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Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils
- 1. COMBATING MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIAWITH ESSENTIAL OILS Miguel Diaz
- 2. MICROBIAL COMPETITION http://www.livescience.com/ • Competitionfor limited resources • Excretion of chemicals that are toxic and inhibit growth http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu
- 3. COEVOLUTION • Intrinsic resistance •Spontaneous mutations http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
- 4. PATHOGENS • Disease causingorganisms www.cdc.gov http://www.bacteriainphotos.com/bact eria-photo-gallery.html
- 5. BACTERIA • Bacterial Classification •Gram Positive • Gram Negative
- 6. DISCOVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS •1928 Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin • Antibiotics have had a significant impact on human health and life • “Wonder” drug http://sciencenational.tumblr.com/
- 7. MODES OF ACTION •Selective for bacterial cells • Unique processes • Metabolic pathways • Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal • Narrow vs Broad Spectrum
- 8. ANTIBIOTICS • Treat bacterialinfections • Life saving • extending the human lifespan • Naturally, Synthetic, Semi-Synthetic • Zone of inhibition • Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC)
- 9. ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS •Overuse • Misuse "The thoughtless person playing with penicillin treatment is morally responsible for the death of the man who succumbs to infection with the penicillin-resistant organism.” A. Fleming
- 10. RESISTANCE • Intrinsic Evolutionaryevent • Genes chromosomal or plasmid • HGT • R plasmids https://www.niaid.nih.gov
- 11. R-PLASMIDS https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com • Plasmids • Non-chromosomalDNA • Housekeeping genes • Some carry resistant genes • R-plasmids
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- 13. MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE •Modify and inactivate • ẞ-lactams • Penicillin • Prevent drug uptake • Chloramphenicol • Pump it out • Efflux Pump • Tetracycline
- 14. HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER •Sharing of genetic material • across different genera • 3 mechanisms • Transformation • uptake of DNA from the environment • Transduction • Virus mediated • Conjugation • cell to cell sharing • type IV pili
- 15. MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE http://www.moleculin.com/ Multidrug EffluxPump http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ • R-plasmid with many resistant genes
- 16. MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE • ESKAPEPathogens • Enterococcus faecium (VRE) • Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) • Klebsiella and Escherichia coli producing ESBL • Acinetobacter baumannii • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Enterbacteriaceae
- 17. POST ANTIBIOTIC ERA? •Little research and development • Mutations can happen quickly and are easily shared • What now? “ We are headed to a post antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill” WHO 2015 http://bk.asia-city.com
- 18. ESSENTIAL OILS http://www.questnetproxy.com/ • Traditionalmedicine • Topical or inhaled • Some toxic if ingested • Generally safe • Chemotype • Changes in chemical phenotype • Steam distillation
- 19. ESSENTIAL OIL: MODESOF ACTION http://www.mdpi.com/pharmaceuticals • Degrade cell wall • Damage cytoplasmic membrane • Increase permeability • Leakage of cell contents • Damage membrane proteins • Coagulation of cytoplasm • Depletion of proton motor force
- 20. TERPENOIDS • Secondary plantmetabolite • Isoprene subunits • Volatile Compounds • Easley evaporated • Give plants fragrance (essence)
- 21. MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA http://www.teamessence.com.my/ • Nativeto Australia • Aboriginals use it for treating infections • Know for its antiseptic, antibiotic properties • Main constituents • terpinen-4-ol • -terpineol
- 22. TEA TREE OIL •Cell Membrane Permeability • Leak K+ • E. coli and S. aureus • Cell Respiration • Decrease O2 consumption rate
- 23. TEA TREE Lee etal. 2014
- 24. MENTHA PIPERITA https://www.tuinplant.nl • Nativeto Europe and Middle East • Menthol and Mentone • Medicinal Uses • Analgesic, cooling, antiemetic • muscle rubs Bakkali et al. 2008
- 25. PEPPERMINT OIL Singh etal. (2011)
- 26. PEPPERMINT OIL Bazargani andRohloff (2016) • Anti-plasmid activity • Menthol 96% • In combo with promethazine 100% Anti-biofilm
- 27. EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Eu calyptus_trunk_zebra_pattern.jpg • Indigenousto Australia • Medicinal Purpose • anesthetic, antiseptic, astringent • Constitutes • p-cymene (35.0%) • cryptone (13.7%) • tanins (11%) • terpinen-4-ol (5.7%)
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- 30. ESSENTIAL OILS ANDMDRO • Essential oils can reduce the use of antibiotic • Preventative measures • Reduce inflammation response • Antiseptic • Cleaning hospital surfaces • Alternative treatments • Effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria • Synergistic effects • In combination with antibiotics • Decrease MIC • Increase zone inhibition
- 31. REFRENCES • Bazargani MM,Rohloff J. 2016. Antibiofilm activity of essential oils and plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms. Food Control 61:156–164. • www.cdc.gov • Cox.S.D. 2000. The model of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88:170–175. • Jazani NH, Mikaili P, Shayegh J, Haghighi N, Aghamohammadi N, Zartoshti M. 2012. The hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. has antibacterial activity on multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 6:37–40. • Knezevic P, Aleksic V, Simin N, Svircev E, Petrovic A, Mimica-Dukic N. 2016. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Ethnopharmacol. 178:125–136. • Lee RLP, Leung PHM, Wong TKS. 2014. A randomized controlled trial of topical tea tree preparation for MRSA colonized wounds. Int. J. Nurs. Sci. 1:7–14. • Singh R, Shushni MAM, Belkheir A. 2015. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita L. Arab. J. Chem. 8:322–328.