the event of a .
Common Mistakes I see on this paper are1. Using summaries and .docxcargillfilberto
Common Mistakes I see on this paper are
1. Using summaries and reviews written by other authors rather than using the actual IOM report and viewing each section, or viewing the IOM's summaries of it's report.
2. Forgetting to include information on how the IOM report will or has impacted one's practice. This is worth a high percentage of points
3. Not formatting the paper in APA, citing sources or using current sources like those supplied in our course resources for the week (since I am supplying a template APA should be flawless)
4. Going over the allowed length (papers that are over the criteria for length will be returned for revision)
5. Including background information, losing focus - remember the goal is to discuss the recommendations for education, practice, leadership and discuss how they can be achieved.
6. Ineffective introduction, too long, does not introduce the topic briefly, does not include a summary of what the paper will cover
LINKS TO THE IOM REPORT AND IOM SUMMARIES OF THE REPORT (These should be your main references for the report, don’t use a summary written about the report, use the IOMs summaries)
Download whole report as guest
Report Brief
Summary of Report on Education
Summary of Report on Practice
Summary of recommendations
Great infograph that highlights IOM recommendations. Here is the link. This link gives an outline of the IOM's recommendations. Both offer an option that provides quick access to needed information in a brief and easy to follow format. Hope these are helpful.
How to Reference and Cite the IOM Report
IOM will each have the same author (the Institute of Medicine is the author) and year you will differentiate them by adding a small case letter after the year of publication in both your reference and citation. The reference would be listed in alphabetical order using the title. I have posted examples below.
Institute of Medicine [IOM]. (2010). Future of nursing: Focus on education. Retrieved from www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing/Nursing%20Education%202010%20Brief.pdf
Research Article
The Cross-Category Effect
Mere Social Categorization Is Sufficient to Elicit an
Own-Group Bias in Face Recognition
Michael J. Bernstein, Steven G. Young, and Kurt Hugenberg
Miami University
ABSTRACT—Although the cross-race effect (CRE) is a well-
established phenomenon, both perceptual-expertise and
social-categorization models have been proposed to ex-
plain the effect. The two studies reported here investigated
the extent to which categorizing other people as in-group
versus out-group members is sufficient to elicit a pattern of
face recognition analogous to that of the CRE, even when
perceptual expertise with the stimuli is held constant. In
Study 1, targets were categorized as members of real-life
in-groups and out-groups (based on university affiliation),
whereas in Study 2, targets were categorized into experi-
mentally created .
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Common mistakes made by sales people and how to avoid them - Juma WilliamJuma William
Selling products is like making a relationship. It needs deep understanding and listening skills. There is a difference between CONTACT and CONTRACT, which is R that stands for Relationship.
CLIENTS NEEDS:
1. Respect,
2. Genuine Product,
3. After sale's service
4. Feedback-ask how the product/service is?
5. Relationship-Continuous vibes.
Common mistakes made by sales people and how to avoid themJuma William
Selling products is like making a relationship. It needs deep understanding and listening skills. There is a difference between CONTACT and CONTRACT, which is R that stands for Relationship.
CLIENTS NEEDS:
1. Respect,
2. Genuine Product,
3. After sale's service
4. Feedback-ask how the product/service is?
5. Relationship-Continuous vibes.
Common mistakes made by sales people and how to avoid them juma williamJuma William
Selling products is like making a relationship. It needs deep understanding and listening skills. There is a difference between CONTACT and CONTRACT, which is R that stands for Relationship.
CLIENTS NEEDS:
1. Respect,
2. Genuine Product,
3. After sale's service
4. Feedback-ask how the product/service is?
5. Relationship-Continuous vibes.
What's Included:
-Most Common Hiring Criteria
-Questions based on Management Skills, Behavior and Motivation
-Legal and Illegal Inquiries
-Candidate Evaluation Form
-After the Interview Process
Enhanced Service Through Consultative SalesRichardson
This presentation explores:
1. How to execute customer service that rises to the level of a competitive advantage
2. How sales professionals can shift their mindset to view sales as a way to add additional value to the customer
3. How to position additional services and products as part of the solution
· Sanjon has worked for the South Insurance Company for the past 2.docxodiliagilby
· Sanjon has worked for the South Insurance Company for the past 23 years. He graduated with a top-notch accounting degree and also has his MBA. Bar none, Sanjon is considered by everyone in his organization to be a brilliant accountant. At issue is that Sanjon's brilliance may be coupled with just a little too much "creativity" when one considers his approach to maximizing the company's profits.
At the end of every quarter, Sanjon calls up the supervisors of each of South’s insurance branches and asks them to estimate their outstanding insurance claims. These insurance claims represent money that the company likely owes its customers—that is, claims are estimates of money owed at the end of the quarter to South’s customers who are likely to file a claim in the near future, but who have not yet done so. (The total money owed—but still outstanding—is referred to as a "claims lag," since there is a lag between the date of an insurable event and the date that South becomes aware that a customer has filed a valid claim).
For instance, based on historical experience, at the end of each quarter, Division 1 of South Insurance estimates that 20% of all claims for that quarter are still outstanding (i.e., an insurable event has occurred, but has not yet been reported to Division 1). This is the number (20%) reported to Sanjon. Being the "brilliant" accountant that he is, and in light of his sheer eagerness to maximize profits for the quarter (and because his quarterly bonus is based on each quarter's profits), Sanjon reduces the outstanding claims reported by all of South's insurance divisions by 10%. In doing so, he has effectively reduced the company's quarterly claims expenses by this same 10%—and voila!— Sanjon has also managed a creative increase in his own quarterly bonus.
Sanjon sees nothing wrong in reducing the divisions' company claims estimates, reasoning, "Look, they're all a bunch of estimates anyhow!" Sanjon further opines, "Besides, I have a duty to this company and to its stockholders—to maximize profits!"
Consider this situation from a virtue ethics perspective. What virtues are at stake?
Does Sanjon appear to be rationalizing his behavior as a "duty" to others?
On a scale of unethical (1) to ethical (5), where would you rate Sanjon’s practice? Why?
Note:
150 word response to the posts of at least two of your classmates. Your responses should have depth of critical thought and not simply agree or disagree. For each response also bring in information from at least one background source or your own research to help inform your classmates. Cite the source.
Classmate Post #1
Who Do You Want To Be???
Hello Everyone,
Virtue ethics you are decisions we make that help mold us into better people. This implies that our character, who we are, changes based on the decisions we make throughout our life (The Ethics Centre, 2016). In other words, a virtuous person makes decisions not based on personal gains but on the sheer fact that ...
Insights for career professionals seeking to prepare themselves, prepare their families, leave their jobs and build the ultimate startups.
Insights from world-class VCs, angel investors, entrepreneurs, researchers and attorneys including: Brad Feld (co-founder of Techstars), Peter Wilkins (Hyde Park Angels), Hank Barry (former CEO of Napster), Howard Tullman (1871) and many others make this the ultimate guide for someone wanting to leave their corporate life behind and launch a startup.
COMMONALITY AND DIVERSITY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS .docxcargillfilberto
COMMONALITY AND DIVERSITY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 2
Maintaining a strong security system in the networking environment to prevent any form of attack and compromise information has been a formidable problem in recent times. There is fairly a small number of operating systems compared to the vast number of computer systems that are in operation. This situation has created a leeway for cyber attackers to target the systems easily (Palmer, 2010). Cyber attackers have formulated diverse techniques to exploit the homogeneity of the network environment. This article will explore the benefits related to diversity and commonality in the event of a malicious attack.
The purpose of any security strategy is to completely eliminate or at least limit the impact of damage to a successful attack on a particular system. At some point, any computer can be vulnerable to malware attacks, and the most important aspect in a case like this is to achieve an optimum level of preparedness. Diversity of the operating systems is beneficial in several ways, though an organization could incur an extra operational cost. Moving some groups of users to various different operating systems helps avert the overall damage caused by the SQL Slammer and MSBlast worms. Malicious-code attacks directed towards the commonly used operating system, windows, have been so rampant, thereby necessitating the need for improved security procedures of the computers (Anderson & Anderson, 2010).
Significant operational damages have been incurred before by businesses and enterprise to extensive downtime, brought about by malware attacks. Adopting diversity in operating systems comes along with several security benefits;
· Helps contain malicious-code attacks- Virus and worm attacks target and exploit the flaws in windows operating systems. In a case like this, availing an alternative operating system would be critical in helping to contain the spread to other PCs owned by the business. The impact of the attack is leveled down since some core business can be carried out in the event of an attack.
· Directing some pressure towards Microsoft- Health competition among service and commodity provider is beneficial for the consumers. Being diversified in terms of operating systems pushes dominant companies like Microsoft to try so hard to meet the security needs of their customers.
· It helps speed up innovations in the sense that other operating system developers will work towards improving their operating systems to match that of the windows. Such innovations include stable security systems that prevent malware from instilling too much damage to the computer system.
Exercising commonality in the usage of operating systems comes with its own benefits, too, especially when dealing with a malicious attack. The business would not incur too much cost, in the event of a .
Common Mistakes I see on this paper are1. Using summaries and .docxcargillfilberto
Common Mistakes I see on this paper are
1. Using summaries and reviews written by other authors rather than using the actual IOM report and viewing each section, or viewing the IOM's summaries of it's report.
2. Forgetting to include information on how the IOM report will or has impacted one's practice. This is worth a high percentage of points
3. Not formatting the paper in APA, citing sources or using current sources like those supplied in our course resources for the week (since I am supplying a template APA should be flawless)
4. Going over the allowed length (papers that are over the criteria for length will be returned for revision)
5. Including background information, losing focus - remember the goal is to discuss the recommendations for education, practice, leadership and discuss how they can be achieved.
6. Ineffective introduction, too long, does not introduce the topic briefly, does not include a summary of what the paper will cover
LINKS TO THE IOM REPORT AND IOM SUMMARIES OF THE REPORT (These should be your main references for the report, don’t use a summary written about the report, use the IOMs summaries)
Download whole report as guest
Report Brief
Summary of Report on Education
Summary of Report on Practice
Summary of recommendations
Great infograph that highlights IOM recommendations. Here is the link. This link gives an outline of the IOM's recommendations. Both offer an option that provides quick access to needed information in a brief and easy to follow format. Hope these are helpful.
How to Reference and Cite the IOM Report
IOM will each have the same author (the Institute of Medicine is the author) and year you will differentiate them by adding a small case letter after the year of publication in both your reference and citation. The reference would be listed in alphabetical order using the title. I have posted examples below.
Institute of Medicine [IOM]. (2010). Future of nursing: Focus on education. Retrieved from www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing/Nursing%20Education%202010%20Brief.pdf
Research Article
The Cross-Category Effect
Mere Social Categorization Is Sufficient to Elicit an
Own-Group Bias in Face Recognition
Michael J. Bernstein, Steven G. Young, and Kurt Hugenberg
Miami University
ABSTRACT—Although the cross-race effect (CRE) is a well-
established phenomenon, both perceptual-expertise and
social-categorization models have been proposed to ex-
plain the effect. The two studies reported here investigated
the extent to which categorizing other people as in-group
versus out-group members is sufficient to elicit a pattern of
face recognition analogous to that of the CRE, even when
perceptual expertise with the stimuli is held constant. In
Study 1, targets were categorized as members of real-life
in-groups and out-groups (based on university affiliation),
whereas in Study 2, targets were categorized into experi-
mentally created .
Common symptoms of memory changes during the lifetime in healthy.docxcargillfilberto
Common symptoms of memory changes during the lifetime in healthy people generally start gradually beginning with those associated with episodic memory i.e. forgetting names of people or details of personally experienced events. While semantic memory does not decline in the same way and can in fact be equal to those of younger people, aging adults typically access general knowledge and information more slowly (Dixon et al., 2006).This is a sign of declining working memory which encompasses processing speed, attentional capability/distractibility and problem solving (Dixon et al., 2006; Richmond et al., 2011). Another type of memory change may stem from a decline in sensory acuity. For example, loss of vision, hearing, taste and smell would all impact how stimuli are encoded and will contribute to additional attentional interference (Wolfe & Horowitz, 2004)
Compared with expected changes in memory functioning over the lifespan, pathological conditions such as anterograde amnesia and loss of semantic memory are much more debilitating. Since typically developing memory decline is gradual and centers around past experiences rather than general knowledge, people are often able to adapt to their “forgetfulness” with the assistance of formal and informal compensatory strategies such as more effortful attention, associative learning of new information, making to-do lists, keeping a journal and/or relying on another close individual to fill in missing pieces of stories and events (Dixon et al., 2006)
While typically aging adults may make a to-do list but have to spend time trying to find where they left it, in the case of anterograde amnesia, this sort of strategy would be ineffective. This is because these individuals would have no memory of even making a list since they have lost the ability to form new memories (Squire & Wixted, 2011). People with this condition are likely to become easily confused in social situations involving unfamiliar people since they will not retain any introductory information provided.
Loss of semantic memory would also be more negatively impactful than loss of episodic memory because an individual would lose the ability to make sense of objects in their everyday environment. For example, they make not be able to identify what a television or a toilet is or what each item is used for. As is the case with anterograde amnesia, compensatory strategies that are effective for typical aging memory decline could not be used for semantic memory loss since the individuals would not be able to engage in metamemory cognitions that would enable them to identify their areas of deficit and the most appropriate strategies to address these (Squire & Wixted, 2011). In addition, in both conditions, the individual would require a high level of external support to live safely.
References
Dixon, R. A., Rust, T. B., Feltmate, S. E., & See, S. K. (2007). Memor.
Common Surface-Level Issues for the Informative Essay(Note Thes.docxcargillfilberto
Common Surface-Level Issues for the Informative Essay
(Note: These Surface-Level Issues will be the only grammar/mechanics issues that I will look for in this paper. I will add more in subsequent papers.)
· Have a title! Every written work has a title; yours should be no exception. (The title should be something interesting, and NOT Assignment 1 or Informative Essay!)
· Neither authors nor articles SAY anything (same thing with TALKS ABOUT) – it’s a text. “Anderson argues…” or “Jones believes…” or “Brown states…”
· Always write about the article (or any source you are use) in the present tense. It is a text, which means it always exists in the present. Even if the author is dead, the text is not. This means “Smith notes…” not “Smith noted…”
· The titles of articles belong in quotations marks. Italics are for books and movies.
· Make sure your writing is more formal than your speech – there should be no “I was so freaked out” or “I was totally bummed.” This is a formal essay, so even though it is personal, your writing should reflect formality. Don’t use slang.
· Do not use the word “you” (the second person) in a formal essay. People use it a lot to try to generalize. “You think the Internet is safe, but it’s not.” Instead, you can write, “Many people think the Internet is safe, but it’s not.”
· Avoid using too many rhetorical questions in your essay. A few are fine for effect, but be careful how and why you use them. It is generally not considered a good idea to begin paragraphs with a rhetorical question either.
· Notice how I changed it to, “MANY people think…” rather than, “EVERYONE thinks…” Be careful that you don’t assume too much about what people in general think.
· Introduce all quotes. They should not be their own sentences. (Also a reminder that the first time you introduce a source you need to give that source credibility so it is clear that the source has expert knowledge.)
Grammar/Mechanics Issues:
· Make sure all of the punctuation is correct. One thing to remember is that the quotation marks go right after the quote, not after the in-text citations parentheses.
· Make sure everything is spelled correctly. One thing to look for: there/their/they’re issues as well as to/too/two. Those are the most common, but there are others, of course.
· Subject/verb agreement. This is pretty-straightforward, and means looking for things like, “There is some more of those in the other room.” And, “My brother receive the prize for the best haircut.”
· Sentence fragments/run-on sentences. Make sure that all your sentences. Have a complete thought! Also, make sure they do not have too many thoughts in them because that means that it is a run-on sentence and that means that it can be too confusing for your readers if you include too much in one sentence, so you will want to be sure to break it up. (
Formatting/Documentation Issues
· Make sure the paper is written in 12 point Times New Roman font with 1 inch margins on all sides. .
Commercial Space TravelThere are about a half dozen commercial s.docxcargillfilberto
Commercial Space Travel
There are about a half dozen commercial space entrepreneurs globally today. Pick one of those companies, and then provide a short history of their company, outline their current projects, and describe their future plans for space travel. Describe the biggest obstacles that they will have to overcome to achieve their goals.
Your initial discussion post should be succinct (only about 200–300 words) and include references to your sources.
.
Common sports-relatedshoulder injuriesShoulder pain is.docxcargillfilberto
Common sports-related
shoulder injuries
S
houlder pain is commonly treated in general practice; its causes are often
multi-factorial. The focus of this article is on sports-related shoulder injuries
likely to be seen in the community. This article aims to overview the presen-
tation, assessment and management of these conditions in general practice.
The GP curriculum and common sports-related shoulder injuries
Clinical module 3.20: Care of people with musculoskeletal problems lists the learning objectives required
for a GP to manage common sports-related shoulder injuries in the community or refer for specialist management. In
particular, GPs are expected to be able to:
. Communicate health information effectively to promote better outcomes
. Explore the perceptions, ideas or beliefs the patient has about the condition and whether these may be acting as
barriers to recovery
. Use simple techniques and consistent advice to promote activity in the presence of pain and stiffness
. Agree treatment goals and facilitate supported self-management, particularly around pain, function and physical
activity
. Assess the importance and meaning of the following presenting features:
. pain: nature, location, severity, history of trauma
. variation of symptoms over time
. loss of function – weakness, restricted movement, deformity and disability, ability to perform usual work or
occupation
. Understand that reducing pain and disability rather than achieving a complete cure could be the goal of
treatment
. Understand indications and limitations of plain radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance scans
. Diagnose common, regional soft-tissue problems that can be managed in primary care
. Understand the challenge that many musculoskeletal conditions might be better and more confidently managed
by other healthcare personnel rather than GPs, because most GPs do not gain the necessary treatment skills
during their training
. Refer those conditions which may benefit from early referral to an orthopaedic surgeon
The four most common categories of shoulder pain
seen in primary care are (Mitchell, Adebajo, Hay, &
Carr, 2005):
. Rotator cuff disorders (85% tendinopathy)
. Glenohumeral disorders
. Acromioclavicular joint disease, and
. Referred neck pain.
There are many different types of sports that can cause
acute or chronic shoulder injuries. In professional English
Rugby Union, for example, the most common match
injury is of the acromioclavicular joint (32% overall) and
the most severe injury requiring the longest time off
(mean of 81 days) is shoulder dislocation (Headey,
Brooks, & Kemp, 2007).
Shoulder injuries can also occur in non-contact sports,
such as golf, tennis, swimming and weightlifting.
Although shoulder injuries may be more common in con-
tact sports, the injury may have a larger impact on the
performance of individuals playing non-contact sports.
For example, golfers require very precise manoeuvres
of their dominant.
Common Law Strict Liability Introduction Strict liabilit.docxcargillfilberto
Common Law Strict Liability
Introduction: Strict liability, or liability without fault, is a category of unintentional torts
in which the wrongdoer may be held liable for harm to others even when exercising
utmost care and being as careful as possible. Strict liability applies to (1) abnormally
dangerous activities. Abnormally dangerous activities are those that involve a high risk
of serious harm to persons or property that cannot be completely eliminated even with
reasonable care, such as using and storing explosives, stunt flying, keeping wild
animals, and trespassing livestock.
Product Liability**
Introduction: Product liability, sometimes called strict product liability refers to cases in
which a person is injured by a product, or use of a product because the product is
defective in some way. When a product is defective it may become abnormally
dangerous although the product, when not defective, may be safe.
Please also see Instructor Notes link in week 2 for further details and explanation of
product liability.
**Strict product liability is often confused with the separate common law tort of strict
liability, sometimes referred to as “liability without fault”. Strict liability applies only to a
small category of abnormally dangerous activities, such as use of explosives, fireworks,
and stunt flying. Please see section above.
Warranties and Product Liability
Introduction: A warranty is a promise, or guarantee, by a seller or lessor that certain
facts are true of the goods being sold or leased. Types of warranties include (1)
warranties of title guaranteeing that the goods have clear and valid title, (2) express
warranties promising specific facts about the goods, and (3) implied warranties of
merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. A warranty creates a legal duty for
the seller or lessor; a non-breaching party can recover damages for breach of
warranty(ies). Because warranties are associated with the sale or lease of products,
breach of warranty claims are a part of product liability claims and manufacturers and
sellers of goods can be held liable for breach of warranty for defective products.
Warranties are subject to regulation under the UCC, product liability tort law, contract
law, and the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act.
Product Liability**
Product liability, sometimes called strict product liability refers to cases in which a
person is injured by a product, or use of a product because the product is
defective in some way. When a product is defective it may become abnormally
dangerous although the product, when not defective, may be safe.
Definitions of a Defective Product in Product Liability
Products may become defective because of:
1) defective manufacture (so the product is "broken", not perfectly made, i.e., a product
is manufactured so that the electric wiring is improperly made/attached, etc. and may
cause a fire or cause elect.
Common Core 2
Common Core Comment by Author: this should not be bold
Casey Berry
English / 200
September 5, 2018
Ms. Gaby Maruri
Introduction Comment by Author: this needs to be centered and not in bold; it needs to be the title of your paper Comment by Author:
Common core is a standardized education tool that is being used in almost 43 states of America. It is like an outline that has various benchmarks which need to be completed at the end of each grade so that students can successfully learn. It is like having a check and balance on what the students should learn. The primary aim is to prepare learners of America for college and make sure that they are acquiring various skills. Although some people believe that Common Core has been a great model and useful for education, it is an unnecessary program to have in schools and needs to be eliminated for several reasons. Comment by Author: plural needed
However, this practice is disadvantageous for students as well as teachers because no other material knows better than the teachers about the needs, wants, and goals of the students. Teachers can easily teach their students after analyzing their needs and previous knowledge. Moreover, this tool is unconstitutional as it has been created by the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and the Council of Chief State Officers with help from the Bill and Melissa Gates Foundation not the Department of Education. Comment by Author: choose a different phrase---“outer” is a bit awkward Comment by Author: Comment by Author: Comment by Author: rephrase this---“…can know about the needs, wants, and goals of students better than the classroom teacher.” Comment by Author: missing comma
Common core unconstitutional Comment by Author: needs to be centered; titles should not be complete sentences—think of newspaper titles…they’re fragments
The step to create a tool of education has not been taken by the Department of Education. Instead, it has been established by the National Governors Association and Council of Chief State School Officers with no input from the Department of Education. It means that they have taken the responsibility of making crucial decisions regarding policies of education and the standardized testing system from the authorities of states (Robins, 2013). Comment by Author: article missing---a
what do you mean by “the step to create a tool of education”?? Did the department of education hire the private company who created The Common Core?? Comment by Author: of Comment by Author: the standardized
Common Core not embraced by teachers
After this program was introduced, many teachers, who had been using their styles and methodologies of teaching for many years, had to adapt their methods and had to bring enormous changes to their lesso.
common core state stanDarDs For english Language arts & .docxcargillfilberto
common core state stanDarDs For
english Language arts
&
Literacy in
History/social studies,
science, and technical subjects
appendix B: text exemplars and
sample Performance tasks
Common Core State StandardS for engliSh language artS & literaCy in hiStory/SoCial StudieS, SCienCe, and teChniCal SubjeCtS
a
p
p
e
n
d
ix
b
| 2
exemplars of reading text complexity, Quality, and range
& sample Performance tasks related to core standards
Selecting Text Exemplars
The following text samples primarily serve to exemplify the level of complexity and quality that the Standards require
all students in a given grade band to engage with. Additionally, they are suggestive of the breadth of texts that stu-
dents should encounter in the text types required by the Standards. The choices should serve as useful guideposts in
helping educators select texts of similar complexity, quality, and range for their own classrooms. They expressly do
not represent a partial or complete reading list.
The process of text selection was guided by the following criteria:
• Complexity. Appendix A describes in detail a three-part model of measuring text complexity based on quali-
tative and quantitative indices of inherent text difficulty balanced with educators’ professional judgment in
matching readers and texts in light of particular tasks. In selecting texts to serve as exemplars, the work group
began by soliciting contributions from teachers, educational leaders, and researchers who have experience
working with students in the grades for which the texts have been selected. These contributors were asked to
recommend texts that they or their colleagues have used successfully with students in a given grade band. The
work group made final selections based in part on whether qualitative and quantitative measures indicated
that the recommended texts were of sufficient complexity for the grade band. For those types of texts—par-
ticularly poetry and multimedia sources—for which these measures are not as well suited, professional judg-
ment necessarily played a greater role in selection.
• Quality. While it is possible to have high-complexity texts of low inherent quality, the work group solicited only
texts of recognized value. From the pool of submissions gathered from outside contributors, the work group
selected classic or historically significant texts as well as contemporary works of comparable literary merit,
cultural significance, and rich content.
• Range. After identifying texts of appropriate complexity and quality, the work group applied other criteria to
ensure that the samples presented in each band represented as broad a range of sufficiently complex, high-
quality texts as possible. Among the factors considered were initial publication date, authorship, and subject
matter.
Copyright and Permissions
For those exemplar texts not in the public domain, we secured permissions and in some cases employed a conser-
vative interp.
Common CoreCasey BerryEnglish 200August .docxcargillfilberto
Common Core
Casey Berry
English / 200
August 29, 2018
Ms. Gaby Maruri
Common Core
I) Introduction
A. Common Core is an educational tool that should not be used in our public schools.
B. Common Core is unconstitutional and is a disadvantage for teachers as well as students and their parents.
C. Although some people believe that Common Core has been a great model and useful for education, it is an unnecessary program to have in schools and needs to be eliminated for several reasons.
II) Body
A. Common core is unconstitutional.
· Common Core was not a concept done by the Department of Education (DOE).
· It was created by a company named Achieve, Inc. and released under two private associations, the National Governors Association (NGA) and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO).
· Educational responsibility has been taken away from the states and local districts.
B. Common Core has not been embraced by teachers very well.
· Many teachers have had to adapt their style of teaching to accommodate the Common Core curriculum.
· It only focuses on three specific subjects such as Mathematics.
· Focuses more on “critical thinking” rather than knowledge.
C. It is not beneficial for students and their parents.
· Parents have a difficult time helping their children with homework because they do not understand the methods used to solve the problems.
· Prepares students more for the workforce, rather than college.
III) Refuting Opponents Arguments Comment by Author: You list opposing arguments, but you did not provide refutations.
D. States win more money
· States that implement Common Core have the chance to compete for Race to the Top money and a better chance at a No Child Left Behind Waiver.
E. Prepares students more efficiently
· Students who are taught Common Core are more prepared for college than others.
F. Statewide standards benefit students from other states
· Statewide based school standards allow teachers to assist better students who move frequently and are constantly changing schools.
IV) Conclusion
G. While for some Common Core is a success, it is still a nuisance that needs to be eliminated. It takes rights away from teachers, parents and schools.
H. A Disaster For Libraries, a disaster for Language Arts, a Disaster for American Education. Comment by Author: Not sure how this will play out, but just be sure that this does not present itself as new information. Comment by Author: Comment by Author:
I. Finally, there is no evidence that having national standards and increasing testing have improved student learning in the past.
References
Shanahan, T. (2015). COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS. Elementary School Journal, 115(4), 464-479.
I believe that this reference is justified and appropriate because the entire book covers the standards and meat of the common core curriculum. It is broad and general to help readers with little to no knowledge on the topic.
Robbins, J. (2013). Uncommonly bad. Ac.
Common Holy Days in Jewish Religious TraditionsComplete th.docxcargillfilberto
Common Holy Days in Jewish Religious Traditions
Complete
the table below with information about Jewish holy days. Identify at least seven Jewish religious holy days and place each holy day in the correct season (time of year). Provide a brief explanation of each holy day you identified.
Note
: An example has been provided. You may add additional rows or move the text fields to different locations within the table as needed.
Fall
(September – November)
Winter
(December – February)
Spring
(March – May)
Summer
(June – August)
Enter text.
Example:
Hanukkah
Hanukkah is an 8 day-long Festival of Lights. It is a celebration of the victory of the Maccabees over the armies of Syria, as well as the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem.
Enter text.
Enter text.
Enter text.
Enter text.
Enter text.
Enter text.
Part 2: Major Sects of Judaism
Select
three major sects of Judaism to compare and contrast. Identify them in the table below.
Sect of Judaism
Enter text.
Sect of Judaism
Enter text.
Sect of Judaism
Enter text.
In the table below,
list
at least two similarities and two differences among the sects of Judaism you selected.
Similarities
Differences
Enter text.
Enter text.
Part 3: Summary
Write
a 525- to 700-word summary that includes the following:
· A description of the life and importance of one key person in Jewish history
· An explanation of one key event in the history of Judaism that is connected to that person
· A description of any rituals, symbols, or sacred texts in Judaism associated with this event or person
· Brief explanation of Jewish ethics
Summary
Enter text.
Include
references formatted according to APA guidelines.
References
Enter text.
.
Common Hacking Techniques You Should Know AboutHacking is th.docxcargillfilberto
Common Hacking Techniques You Should Know About
Hacking
is the process of gaining unauthorized access into a computer system, or group of computer systems. This is done through cracking of passwords and codes which gives access to the systems.
Discussion/Research Questions
What are the best ways to guard against hacking attacks?
List one of the biggest (known) hacks of all time and provide a few details related to this incident
.
Common Pool Resource ManagementKim Townsend SUS 350 Sustai.docxcargillfilberto
Common Pool Resource Management
Kim Townsend
SUS 350 Sustainable Communities
Key Features of Common Pool Resources
Goods that are difficult or costly to exclude users from
Subtractability-use of a resource by one person means it is not available to another
Core resource-a measure of the stock which must be retained to provide non-declining future stock
Fringe units-extractable units where availability is a function of the relative productivity of the core resource and rate of harvest
Marine Fisheries CPR Example
Used by multiple individuals through time and at the same time.
Subtractable—over-fishing reduces availability of stock for other users.
Core—total number of fish in a specific population required to sustain the population through time.
Fringe—number of fish that can be harvested without reducing the ability of the population to sustain itself through time.
Water
Subtractability-use of a resource by one person means it is not available to another
Core?
Fringe?
We must consider both quantity and quality of water in a system
Why is water quantity/quality important?
The Tragedy of the Commons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYA1y405JW0
Narrative created by Garrett Harden, a renowned ecologist, in a 1968 Nature paper
Is this model too simplistic? Which assumptions can be questioned?
Elinor Ostrom: Sustainable Development
and the Tragedy of the Commons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByXM47Ri1Kc
Elinor "Lin" Ostrom (born Elinor Claire Awan;[2] August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American political economist[3][4][5] whose work was associated with the New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy.[6] In 2009, she shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson for "her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons".[7] To date, she remains the only woman to win The Prize in Economics.
7
Elinor Ostrom’s Cooperative Management Conditions
Dr. Ostrom studied thousands of locally self-governed CPR systems all around the world
to determine what the sustainable systems had in common, and what the failures had in common.
Ostrom developed a set of design principles associated with sustainable local community governance of small-scale CPRs.
Ostrom’s Cooperative Management Conditions (1/2)
Clearly defined boundaries
Who gets access, who doesn’t
Resource boundaries
Congruence
Costs ≈ Benefits of cooperating
Appropriation rules are fair and sensible, locale-specific
Argues against “one rule system fits all” approach.
Collective-choice arrangements
Most individuals affected have a voice in changing the rules
Monitoring
Monitors are the cooperative members
Ostrom’s Cooperative Management Conditions (2/2)
Graduated sanctions
Punishment scaled to the offence
Sanctions administered by the cooperative
Conflict-resolution mechanisms
Access to low-cost, rapid, local way to resolve conflicts
Recognition of Rights to Organize
Community’s right t.
Common Assignment Prepare a written analysis of the impact of the.docxcargillfilberto
Common Assignment:
Prepare a written analysis of the impact of the 4th, 5th, 6
th
8
th
and the 14th Amendments to the US Constitution in processing offenders through the criminal justice system. Explain the concept of due process as applied to the U.S. Constitution.
What due process rights are contained in the US Constitution? Give examples.
What is procedural due process and why does it exist?
Do you think any of these rights should be revoked at any time? Which ones?
What made you choose those?
To what extent does procedural due process hinders or strengthens the criminal justice system?
.
Common Assignment Essay Objective of this Assignment.docxcargillfilberto
Common Assignment Essay
Objective of this Assignment: This assignment will be used to evaluate student progress on the
course learning objectives. The assignment will be uploaded as a file on Blackboard.
Instructions: Students will follow the process outlined below to guide them in the development of a
comparative essay. The essay should be approximately 700-1000 words, and should include
footnotes.
➢ Step One: Essay Purpose / Relevance / The Task of a Historian
o Purpose: Students should consider why the topic of memorializing the Mexican
American War is a contemporary problem facing historians.
o Task of a Historian: Your work should clearly communicate the purpose of public history
sites (museums / battlegrounds / memorials), the current struggle between art and truth,
the reasons why this event has been ignored by previous generations / administrations,
and the societal impact of neglecting a major historic event.
o Relevance: Your work should consider the current facilities and public history sites
dedicated to honoring this event and its participants, as well as the funding and
supporters associated with those sites. (At a minimum you should examine the facilities
in Texas, however, there are links provided to steer you to other state /federal facilities).
Furthermore, you should consider the message provided at those sites / exhibits and
whether this message is satisfactory given the mission of public historians.
o You may copy and paste sections of your source analysis from the previous essay, just
pay attention to flow and be sure to utilize footnotes.
➢ Step Two: You must use these two sources. Read these first so you can understand the war,
and how it has or has not been remembered.
o REQUIRED SOURCE--"1848/1898: Memorial Day, Places of Memory, and Imperial
Amnesia" by Amy Greenberg in JSTOR
o REQUIRED SOURCE--"The Annexation of Texas and the Mexican War" by Z.T.
Fulmore in JSTOR
➢ Step Three: Study the information on current Mexican American War exhibits, battlegrounds,
monuments, dedications, etc. I have organized the suggested resources, emphasizing Texas
sites in the highly suggested category.
o Highly Suggested Sources:
▪ Palo Alto Battlegrounds: https://www.nps.gov/paal/learn/historyculture/places.htm
▪ Brazos Veteran’s Park: http://www.bvvm.org/photos/
▪ Mexican American War Exhibit for BVVM: https://www.theeagle.com/news/local/new-
memorial-at-veterans-park-honors-marines-valor-at-the/article_7b08cdbb-5899-5a12-
bdcd-014ebd3514fc.html
▪ Capitol 360 View of Mexican American War acknowledgement:
https://tspb.texas.gov/prop/tc/tc-spaces/spaces09.html
▪ Capitol Monuments: https://tspb.texas.gov/prop/tcg/tcg-monuments/index.html
o Potentially Useful Sources:
https://www.nps.gov/paal/learn/historyculture/places.htm
http://www.bvvm.org/photos/
https://www.theeagle.com/news/local/new-memorial-at-veterans-park-honors-marines-va.
Committees1. To provide for greater transparency in the HU.docxcargillfilberto
Committees
1. To provide for greater transparency in the HUD–VASH supported housing program for homeless
veterans, and for other purposes.
2. Representative Scott H. Peters. House and Senate committees: Energy and Commerce, Ways and
Means, Judiciary, Oversight and Government Reform, Education and the Workforce, Senate Committee,
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Veterans' Affairs, Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions,
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Energy and Natural Resources.
3. N/A no committee report
4. H.R.7022 — 115th Congress (2017-2018)
Homes for Our Heroes Act of 2018
Sponsor: Representative Scott H. Peters Committees: House - Financial Services, Veterans' Affairs
Committee Reports: N/A
Latest Action: House 10/02/2018: Referred to the Committee on Financial Services, and in addition to
the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each
case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned.
Tracker: introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
1. Introduced
Members
1. To authorize the Department of Energy to conduct collaborative research with the Department of
Veterans Affairs in order to improve healthcare services for veterans in the United States, and for other
purposes.
2. Representative Ralph Norman. Both House and senate committees: Judiciary, Ways and Means,
Energy and Commerce, Education and the Workforce, Oversight and Government Reform, Financial
Services, Foreign Affairs, Natural Resources, Rules, Armed Services, Science, Space, and Technology,
Transportation and, Infrastructure, Agriculture, Budget, House Administration, Homeland Security, Small
Business, Veterans' Affairs, Appropriations, Intelligence, Ethics, Senate Committee, Judiciary, Banking,
Housing, and Urban Affairs, Energy and Natural Resources, Homeland Security and Governmental
Affairs, Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, Armed Services, Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
Environment and Public Works, Finance, Foreign Relations, Small Business and Entrepreneurship, and
Veterans' Affairs.
3. The committee’s favorability is to recommend that the bill as amended do pass.
4. H.R.6398 — 115th Congress (2017-2018)
Department of Energy Veterans' Health Initiative Act
Sponsor: Rep. Norman, Ralph [R-SC-5]
Committees: House - Science, Space, and Technology, Veterans' Affairs | Senate - Energy and Natural
Resources
Committee Reports: https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/115th-congress/house-
report/974/1?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.6398%22%5D%7D&r=1
Latest Action: Senate - 09/26/2018 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
Tracker: Passed House.
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
1. Introduced
2. Passed House
CLASS EXERCISE #2
THE STATUS OF BILLS IN CONGRESS
Go to: http://thomas.loc.gov/ and become familiar.
Commitment to ProfessionalismCommitment to Professionalism..docxcargillfilberto
Commitment to Professionalism
Commitment to Professionalism.
Due by Day 7
. As leaders in early childhood education we are in the unique position of creating partnerships with the community, organizations, and local government in an effort to promote the needs of the children we are serving. Through a program’s daily operation, we are witnesses to the specific issues that are facing the children, families, and community in which we work. When we highlight and broadcast these issues and advocate for a community’s needs, we are also advocating for increased awareness of the value and professionalism of the field of early childhood education. When we participate in advocating in our field we are further demonstrating that we are professionals that deserve to be valued and respected.
After reading the week’s text, write a reflection in two parts:
Part I
Identify the focus of your advocacy efforts and give an example of an issue you would like to address as an advocate.
Identify one individual or group (local policy maker, state-level legislator, corporate leader, etc.) that you can contact for support of your issue and provide a rationale for choosing this individual/group.
Describe the strategies you would use to gain the support needed for this issue through individual advocacy.
Describe the strategies you would use to attract the support needed for this issue through collective advocacy.
Create two talking points (as discussed in Chapter 13) using one
concrete example
(refer to key term in chapter reading for precise definition) for each point to demonstrate the importance of the issue.
These talking points should be appropriate to use when talking to legislators or the media about the issue for which you are advocating.
Part II
Create a Commitment to the Profession Statement. Remember, this is a draft that will continually be revised and modified as new information is acquired. Address the following:
Describe how you will advocate on behalf of young children, their families, and the profession.
Describe how you will support the development of future practitioners and leaders in the field.
Refer to Figure 13.1 “A Professional Continuum” and describe how your efforts will support the field away from
unskilled workers
and toward
paradigm professionals
.
The Commitment to Professionalism paper
Must be at least two double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)
.
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Use the text and two outside sources to support your responses.
The
Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.)
table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific so.
Comment Commentonat least 3 Classmates’Posts (approximately 150.docxcargillfilberto
Comment
Commentonat least 3 Classmates’Posts (approximately 150 -300 words each)§
- comment must address the R2R prompt and your classmate’s response substantively; if you agree or disagree, provide reasoning and rational evidence from the readings to support your position
- build on the ideas of what your classmate has written and dig deeper into the ideas
- support your views through research you have read or through your personal and/or professional experiences§demonstrate a logical progression of ideas
- comments need to be thoughtful and substantive; not gratuitous comments like “this was a good post” or simply that “you agree”. Simply congratulating the writer on their astute insights is insufficient.
- cite the readings in your response by using proper APA Style format and conventions.
classmate 1
Pragmatism is defined as a philosophical approach in which experience is the fundamental concept. Radu explains that in pragmatism, each experience is based on the interaction between subject and object, between self and its world and represents only the result of the integration of human beings into the environment (Radu, 2011). All in all, pragmatism promotes activity based learning. Pragmatism relates to Dewey’s work in many ways. The most significant being its rejection of traditional learning, and its emphasis on solving problems in a sensible way that suits conditions that really exist rather than obeying fixed theories, ideas, or rules (Cambridge, 2016).
Progressivism is a philosophical concept belonging to ‘new education’, is ‘a Copernican revolution’ in pedagogy, promoting ‘a child-centered school’ (Radu, 2011). Radu states that Dewey’s pedagogic view is not based on his philosophical concept, but al on the social, economic and cultural realities of American society (pg. 87). Progressivism is featured around the learning capacity continuing into adulthood; Dewey called this “permanent education”. Learning is done by doing; this is because Dewey believed authentic knowledge is achieved only through direct experience. Although Dewey though some target methods were necessary when teaching, he did not believe in teachers being forced to stick to routines (Radu 2011). This idea leads to the problem-problem solving method which in short states that in order to solve problem, an individual must: define the problem, analyze the problem, determine possible solutions, propose solutions, evaluate and select a solution, and determine strategies to implement solution. The progressive theory encourages learning through discovery, this allows the learner to acquire knowledge through interest, rather than effort.
Ragu also states that there are reactions against Dewey’s progressive education. Perennialism says that permanence is the fundamental feature of the world; not change. School is intended to promote the permanent values of the past and present. Essentialists believed the main purpose of school was to prepare th.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
COMMON ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF INDIVIDUALSBA 354COLLEG.docx
1. COMMON ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF INDIVIDUALS
BA 354
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
1
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE “GIVING VOICE TO VALUES”
APPROACH:
Ethical dilemmas at work are common, not rare.
You have values that you want to live up to.
There are many ways that you can voice your values.
Practicing ahead of time will help you to be more effective.
2. 2
THE POWER OF FAIRNESS
The example of grades
Equity
Reciprocity
Impartiality
3
Discrimination
Unequal treatment based on one’s race, gender, ethnicity,
national origin, religion, age, disability, etc.
Standard for hiring, promotions, etc., should be the ability to do
a job
3. +
4
Have you ever experienced discrimination?
What could you have done about it?
Why is discrimination an ethical issue?
DISCRIMINATION
5
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
Objectivity is compromised by possibility of financial or other
gains.
4. Gifts or bribes
Access to resources such as privileged information
Relationships or Influence
6
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
7
Conflict of Interest
Your daughter is applying to a prestigious university. Since
admission to the school is difficult, your daughter has planned
the process carefully. She has consistently achieved high marks,
taken preparatory courses for entrance exams, and has
participated in various extracurricular activities. When you tell
one of your best customers about her activities, he offers to
write her a letter of recommendation. He's an alumnus of the
school and is one of its most active fund raisers. Although he's
a customer, you also regularly play golf together and your
families have socialized together on occasion.
8
5. CUSTOMER CONFIDENCE
Includes such issues as
Confidentiality
Product safety
Truth in advertising
Fiduciary responsibilities
9
Confidentiality
You work for a consulting company in Atlanta. Your team has
recently completed an analysis of Big Co. including sales
projections for the next five years. You're working late one
night when you receive a call from an executive vice president
at Big Co. in Los Angeles, who asks you to immediately fax her
a summary of your team's report. When you locate the report,
you discover that your team leader has stamped "For internal
use only" on the report cover. Your team leader is on a hiking
vacation and you know it would be impossible to locate him.
Big Co. has a long-standing relationship with your company and
has paid substantial fees for your company's services.
6. 10
Product Safety
You’re the head of marketing for a small pharmaceutical
company that has just discovered a very promising drug for the
treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. You have spent months
designing a marketing campaign which contains printed
materials and medication sample kits for distribution to almost
every family physician and gerontologist in the country. As the
materials are being loaded into cartons for delivery to your
company’s representatives, your assistant tells you that she has
noticed a typographical error in the literature that could mislead
physicians and their patients. In the section that discusses side
effects, diarrhea and gastrointestinal problems are listed as
having a probability of 2 percent. It should have read 20
percent. This error appears on virtually every piece of the
literature and kits, and ads containing the mistake are already
on press in several consumer magazines.
11
Fiduciary responsibility
Imagine that your financial firm is offering a new issue--a
corporate bond with an expected yield of 4–4.5%. In the past,
offerings like this one have generally been good investments for
clients, and you have sold the issue to dozens of large and small
clients. You're leaving on a two-week vacation and only have a
7. few hours left in the office, when your firm announces that the
yield for the bond has been reduced; the high end will now be
no more than 4%. The last day of the issue will be next week,
while you're away on vacation. What should you do?
12
Fiduciary responsibility
For 12 years, you’ve been the financial advisor for an elderly
man in his late 70s who is an active investor of his own
portfolio and for a trust which will benefit his two children. In
the last few months, you’ve noticed a subtle, yet marked change
in his behavior. He has become increasingly forgetful, has
become uncharacteristically argumentative, and seems to have
difficulty understanding some very basic aspects of his
transactions. He has asked you to invest a sizable portion of his
portfolio and the trust in what you consider to be a very risky
bond offering. You are frank about your misgivings. He blasts
you and says that if you don’t buy the bonds, he’ll take his
business elsewhere.
13
8. COMPENSATION ISSUES
Fair wages for honest work
Pay equity (by gender, race, etc.)
“The Dash wonders whether voluntarily surrendering that kind
of money is the second costly knee-jerk decision of Andersen’s
career. The first was leaving Wisconsin…”
https://sports.yahoo.com/gary-andersens-abrupt-bizarre-break-
oregon-state-isnt-first-head-scratcher-career-215015127.html
“Complicating matters is another clause in Pitino's contract that
could mean the school is still on the hook to pay the coach the
$44 million still left on the deal.”
http://www.businessinsider.com/rick-pitino-contract-louisville-
44-million-2017-10
14
USE OF CORPORATE RESOURCES
Includes such issues as
Corporate reputation
Financial resources
9. Providing honest information
15
BLOWING THE WHISTLE AT WORK
Things to consider:
Should be viewed as a last resort
Be willing to pay a price for it
Make sure your intentions are good
Think about timing
16
Blowing the whistle
A long-time customer approaches you for financing for a new
business venture. The customer offers as collateral a piece of
property it has purchased in a rural location for the purpose of
building a housing development. You send an appraiser to the
property and he accidentally discovers that this property holds
10. toxic waste. You’re sure this customer is unaware of the waste;
in fact, the waste is migrating and in a few years will invade the
water table under a nearby farmer’s fields. You explain the
situation to your manager, who naturally instructs you to refuse
to accept the property as collateral, but he also forbids you to
mention the toxic waste to the customer. “Let them find out
about it themselves,” he says. Do you alert the customer to the
toxic waste? Do you alert government regulators?
17
How to Blow the Whistle
Approach your immediate manager first
Discuss the issue with your family
Take it to the next level
Contact your company’s ethics officer
Consider going outside of your chain of command
Go outside of the company
Leave the company
18
Part 3 of your Personal Ethical Action Plan
19
Describe your personal professional purpose.
Answer each of the Questions of Personal Purpose from the
11. “Key Self-Assessment Questions” in the Giving Voice to Values
book pg. 116. in your appendix for your reference.
Once you have considered each of these questions, craft a brief
but clear statement of professional purpose.
Then, describe this purpose in greater detail by including your
responses to each of the personal purpose questions. Do not
include the questions in Q&A format, but utilize paragraphs to
answer them in a way that integrates well with the rest of the
paper.
20
What are your personal goals? Your professional goals?
What is your personal purpose for your business career?
What impact do you want to have through your work? On
whom?
How do you define your impact as an auditor, investor,
manager, product developer, marketer, senior executive and so
on?
Whom do you want to know you benefited, and in what ways?
What do you hope to accomplish?
What will make your professional life worthwhile?
How do you want to feel about yourself and your work, both
while you are doing it and in the end?
Questions of Personal Purpose
12. 21
“JUST THIS ONCE…”
Don’t fall for “just this once” logic. It never stops at once.
Life is often an unending stream of extenuating circumstances.
“It’s easier to hold to your principles 100% of the time than to
hold to them 98% of the time.”
-Clayton Christensen, Harvard Business School
22
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING AND ACTION
BA 354
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
*
13. +
The Relationship between Ethical
Awareness, Judgment, and Action
Ethical Judgment
Ethical Awareness
Ethical Action
*
+
Case
You’ve just started a new job in the financial services industry.
One afternoon, your manager tells you that he has to leave early
to attend his son’s softball game, and he asks you to be on the
lookout for an important check that his boss wants signed
before the end of the day. He tells you to do him a favor—
simply sign his name and forward the check to his boss.
Is this an ethical issue?
What might influence whether you see this as an ethical issue or
not?
*
14. Cognitive Moral Development
Level I (Preconventional)
Stage 1 – Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2 – Instrumental Purpose and Exchange
Level II (Conventional)
Stage 3 - Interpersonal Accord - Conformity – Mutual
Expectations
Stage 4 – System Maintenance - Upholding duties, laws
Level III (Postconventional or Principled)
Stage 5 – Social contract and individual rights
Stage 6 - Theoretical stage only
*
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
*
+
Let’s Look at a Case:
Evelyn worked for an automotive steel casting company. She
was part of a small group asked to investigate the cause of an
operating problem that had developed in the wheel castings of a
new luxury automobile and to make recommendations for its
improvement. The problem did not directly create an unsafe
condition, but it did lead to irritating sounds. The vice-president
of engineering told the group that he was certain that the
problem was due to tensile stress in the castings. Evelyn and a
15. lab technician conducted tests and found conclusive evidence
that the problem was not tensile stress. As Evelyn began work
on other possible explanations of the problem, she was told that
the problem had been solved. A report prepared by Evelyn’s
boss strongly supported the tensile stress hypothesis. All of the
data points from Evelyn’s experiments had been changed to fit
the curves, and some of the points that were far from where the
theory would predict had been omitted. The report “proved” that
tensile stress was responsible for the problem.
*
What should Evelyn do in each stage?Level I
(Preconventional)Stage 1 – Obedience and Punishment
OrientationStage 2 – Instrumental Purpose and Exchange -
RewardsLevel II (Conventional)Stage 3 - Interpersonal Accord
- Conformity – Mutual Expectations – Pleasing OthersStage 4 –
System Maintenance - Upholding rules, duties, lawsLevel III
(Postconventional or Principled)Stage 5 – Social order and
harmonyStage 6 - Theoretical stage –Universal moral principles
that a person adopts
*
60 Minutes: Origins of Morality
*
16. What did you learn from the 60 Minutes video about the
development of morality and ethics?Babies come “hard-wired”
with certain values: justice, fairness, etc.They show a tendency
to prefer others who are more similar to them.When young they
show strong tendencies toward the self, but with age they learn
to cooperate with others.
*
Mental shortcutsHeuristicsMental ModelsScripts
*
Understanding mental scripts
Type 1 Thinking
17. Type 2 Thinking
*
PSYCHOLOGICAL BIASES
Over-confidence biasConfirmation biasReduction of
consequencesSelf biasOptimism biasIllusion of
controlEscalation of commitmentIllusion of morality or
superiority
*
Individual factors the contribute to our ethical judgment and
action:
Decision-making style: idealism vs. relativismLocus of
controlMachiavellianismMoral disengagement
Our embedded learning about the value of our natural
environment may be eroding as much of modern life is spent in
isolation from the natural world.Disconnection from our natural
world may be contributing to our planet’s destruction.5,6,7
18. 5=Howard, 1997
6=Schultz, Shriver, Tabanico, & Khazian, 2004
7=Nisbet, Zelenski, & Murphy, 2009
*
The Cost to Society of Dying in a Pinto
(in 1971 dollars) equals…
$200,000
The benefit and cost of an $11 safety improvement would have
been:
benefit = $49.5 million
cost = $137.5 million
*
Milton Friedman: The value of a human life debate
19. How do you feel about the way Ford assigned monetary value to
human life?
What explanation did Prof. Gioia give for his failure to act on
his values?
“I had not internalized a script for applying my values in a
pragmatic business context.”
*
Advice from Prof. Gioia
-Develop your ethical base now!
-Recognize that you are a victim of your own cognitive
structuring.
-Learn to recognize ethical dilemmas.
-Be aware of how strongly and subtly your job context
influences you.
-Be prepared for responsibility early on.
*
20. Getting to work on the
Personal Ethical Action Plan:
Video Link
Story One:
Recall a time in your work experience when your values
conflicted with what you were asked to do regarding a non
trivial management decision and you spoke up and tried to
resolve the conflict in a way that was consistent to your values.
Describe the situation briefly and then answer the following
questions:
What did you do and what was the impact?What motivated you
to speak up and act?How satisfied are you ?How would you like
to have responded?What would have made it easier for you to
speak and act? Things within your control? Things within the
control of others?
*
Story Two:
Recall a time in your work experience when your values
conflicted with what you were asked to do regarding a non
trivial management decision and you did not speak up and did
not try to resolve the conflict in a way that was consistent to
your values.
Describe the situation briefly and then answer the questions:
21. What happened?
Why didn’t you speak up and act? What would have motivated
you to do so?
How satisfied are you? How would you like to have responded?
What would have made it easier for you to speak and act?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
22. *
*
*
*
*
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND CULTURE
BA 354
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
*
WHAT IS LEADERSHIP?
Take a moment to write down a definition of leadership.
*
23. Leadership isn’t about titles
Influence as a result of what others think of you
Leadership
Influence as a result of your job title
“Because I am your boss, that’s why!”
*
WHAT IS CULTURE?
*
Organizational CultureThe shared beliefs, values and
assumptions that exist in an organization.Represents a true “way
of life” for organizational members.Tends to be fairly stable
over time.Involves matters internal or external to the
organization.Impacts on both organizational performance and
member satisfaction.
*
24. What is ethical culture?Ethical culture is a slice of the overall
organizational culture that deals with morals, values, and
ethics.Some organizations have highly unethical cultures while
others are highly ethical. Most organizations fall somewhere in
between.
*
The Culture at Apple
*
What are the dangers of valuing secrecy?
*
Microsoft vs. Netscape
*
25. How is the Bill Gates portrayed in this video different than the
way we perceive of Bill Gates today?
*
How Organizational Cultures Form
Organizational Structure
*
How Employees Learn Culture
Informal mechanismsStories and mythsRole models and
heroesRitualsMaterial SymbolsLanguage
Identify one of the above mechanisms that you have seen in an
organization (university, business, church, etc.) that served as a
way to teach the culture of the organization.
Organizational Structure
*
How Employees Learn (Ethical) Culture
Formal mechanismsSelection-Interview questions, personality
tests.Values and Mission Statements-do they live them?Policies
26. and Codes-are they taught and followed?Orientation and
Training Programs-Is ethics part of it?Performance Management
Systems-Alignment is keyOrganizational Structure-bureaucracy,
responsibility, reportingDecision making processes-numbers
only, burden of proof
*
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP:
THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY.
*
THE GOOD…
*
*
27. What do you think of what Aaron Feuerstein did?
What would you think of it if you were a shareholder of his
company?
*
THE BAD…
*
How did this happen at BP?
Discuss evidence for the disconnect between BPs reputation and
their actions prior to the spill.
Why did this disconnect exist?
What can organizations do to make their values an important
part of the organization?
28. *
Concluding thoughts on BP?
Tradeoff mentality: Ethics OR Financial Performance
-Numerous empirical studies have shown they have a POSITIVE
relationship.
Long-term versus short-term thinking: Compromised safety in
the future to save a few $ now.
-Updating of the safety devices would have cost $150k. Instead
they are spending 10s of billions to clean up the mess.
Image above authenticity: Winning awards for “being green”
was more important than actually doing it.
-In 2005 Greenpeace awarded the CEO Lord John Browne with
‘best impersonation of an environmentalist” award. He was
asked to resign in 2007.
*
THE UGLY…
“CHAINSAW” AL DUNLAP, FORMER CEO OF SUNBEAM
29. *
In Conclusion……
*
“Somebody once said that in looking for people to hire, you
look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence, and energy. And
if they don’t have the first, the other two will kill you. You
think about it; it’s true. If you hire somebody without the first,
you really want them to be dumb and lazy.”
-Warren Buffett
*
Part 4 of your Personal Ethical Action Plan
*
30. Give Voice to Value Part 4
Write a self-story that allows you to align what you think is
right with who you already think you are. Your self-story
should be broad enough that it could be used in a variety of
situations where your morality or ethics are challenged.
One of two forms: a description of a particularly vivid past
experience that cemented within you a firm desire to follow
your values or a description of the source of your values that
helps explain why they are so important to you.
ETHICS AND YOU
BA 354
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
What is an Ethical Dilemma?
A situation where values are in conflict
Two or more values you hold dear - or –
A personal value conflicts with an organizational value
31. *
The Layoff
You’re the plant manager in one of ABC Company’s five plants.
You’ve worked for the company for 15 years, working your way
up from the factory floor after the company sent you to college.
Your boss just told you in complete confidence that the
company will have to lay off 200 workers. Luckily, your job
won’t be affected. But a rumor is circulating in the plant, and
one of your workers (an old friend who now works for you) asks
the question. “Well, Pat, what’s the word? Is the plant
closing? Am I going to lose my job? The closing on our new
house is scheduled for next week. I need to know.”
What will you say?
*
Consequentialist Analysis
Bottom line = action that produces the greatest good for the
greatest number of people, for society overall!
StakeholderTell - HarmsTell - BenefitsDon’t Tell - HarmsDon’t
Tell - Benefits#1#2#3#4
….etc.
32. Prescriptive Approaches
3 Common Ethical PhilosphiesFocus on consequences
(consequentialist theories)Focus on duties, obligations,
principles (deontological theories)Focus on integrity (virtue
ethics)
*
Focus on Consequences
(Consequentialist Theories)
Utilitarianism - best known consequentialist theoryIdentify
alternative actions and consequences to stakeholdersBest
decision yields greatest net benefits to societyWorst decision
yields greatest net harms to society
*
Focus on consequences – classic Trolley example
A runaway trolley is hurtling down the tracks toward 5 people
who will be killed if it proceeds on its present course. You can
save these 5 by diverting the trolley onto a different set of
tracks, one that has only 1 person on it, but if you do this that
person will be killed.
Should you turn the trolley to prevent 5 deaths at the cost of
1?
33. Focus on consequences – classic Trolley example
Now you have the same situation as before; the trolley is headed
toward the five workers on the track. But this time there is a
bridge and a fat man standing on this bridge. If you push the
man over he would stop the trolley.
Would you push the man to save the five on the track?
*
Self driving car scenario:
What would a self driving car do in the trolley situation:
Sacrifice one to save many or do everything to keep its
passenger safe.
Christoph von Hugo a Mercedes senior safety manager, made
statement to protect the person in the car in this type of
scenario.
Received a lot of backlash!
*
Consequentialist QuestionsCan I indentify all the
stakeholders?Immediate, distant?What are the potential actions
I could take?What are the harms and benefits for stakeholders
34. given potential decisions/actions? What decision will produce
the most benefit (and least harm) for the greatest number of
people, and for society at large?
Focus on Consequences
(Consequentialist Theories)AdvantagesPracticalAlready
underlies business thinkingChallengesDifficult to evaluate all
consequencesRights of minorities can be sacrificed
Focus on Duties, Obligations, Principles (Deontological
Theories)Decisions based upon abstract universal principles:
honesty, promise-keeping, fairness, rights, justice, respectFocus
on doing what’s “right” (consistent with these principles) rather
than doing what will maximize societal welfare (as in
utilitarianism)
*
Deontological Questions
Which values or principles apply?
Which are most important and why?
What are my ethical duties, obligations?
Have I treated others as I would want to be treated? (Golden
Rule)
Have I assumed that the other(s) is ethical and responsible?
If everyone behaved this way, would that be acceptable?
Would I want to live in that world? (Kant’s categorical
imperative)
35. *
Focus on Duties, Obligations, Principles (Deontological
Theories)AdvantagesRights approach found in public policy
debates (e.g., abortion)ChallengesDetermining rule, principle,
or right to follow: ex. Golden rule, Kant’s maximDeciding
which takes precedenceReconciling deontological and
consequentialist approaches when they conflict
What would deontology and utilitarianism demand in each
scenario?
*
A Drug Study
A number of physicians are recruited to participate in a large-
scale, multi- center study to investigate the survival rates of
breast cancer victims who are being treated with a new drug.
Strict rules are developed regarding inclusion of patients in the
study. Only those who have had surgery within the last three
months can be included. Dr. Smith has a patient who hears
about the study and wants very much to participate. Dr. Smith
thinks the drug could help this patient.
Taking the utilitarian approach what should he do?
Taking the deontological approach what should he do?
36. *
Deontology vs Utilitarianism
The Burning Building
Assume you approach a burning building and hear voices
coming from both ends, each seeking help. Assume the fire is
burning so rapidly you only have time to go to one or the other
end of the building. Initially, you hear multiple voices at one
end and a sole voice at the other end. Which way do you go?
Why? Now include some additional information. The sole voice
is that of your daughter (father, mother, etc.). Or, the sole voice
is that of a Nobel laureate who is close to finding a cure for
cancer? Do you still choose to go to the end with multiple
voices (will that even do the greatest good for society)? What
will the different approaches advise? What will you do?
Focus on Integrity
(Virtue Ethics)Focus on integrity of moral actor rather than the
act
Considers character, motivations, intentions
Need to identify relevant community
*
37. Virtue Ethics Questions
What does it mean to be a person of integrity in this situation,
profession, etc.?
What ethical community would hold me to the highest ethical
standards?
Do carefully developed community standards exist?
What would the broader community think if this were
disclosed? New York Times test?
What would my “harshest moral critic” expect me to do?
What would my “ethical role model” expect?
What do I want my professional reputation to be?
*
Focus on Integrity
(Virtue Ethics)AdvantagesCan rely upon community
standardsChallengesLimited agreement about community
standardsMany communities haven’t done this kind of
thinkingCommunity may be wrong
Nine Steps to Ethical Decision Making in BusinessGet the
facts.Define the ethical issuesIdentify the stakeholdersIdentify
possible courses of action to resolve the dilemma.Identify
consequences associated with each contemplated action.Identify
duties and obligations.Consider your integrity.Think creatively
about other possible solutionsCheck your gut.
38. *
Practical Preventive Medicine
(When Asked to Make a Snap Decision) Pay attention to your
gut Ask for time Find out about organizational policy Ask
manager or peers for advice Use New York Times test
(disclosure rule)
Getting to work on the
Personal Ethical Action Plan:
*
*
Another values exploration exercise…Think of five people
(living or dead) that you most admire. Write their names
down.Then, next to each of their names, list five attributes that
come to mind when you think of that person.Now, review your
list (you should have 25 attributes listed). The attributes that
came up most often can be viewed as your core values.If you
39. live in harmony with these values you are living with integrity.
If you live on conflict with these values you will likely be
unfulfilled and unhappy.
*
The Cost to Society of Dying in a Pinto
(in 1971 dollars) equals…
$200,000
The benefit and cost of an $11 safety improvement would have
been:
benefit = $49.5 million
cost = $137 million
*
In your group record some of the main facts of this case:
include information about the development of the Ford
PintoFord’s leadership at the time the problem with the Pinto’s
gas tank the potential fix they identified the financial analysis
Ford conductedthe decision they madeany other pertinent
information that you feel is noteworthy regarding the case
*
41. +
Financial Disaster 2008
*
Shadow Financial Market
-- Credit Default Swaps
- Securitized Mortgages (“slice & dice”)
- Hedge Funds
Subprime Mortgages
-- “Liar” Loans
-- No $ down, no income verification
-- Consumers bought more than they could afford
Regulatory Climate
-- Glass-Steagall Act repealed
-- Debt regulations for banks eased
-- “Markets can self-regulate”
-- Revolving door between regulators and companies
-- “Government is the problem”
Incentives
-- Big rewards for short-term thinking for companies and
individuals
Direct Causes
Contributing Factors
“Herd Mentality”
- Wall Street
- Consumers
- “Real estate is safe”
Investment Banks
-- Go public
-- No “skin” in the game
Lots of Cheap $$
-- Fed (low interest rates)
42. -- Demand from China and Middle East
Rating Agencies
-- Conflicts of interest
-- Didn’t under-stand what they were rating
“Innovation”
-- Math whiz kids create complex products
-- No one really understood what these products were
Bottom-line:
-- Arrogance
-- Greed
-- Total recklessness
*
+
The PlayersRating AgenciesWent public and became
shareholder owned; paid fees by companies they were supposed
to rate; took the investment banks’ advice on how to rate
securitized mortgages (AAA ratings while many were complete
junk) CEOsMuch of their compensation is driven by stock price
– this focused them on the short term; Also many did not
understand the sophisticated financial products their firms
peddledFinancial ProfessionalsPaid huge salaries and bonuses
for short-term resultsMortgage OriginatorsRelaxed lending
standards and created sophisticated products consumers did not
understandRegulators“Asleep at the switch” -- also looking for
their next jobs (high-paying) in the financial industry (which
they are regulating)LegislatorsLobbied and “paid” by the
financial industry to relax regulations – “the markets can self-
regulate” InvestorsPunished companies that did not deliver huge
returnsHome OwnersBought more house than they could afford.
Home values plummet and mortgages are “under water” – home
43. values sink and are worth less than their mortgages
*
+
Financial Disaster ResultsBusiness failures or
contractionsGovernment bailoutsUnemploymentConsumer
distress: foreclosures and bankruptciesTattered reputations
(corporations, industries, countries)Plummeting trust in
government and institutions
+
Your Cynicism Quotient Complete the worksheet, honestly.
There is no judgement in this class.
+
44. Test Your Cynicism Quotient
1 = Strongly Disagree 5 = Strongly AgreeFinancial gain is all
that counts in business.Ethical standards must be compromised
in business practice.The more financially successful the
business person, the more unethical the behavior.Moral values
are irrelevant in business.The business world has its own
rules.Business persons care only about making profit.Business
is like a game one plays to win.In business, people will do
anything to further their own interest.Competition forces
business managers to resort to shady practicesThe profit motive
pressures managers to compromise their ethical concerns.
+
MBA Oath
As a business leader, I recognize my role in society. My
purpose is to lead people and manage resources to create value
that no single individual can create alone. My decisions affect
the well-being of individuals inside and outside my enterprise,
today and tomorrow.
Therefore I promise:I will manage my enterprise with loyalty
and care, and will not advance my personal interests at the
expense of my enterprise or society.I will understand and
uphold, in letter and in spirit, the laws and contracts governing
my conduct and that of my enterprise.I will refrain from
corruption, unfair competition, or business practices harmful to
society.I will protect human rights and dignity of all people
affected by my enterprise, and I will oppose discrimination and
exploitation.I will protect the right of future generations to
advance their standard of living and enjoy a healthy planet.I
will report the performance and risks of my enterprise
accurately and honestly.I will invest in developing myself and
others, helping the management profession continue to advance
and create sustainable and inclusive prosperity.
45. In exercising my professional duties according to these
principles, I recognize that my behavior must set an example of
integrity, eliciting trust and esteem from those I serve. I will
remain accountable to my peers and to society for my actions
and for upholding these standards.
This oath I make freely, and upon my honor.
*
+
Business Ethics DefinedThe principles, norms, and standards of
conduct governing an individual or group
*
+
Why Bother Teaching Ethics?Bad apples are encouraged by bad
barrelsGood character isn’t always enough. Some believe it is
an employers duty to teach employees how to make ethical
choicesEthics can be taught, but should it be taught? Adults
develop moral judgment into their 30sConduct is influenced by
environment. Teaching ethics imposes values and implements
control over behavior of others.Business students might need
ethical training more than most students! Agree or Disagree?
*
46. +
Case
You’re the VP of a medium-sized organization that uses
chemicals in its production processes. In good faith, you’ve
hired a highly competent scientist to ensure that your company
complies with all environmental laws and safety regulations.
This individual informs you that a chemical the company now
uses in some quantity is not yet on the approved Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) list. However, it has been found to be
safe and is scheduled to be placed on the list in about three
months. You can’t produce your product without this chemical,
yet regulations say that you’re not supposed to use the chemical
until it’s officially approved. Waiting for approval would
require shutting down the plant for three months, putting
hundreds of people out of work, and threatening the company’s
very survival. What should you do?
+
Relationship Between Ethics and the Law
*
+
Why Be Ethical? Who Cares?Individuals careEmployees
careManagers careExecutives careIndustries careSocieties care
47. +
Person with High IntegrityWho do you know with high
integrity?How does this person behave that makes this obvious?
*
+
Group Exercise
Laura Bush, Donald Trump, Tiger Woods, Oprah Winfrey, Paris
Hilton, Barack Obama, and Bono
*
+
Group Exercise - BrandsWhat three adjectives describe him or
her?What kind of car does he or she drive?What is his/her
favorite piece of jewelry?What three artist/songs are at the top
of their favorite playlist?Where do they go for their news of the
world?Do they have a tattoo? If yes, of what and where?
*
+
Group Exercise – What Would You Do?
48. “When your colleague, Bill, is out of town, you receive a call
from his wife. She's having a crisis with one of their children
and needs to reach Bill immediately. You offer to track him
down for her and when you do, you inadvertently discover that
he's vacationing with Marie, the chief investment officer of a
prestigious college endowment fund that Bill manages. He tells
you to keep his location a secret and that he will call his wife
immediately. Two hours later, his wife calls back and screams
that his cell phone is off and she hasn't heard from you or him.
What do you do?”
Group Exercise – What Would You Do?
What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
Who are the stakeholders?
Who has the most to lose?
What are your obligations?
What could happen if you do nothing?
+
Group Exercise – What Would You Do?A) tell her you haven't
been able to reach him. Then call your boss and update him on
his wife's latest call.B) give his wife the number of the hotel
where she can reach him.C) tell your manager's manager about
the situation.D) tell her that you left an urgent message for him,
but she'll have to wait for his call.
*
49. +
Bernie Madoff Discussion QuestionsWhat is a Ponzi
Scheme?What is a feeder fund?How did Fairfield Greenwich
make its money?What was the condition Mr. Madoff imposed on
people marketing his investments? Why did he do this?When
investors received their statements, what responsibility did they
have to review and understand them?What kind of due diligence
did the feeder funds do?
*
+
Bernie Madoff Discussion QuestionsStarting in 2001, Harry
Markopolos alerted SEC three times to the likelihood that
Bernard Madoff was running a Ponzi scheme. Why do you think
the SEC didn’t act on this information until 2006?To what
extend do you think the SEC did not do its job?What was the
final straw that uncovered the Madoff Ponzi
Scheme?Ultimately, who do you think was responsible for the
losses incurred by investors?
+
Bernie Madoff Discussion QuestionsDo you think the US
government should offset the losses incurred by investors with
Madoff?What actions should the US government take to
minimize chances of other Ponzi schemes taking place?
50. Preparation for the midterm:
· Financial Disaster of 2008: Who were the main players? What
are some main ethical dilemmas that lead to the disaster? What
were the results for the disaster?
· Why bother teaching ethics? Support your answer with at least
3 well developed points
· Be familiar with the Bernie Madoff story as well as his view
of what happened
· Be able to describe the three main ethical philosophies, as
well as their advantages and challenges. Be able to take a case
and analyze it from the three different philosophies.
· Identify and be able to use the 9 steps to ethical decision
making in business. You will be given a case that you will need
to work through using the 9 steps.
· Be able to discuss in detail, with examples Dan Ariely’s fudge
factor. Include what can be done to minimize a person’s fudge
factor and how it can be applied in the workplace.
· Jonathan Haidt uses the metaphor of an elephant and a rider to
describe ethical decision-making behavior. Be able to explain
the metaphor, what does the elephant and rider represent? How
does his view of ethical decision making differ from more
traditional vies put forward by Bentham and Kant.
· Be familiar with the Ford Pinto case. Be able to discuss Denny
Gioia’s personal experience at Ford and his involvement with
the case. How did this case reveal the power of context which
was able to influence even a seemingly well-intentioned morally
grounded individual like Gioia.
51. · Be able to explain Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
and how they can be related to the 60-minute piece dealing with
moral development in children.
· Be familiar with the different bias that affect decision making
in ethical dilemmas.
· Be able to explain the terms; power of fairness, conflict of
interest, discrimination, customer confidence, use of corporate
resources and whistleblower.