The document discusses colorblindness and provides information to avoid misunderstandings and not be a jerk to those who are colorblind. It defines different types of colorblindness such as monochromacy, dichromacy, and anomalous trichromacy. It provides statistics on prevalence of different conditions between males and females. It explains that colorblindness can impact the perception of red, green, blue or yellow colors. The document advises against using colored text or symbols without alternatives and to be mindful that computer programs are also limited in differentiating certain colors. The overall message is to avoid assumptions and be considerate of how colorblind individuals may perceive colors differently.
This document provides information about colorblindness and tips for not excluding colorblind users. It defines the different types of colorblindness which involve malfunctioning cones in the eye that cause issues distinguishing different colors like red and green. Examples are shown of how someone with different types of colorblindness would see various color coded images. The document concludes with quick tips like using symbols and text instead of solely relying on color, avoiding similarly bright colors next to each other, and including colorblind modes.
The document discusses the irrational fear of zombies and how it relates to rational fears of epidemics and insanity caused by infection. It explores how infections from diseases like syphilis, cysticercosis, typhoid fever, and malaria can cause dementia and loss of mental ability. Prenatal infections are also linked to conditions like schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder. Prion diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by infectious protein particles that can lead to neural cell death and dementia. In summary, the document examines how our fear of zombies represents deeper fears of epidemics, insanity, and loss of self that can result from infectious diseases and particles that attack the brain.
The document discusses different types of color vision deficiencies including monochromacy where only one pigment is present, dichromacy where two pigments are present, and trichromacy where all three pigments are present. It provides details on the prevalence, characteristics, inheritance patterns, and distinguishing features of various congenital and acquired color vision defects. Kollner's Rule is also summarized as relating blue-yellow defects to outer retinal diseases and media changes while red-green defects are associated with inner retinal and pathway conditions.
Color vision : introduction, classification, causesAnanta poudel
This document discusses color vision and color blindness. It begins with an introduction to color vision, noting that it is mediated by cone cells in the retina and allows humans to perceive differences in light wavelengths. It then discusses types of color blindness such as red-green and blue-yellow deficiencies. The types of color blindness are classified and the prevalence and inheritance patterns are described. Causes of acquired color vision defects from ocular diseases and medications are also summarized.
This document provides information about colorblindness and tips for not excluding colorblind users. It defines the different types of colorblindness which involve malfunctioning cones in the eye that cause issues distinguishing different colors like red and green. Examples are shown of how someone with different types of colorblindness would see various color coded images. The document concludes with quick tips like using symbols and text instead of solely relying on color, avoiding similarly bright colors next to each other, and including colorblind modes.
The document discusses the irrational fear of zombies and how it relates to rational fears of epidemics and insanity caused by infection. It explores how infections from diseases like syphilis, cysticercosis, typhoid fever, and malaria can cause dementia and loss of mental ability. Prenatal infections are also linked to conditions like schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder. Prion diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by infectious protein particles that can lead to neural cell death and dementia. In summary, the document examines how our fear of zombies represents deeper fears of epidemics, insanity, and loss of self that can result from infectious diseases and particles that attack the brain.
The document discusses different types of color vision deficiencies including monochromacy where only one pigment is present, dichromacy where two pigments are present, and trichromacy where all three pigments are present. It provides details on the prevalence, characteristics, inheritance patterns, and distinguishing features of various congenital and acquired color vision defects. Kollner's Rule is also summarized as relating blue-yellow defects to outer retinal diseases and media changes while red-green defects are associated with inner retinal and pathway conditions.
Color vision : introduction, classification, causesAnanta poudel
This document discusses color vision and color blindness. It begins with an introduction to color vision, noting that it is mediated by cone cells in the retina and allows humans to perceive differences in light wavelengths. It then discusses types of color blindness such as red-green and blue-yellow deficiencies. The types of color blindness are classified and the prevalence and inheritance patterns are described. Causes of acquired color vision defects from ocular diseases and medications are also summarized.
1. The document discusses color vision, including how many colors the human eye can see, the cells responsible for color vision, and the evolution of color vision.
2. It describes the trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision. The trichromatic theory involves three types of cone cells while the opponent process theory involves color pairs that are processed in the brain.
3. The document discusses defects in color vision including congenital defects like dichromacy and acquired defects, as well as tests used to diagnose color vision deficiencies.
Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, is caused by a problem with the development of retinal cones resulting in an inability to distinguish some or all colors. It is usually inherited and affects around 8% of men and 0.5% of women of Northern European descent. There are different types of color blindness including total color blindness (monochromacy), partial color blindness (dichromacy affecting red/green or blue/yellow vision), and anomalous trichromacy where one cone is altered. It is diagnosed using color vision tests like the Ishihara test and managed using colored lenses but cannot be cured.
Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is the inability to perceive differences between some colors that others can distinguish. It is often genetic but can also be caused by eye, nerve, or brain damage or chemical exposure. The most common types are red-green deficiencies but it is also possible to be deficient in blue perception or see only in black and white. Color blindness is diagnosed using tests that show numbers or patterns embedded in color plates that those with normal color vision can see but those who are color deficient may not be able to distinguish.
Color blindness is a condition where a person has trouble differentiating between some colors. It is caused by a genetic mutation where one or more of the three types of cones in the eye's retina are damaged or missing. This can range from mild issues distinguishing similar colors to a complete inability to see any color. It is more common in males than females because the gene is located on the X chromosome. There is no cure, but color filters may help some improve color differentiation.
Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture course Dynamic Visualization Design 1 group work presentation "Visual Impairments" 2012-11-08.
Presented by our respected teacher
Mohammad Siddique (Optometrist)
thank u sir
Final Year Student Of Optometry at ISRA School Of Optometry
All Rights Reserved
This document provides information on neurofibromatosis (NF), including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- NF1 and NF2 are genetic disorders caused by mutations on chromosomes 17 and 22 respectively.
- Common features of NF1 include café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules, and optic pathway gliomas. Features of NF2 include bilateral acoustic neuromas and meningiomas.
- Diagnosis of NF1 requires two or more of the characteristic features, while NF2 requires bilateral vestibular schwannomas or a family history with other features.
- Treatment focuses on management of tumors
This document provides information on neurofibromatosis (NF), including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- NF1 and NF2 are genetic disorders caused by mutations on chromosomes 17 and 22 respectively.
- Common features of NF1 include café-au-lait spots, freckling, neurofibromas, and Lisch nodules. Features of NF2 include bilateral acoustic neuromas and cataracts.
- Diagnosis of NF1 requires two or more of the clinical criteria such as café-au-lait spots or neurofibromas. NF2 diagnosis requires bilateral vestibular schwannomas or other tumors.
This document discusses color blindness, including what it is, its causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Color blindness is the inability to see certain colors or distinguish between colors. It is most often a genetic condition caused by abnormalities in the cones of the eye. There are several types depending on which cones are affected, such as red-green color blindness. It is typically diagnosed using tests like the Ishihara Plate test. While there is no cure, tools like color filters can help some with color vision deficiencies see color more clearly. The document also outlines inheritance patterns and challenges people with color blindness may face.
This document discusses various types of chromosome abnormalities including numerical abnormalities (involving extra or missing chromosomes) and structural abnormalities (involving changes in chromosome structure). It describes several specific chromosome disorders including Down syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and others. It explains the causes and clinical features of these conditions. It also discusses structural changes like deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, ring chromosomes, and isochromosomes that can occur at the chromosome level.
This document discusses Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a maternally inherited mitochondrial disease affecting vision. Key points include:
- LHON is caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA and results in degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve atrophy, leading to legal blindness.
- The most common mutations occur at positions 11778, 3460, and 14484 of mitochondrial DNA and decrease ATP production in retinal ganglion cells.
- LHON typically begins in young adults and males are more commonly affected, developing vision loss in 40% of cases compared to 10% for females.
- While mutations are necessary, additional genetic and environmental factors like smoking are thought to trigger
1) A 2-year-old male child presented with a white spot in his left eye and gradual protrusion of the eye. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats disease.
2) Imaging showed calcification in the eye, suggesting retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the retina that can be heritable or non-heritable. Treatment may include laser therapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, or enucleation of the eye depending on the size and stage of the tumor.
3) The diagnosis in this case was retinoblastoma based on the presentation of a white spot in the eye, protr
This document provides an overview of color vision and its management. It defines color vision and discusses its history. It explains the mechanisms of color vision including the trichromatic and opponent process theories. It describes the neurophysiology of color vision from the retina to the visual cortex. It discusses different types of color vision deficiencies including inherited and acquired defects. It outlines methods to diagnose color vision including Ishihara plates, AO-HRR, and Nagel's anomaloscope. It provides an overview of managing color vision deficiencies through treatments like red filters and prevention strategies.
Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21, where a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal two copies. About 94% of Down syndrome cases are caused by trisomy 21 due to errors in meiosis where the chromosomes do not separate properly. This can occur during the formation of either sperm or egg cells, leading to eggs or sperm with an extra copy of chromosome 21. When one of these eggs or sperm goes on to fertilization, it results in a zygote with three copies of chromosome 21, causing Down syndrome. People with Down syndrome have characteristic facial features and developmental delays. The risk of trisomy 21 increases with advanced maternal age due to a higher chance of errors in meiotic chromosome
Enhancing Color Representation for the Color Vision Impaired (CVAVI 2008)Jia-Bin Huang
This document proposes a fast re-coloring algorithm to improve image accessibility for those with color vision deficiencies. It discusses how color vision impairment affects one's ability to distinguish colors and reviews previous methods for enhancing color representation. The proposed method remaps hue values in the HSV color space based on local image statistics and enhances color contrast through histogram equalization, allowing users to specify the degree of enhancement.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is associated with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and developmental delays. Common physical characteristics include a flattened face, upward slanting eyes, and short fingers. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have heart defects, gastrointestinal issues, hearing loss, and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Screening and diagnostic tests during pregnancy can indicate risk or confirm a diagnosis, but the condition is usually diagnosed after birth through chromosome analysis.
Achromatopsia is a hereditary condition where the cones in the eye have not developed properly, resulting in reduced color perception and light sensitivity. There are two main types: rod monochromatism, which is the most common and causes color blindness, and blue cone monochromatism, which results in the loss of red and green cones. Achromatopsia causes low visual acuity, especially in bright light, nystagmus, and photophobia, though symptoms may lessen with age. Electrodiagnostic testing can help diagnose this non-progressive condition.
Mutations due to alterations in chromosome numberAftab Badshah
The document summarizes various types of chromosomal mutations that can occur due to alterations in chromosome number, including euploidy and aneuploidy. It describes specific conditions associated with gains or losses of individual chromosomes, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome (XO), Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18). These chromosomal abnormalities can result in medical conditions affecting physical and cognitive development.
This document discusses several genetic disorders including Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. It defines karyotyping as the process of analyzing chromosomes, and discusses aneuploidy as having an abnormal number of chromosomes and polyploidy as having more than two sets of chromosomes. It provides details on the typical features and complications of each genetic condition. The objectives cover karyotyping, nondisjunction, distinguishing various chromosomal alterations, and structural chromosome changes involved in certain disorders.
1. The document discusses color vision, including how many colors the human eye can see, the cells responsible for color vision, and the evolution of color vision.
2. It describes the trichromatic and opponent process theories of color vision. The trichromatic theory involves three types of cone cells while the opponent process theory involves color pairs that are processed in the brain.
3. The document discusses defects in color vision including congenital defects like dichromacy and acquired defects, as well as tests used to diagnose color vision deficiencies.
Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, is caused by a problem with the development of retinal cones resulting in an inability to distinguish some or all colors. It is usually inherited and affects around 8% of men and 0.5% of women of Northern European descent. There are different types of color blindness including total color blindness (monochromacy), partial color blindness (dichromacy affecting red/green or blue/yellow vision), and anomalous trichromacy where one cone is altered. It is diagnosed using color vision tests like the Ishihara test and managed using colored lenses but cannot be cured.
Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is the inability to perceive differences between some colors that others can distinguish. It is often genetic but can also be caused by eye, nerve, or brain damage or chemical exposure. The most common types are red-green deficiencies but it is also possible to be deficient in blue perception or see only in black and white. Color blindness is diagnosed using tests that show numbers or patterns embedded in color plates that those with normal color vision can see but those who are color deficient may not be able to distinguish.
Color blindness is a condition where a person has trouble differentiating between some colors. It is caused by a genetic mutation where one or more of the three types of cones in the eye's retina are damaged or missing. This can range from mild issues distinguishing similar colors to a complete inability to see any color. It is more common in males than females because the gene is located on the X chromosome. There is no cure, but color filters may help some improve color differentiation.
Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture course Dynamic Visualization Design 1 group work presentation "Visual Impairments" 2012-11-08.
Presented by our respected teacher
Mohammad Siddique (Optometrist)
thank u sir
Final Year Student Of Optometry at ISRA School Of Optometry
All Rights Reserved
This document provides information on neurofibromatosis (NF), including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- NF1 and NF2 are genetic disorders caused by mutations on chromosomes 17 and 22 respectively.
- Common features of NF1 include café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules, and optic pathway gliomas. Features of NF2 include bilateral acoustic neuromas and meningiomas.
- Diagnosis of NF1 requires two or more of the characteristic features, while NF2 requires bilateral vestibular schwannomas or a family history with other features.
- Treatment focuses on management of tumors
This document provides information on neurofibromatosis (NF), including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- NF1 and NF2 are genetic disorders caused by mutations on chromosomes 17 and 22 respectively.
- Common features of NF1 include café-au-lait spots, freckling, neurofibromas, and Lisch nodules. Features of NF2 include bilateral acoustic neuromas and cataracts.
- Diagnosis of NF1 requires two or more of the clinical criteria such as café-au-lait spots or neurofibromas. NF2 diagnosis requires bilateral vestibular schwannomas or other tumors.
This document discusses color blindness, including what it is, its causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Color blindness is the inability to see certain colors or distinguish between colors. It is most often a genetic condition caused by abnormalities in the cones of the eye. There are several types depending on which cones are affected, such as red-green color blindness. It is typically diagnosed using tests like the Ishihara Plate test. While there is no cure, tools like color filters can help some with color vision deficiencies see color more clearly. The document also outlines inheritance patterns and challenges people with color blindness may face.
This document discusses various types of chromosome abnormalities including numerical abnormalities (involving extra or missing chromosomes) and structural abnormalities (involving changes in chromosome structure). It describes several specific chromosome disorders including Down syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and others. It explains the causes and clinical features of these conditions. It also discusses structural changes like deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, ring chromosomes, and isochromosomes that can occur at the chromosome level.
This document discusses Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a maternally inherited mitochondrial disease affecting vision. Key points include:
- LHON is caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA and results in degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve atrophy, leading to legal blindness.
- The most common mutations occur at positions 11778, 3460, and 14484 of mitochondrial DNA and decrease ATP production in retinal ganglion cells.
- LHON typically begins in young adults and males are more commonly affected, developing vision loss in 40% of cases compared to 10% for females.
- While mutations are necessary, additional genetic and environmental factors like smoking are thought to trigger
1) A 2-year-old male child presented with a white spot in his left eye and gradual protrusion of the eye. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats disease.
2) Imaging showed calcification in the eye, suggesting retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the retina that can be heritable or non-heritable. Treatment may include laser therapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, or enucleation of the eye depending on the size and stage of the tumor.
3) The diagnosis in this case was retinoblastoma based on the presentation of a white spot in the eye, protr
This document provides an overview of color vision and its management. It defines color vision and discusses its history. It explains the mechanisms of color vision including the trichromatic and opponent process theories. It describes the neurophysiology of color vision from the retina to the visual cortex. It discusses different types of color vision deficiencies including inherited and acquired defects. It outlines methods to diagnose color vision including Ishihara plates, AO-HRR, and Nagel's anomaloscope. It provides an overview of managing color vision deficiencies through treatments like red filters and prevention strategies.
Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21, where a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal two copies. About 94% of Down syndrome cases are caused by trisomy 21 due to errors in meiosis where the chromosomes do not separate properly. This can occur during the formation of either sperm or egg cells, leading to eggs or sperm with an extra copy of chromosome 21. When one of these eggs or sperm goes on to fertilization, it results in a zygote with three copies of chromosome 21, causing Down syndrome. People with Down syndrome have characteristic facial features and developmental delays. The risk of trisomy 21 increases with advanced maternal age due to a higher chance of errors in meiotic chromosome
Enhancing Color Representation for the Color Vision Impaired (CVAVI 2008)Jia-Bin Huang
This document proposes a fast re-coloring algorithm to improve image accessibility for those with color vision deficiencies. It discusses how color vision impairment affects one's ability to distinguish colors and reviews previous methods for enhancing color representation. The proposed method remaps hue values in the HSV color space based on local image statistics and enhances color contrast through histogram equalization, allowing users to specify the degree of enhancement.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is associated with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and developmental delays. Common physical characteristics include a flattened face, upward slanting eyes, and short fingers. Individuals with Down syndrome also often have heart defects, gastrointestinal issues, hearing loss, and early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Screening and diagnostic tests during pregnancy can indicate risk or confirm a diagnosis, but the condition is usually diagnosed after birth through chromosome analysis.
Achromatopsia is a hereditary condition where the cones in the eye have not developed properly, resulting in reduced color perception and light sensitivity. There are two main types: rod monochromatism, which is the most common and causes color blindness, and blue cone monochromatism, which results in the loss of red and green cones. Achromatopsia causes low visual acuity, especially in bright light, nystagmus, and photophobia, though symptoms may lessen with age. Electrodiagnostic testing can help diagnose this non-progressive condition.
Mutations due to alterations in chromosome numberAftab Badshah
The document summarizes various types of chromosomal mutations that can occur due to alterations in chromosome number, including euploidy and aneuploidy. It describes specific conditions associated with gains or losses of individual chromosomes, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome (XO), Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18). These chromosomal abnormalities can result in medical conditions affecting physical and cognitive development.
This document discusses several genetic disorders including Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. It defines karyotyping as the process of analyzing chromosomes, and discusses aneuploidy as having an abnormal number of chromosomes and polyploidy as having more than two sets of chromosomes. It provides details on the typical features and complications of each genetic condition. The objectives cover karyotyping, nondisjunction, distinguishing various chromosomal alterations, and structural chromosome changes involved in certain disorders.
Similar to Colorblindness: How to (not) be a jerk to the colorblind. (20)
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
11. Monochromacy
Caused by widespread
retinal rod or cone
defect/absence
Rod Monochromacy:
associated with Male Female
photophobia, light Monochromacy (all) 0.000001% 0.000001%
sensitivity and poor
vision.
Cone Monochromacy:
Otherwise normal vision.
RARE. VERY RARE.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness
12. Dichromacy
Protanopia - Red
deficient: L cone
absent
Male Female
Deuteranopia - Green Dichromacy (all) 2.4% 0.03%
deficient: M cone Protanopia 1% to 1.3% 0.02%
absent
Deuteranopia 1% to 1.2% 0.01%
Tritanopia - Blue Tritanopia 0.001% 0.03%
deficient: S cone
absent
LESS RARE.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness
13. Anomalous
Trichromacy
Protanomaly - Red
deficient: L cone
defect
Male Female
Deuteranomaly - Dichromacy (all) 6.3% 0.37%
Green deficient: M Protanomaly 1.3% 0.02%
cone defect Deuteranomaly 5.0% 0.35%
Tritanomaly - Blue Tritanomaly 0.01% 0.01%
deficient: S cone
defect
KINDA COMMON.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness
15. Easier to remember ...
Total colorblindness
Any form of monochromacy
Red-green
Dichromacy (protanopia and deuteranopia)
Anomalous trichromacy (protanomaly and deuteranomaly)
Blue-yellow
Dichromacy (tritanopia)
Anomalous trichromacy (tritanomaly)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness
16. I HATE THESE THINGS.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003387.htm
The term “colorblindness” is actually quite lousy. A colorblind person is not “blind” at all -- he or she is just unable to distinguish a certain spectrum of colors.\n
Sorry about this one. While you may never be diagnosed with it, it is not a biological “bit” that is either on or off. There are varying degrees of color blindness, and no two people see color the exact same way. Likewise, “failing” a colorblindness test does not necessarily mean you are colorblind.\n
Perhaps a better way of saying this is that “it does not matter as much as it perhaps once did.” As long as new things are created, there is a potential for confusing a portion of the population.\n
\n
The retina is that area in the back that covers the entire inner surface aside from what is taken up by the lens/pupil/iris in the front.\n
This diagram is from 1928, but still holds true today. It represents the layers of the retina. For this diagram, light passes through this series of nerves and other cells to reach the “rods” and “cones” layer at the bottom. There are around 7 million retinal cones and 75 - 150 million retinal rods in a human eye.\n
Better diagram. The photo receptor layer at the back is where the rods and cones are located. These component work together to create a signal that is sent down the optic nerve for processing. The actual “image” is composed by the visual cortex within the brain.\n
The visible spectrum is represented by the three primary colors of red, green and blue. Incidentally, the alternate colors shown here of cyan, yellow and magenta represent the three primary colors used on a printing press. CMYK vs. RGB. Black and white is either the combination or absence of all the colors for a particular application.\n
\n
This deficiency is usually accompanied by other optical ailments. Studies find that these are truly one in a million cases. This is as close to what some folks think of as color “blindness” -- these folks may only be able to decipher a handful of colors.\n
Dichromacy means that a particular kind of photo receptor is missing, classified by what kind of visible wavelength it interprets (long, medium, short). This one is far more likely to occur than monochromacy, but still not the most common. My maternal grandfather has protanopia. Essentially, any variation of dichromatic colorblindness will not be able to discern certain colors no matter the external factors.\n
Trichromacy is a condition in which the cones are present, but are defective. This causes certain colors in certain lights to appear identical or just difficult to distinguish. As you can see, this is far more common. Mine can best be classified as deuteranomaly - my green cone receptors are defective.\n
So, like most lovely “gifts” that genetics give us, it is my parents’ fault. Colorblindness hangs out on the X chromosome. Specifically, my mother is a carrier for my grandfather’s genetics. If I have a daughter, there is a pretty good chance she’ll be a carrier.\n
This is a more succinct way of describing particular types of colorblindness. In my case, I am red-green colorblind, most likely attributed to deuteranomaly (defective green, or medium wavelength retinal cones). \n
Tests can diagnose colorblindness. I pass some that I shouldn’t, fail others I should have passed. It’s an inexact means to determine with a 100 percent certainty what kind of colorblindness somebody has, but it will indicate that the retinal photoreceptors are not quite firing correctly.\n
Based on what we know about colorblindness (and what we can teach a computer), there are ways to “simulate” what the world looks like to a colorblind individual. As you can recall from our previous examples, these relate to dichromacy.\n
\n
Red, Yellow, Green. The two on the right look nearly identical to me. If you use these to indicate the “status” of something (and it’s vital), I’m screwed.\n
Much better. Now, I have more than one cue to go off of to tell the status of an item.\n
This is the worst. Absent of any symbology or even a large surface area to compare against, color coded text is particularly difficult. It really is just a bad idea in general.\n
This is probably review for most of you, but computers assign values to color in order to render it consistently. Here are four examples of notations to express a color. I rely on these heavily to ensure I get the right color value.\n
It’s because of this that my dreams of being an astronaut, fighter pilot, radar technician etc. went up in flames. They do test these things. The recruiter’s list of “great military careers” got a lot shorter when I shared that.\n
Never hurts to have a second pair of eyes on anything. This is particularly important if a design decision has to be made.\n