The document discusses the importance and functionality of collectors in the Stream API, emphasizing their potential despite being often overlooked. It provides insights into various operations such as filtering, mapping, and grouping of data, alongside practical code examples. Additionally, it highlights the complexities and flexibility of the collector interface, which allows for customized data processing within streams.

1. Collectors in the
Wild
@JosePaumard

2. Collectors?
Why should we be interested in collectors?
▪ They are part of the Stream API
▪ And kind of left aside…

3. Collectors?
YouTube:
▪ Stream tutorials ~700k
▪ Collectors tutorials < 5k

4. Collectors?
Why should we be interested in collectors?
▪ They are part of the Stream API
▪ And kind of left aside…
And it’s a pity because it is a very powerful API

5. @JosePaumard
Microsoft Virtual Academy

6. Questions?
#ColJ8

7. movies.stream()
.flatMap(movie -> movie.actors().stream())
.collect(
Collectors.groupingBy(
Function.identity(),
Collectors.counting()
)
)
.entrySet().stream()
.max(Map.Entry.comparingByValue())
.get();

8. movies.stream()
.collect(
Collectors.groupingBy(
movie -> movie.releaseYear(),
Collector.of(
() -> new HashMap<Actor, AtomicLong>(),
(map, movie) -> {
movie.actors().forEach(
actor -> map.computeIfAbsent(actor, a -> new AtomicLong()).incrementAndGet()
) ;
},
(map1, map2) -> {
map2.entrySet().stream().forEach(
entry -> map1.computeIfAbsent(entry.getKey(), a -> new AtomicLong()).addAndGet(entry.getValue().get())
) ;
return map1 ;
},
new Collector.Characteristics [] {
Collector.Characteristics.CONCURRENT.CONCURRENT
}
)
)
)
.entrySet().stream()
.collect(
Collectors.toMap(
entry5 -> entry5.getKey(),
entry5 -> entry5.getValue()
.entrySet().stream()
.max(Map.Entry.comparingByValue(Comparator.comparing(l -> l.get())))
.get()
)
)
.entrySet()
.stream()
.max(Comparator.comparing(entry -> entry.getValue().getValue().get()))
.get();

9. Do not give bugs a place to
hide!
Brian Goetz

10. Collectors?
Why should we be interested in collectors?
▪ They are part of the Stream API
▪ And kind of left aside…
And it’s a pity because it is a very powerful API
▪ Even if we can also write unreadable code with it!

11. Agenda
Quick overview about streams
About collectors
Extending existing collectors
Making a collector readable
Creating new collectors
Composing Collectors

12. A Few Words on Streams

13. About Streams
A Stream:
▪ Is an object that connects to a source
▪ Has intermediate & terminal operations
▪ Some of the terminal operations can be collectors
▪ A collector can take more collectors as
parameters

14. A Stream is…
An object that connects to a source of data and
watch them flow
There is no data « in » a stream ≠ collection
stream

15. About Streams
On a stream:
▪ Any operation can be modeled with a collector
▪ Why is it interesting?
stream.collect(collector);

16. Intermediate Operations

17. stream
1st operation: mapping = changing the type

18. stream
2nd operation: filtering = removing some objects

19. 3rd operation: flattening
stream

20. stream
3rd operation: flattening

21. Map, Filter, FlatMap
Three operations that do not need any buffer
to work
Not the case of all the operations…

22. Sorting elements using a comparator
The stream needs to see all the elements
before beginning to transmit them
stream

23. stream
Distinct
The Stream needs to remember all the
elements before transmitting them (or not)

24. Distinct, sorted
Both operations need a buffer to store all the
elements from the source

25. Intermediate Operations
2 categories:
- Stateless operations = do not need to
remember anything
- Stateful operations = do need a buffer

26. Limit and Skip
Two methods that rely on the order of the
elements:
- Limit = keeps the n first elements
- Skip = skips the n first elements
Needs to keep track of the index of the
elements and to process them in order

27. Terminal Operations

28. Intermediate vs Terminal
Only a terminal operation triggers the
consuming of the data from the source
movies.stream()
.filter(movie -> movie.releaseYear() == 2007)
.flatMap(movie -> movie.actors().stream())
.map(movie -> movie.getTitle());

29. Intermediate vs Terminal
Only a terminal operation triggers the
consuming of the data from the source
movies.stream()
.filter(movie -> movie.releaseYear() == 2007)
.flatMap(movie -> movie.actors().stream())
.map(movie -> movie.getTitle())
.forEach(movie -> System.out.println(movie.getTitle()));

30. Terminal Operations
First batch:
- forEach
- count
- max, min
- reduce
- toArray

31. Terminal Operations
First batch:
- forEach
- count
- max, min
- reduce
- toArray
Will consume all the data

32. Terminal Operations
Second Batch:
- allMatch
- anyMatch
- noneMatch
- findFirst
- findAny

33. Terminal Operations
Second Batch:
- allMatch
- anyMatch
- noneMatch
- findFirst
- findAny
Do not need to consume
all the data = short-circuit
operations

34. Terminal Operations
Special cases:
- max
- min
- reduce
Returns an Optional (to handle empty streams)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ej0sss6cq14@StuartMarks

35. A First Collector
And then there is collect!
The most seen:
Takes a collector as a parameter
List<String> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.itEmpty())
.collect(Collectors.toList());

36. A First Collector (bis)
And then there is collect!
The most seen:
Takes a collector as a parameter
Set<String> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.itEmpty())
.collect(Collectors.toSet());

37. A Second Collector
And then there is collect!
Maybe less known?:
Takes a collector as a parameter
String authors =
authors.stream()
.map(Author::getName)
.collect(Collectors.joining(", "));

38. Demo Time

39. A Third Collector
Creating a Map
Map<Integer, List<String>> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> !s.isEmpty())
.collect(
Collectors.groupingBy(
s -> s.length()
)
);

40. 3
4
5
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight
groupingBy(String::length)



Map<Integer, List<String>>

41. 3
4
5
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight
groupingBy(String::length, downstream)



.stream().collect(downstream)
.stream().collect(downstream)
.stream().collect(downstream)

42. 3
4
5
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight
groupingBy(String::length, Collectors.counting())



4L
3L
3L
Map<Integer, Long>

43. A Third Collector (bis)
Creating a Map
Map<Integer, Long> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.itEmpty())
.collect(
Collectors.groupingBy(
s -> s.length(), Collectors.counting()
)
);

44. Demo Time

45. A Collector that Counts
Number of articles per author

46. Gent & Walsh, Beyond NP: The QSAT Phase Transition
Gent & Hoos & Prosser & Walsh, Morphing: Combining…
A1 A2
Gent
Walsh
Gent
Hoos
Prosser
Walsh
flatMap(Article::getAuthors)

47. Gent & Walsh, Beyond NP: The QSAT Phase Transition
Gent & Hoos & Prosser & Walsh, Morphing: Combining…
Gent, Walsh, Gent, Hoos, Prosser, Walsh
flatMap(Article::getAuthors)
Gent
Walsh
Hoos



2L
2L
1L
Prosser  1L
groupingBy(
)
groupingBy(
identity(),
counting()
)
groupingBy(
identity(),
)

48. Demo Time

49. Supply, Accumulate and
Combine

50. Creating Lists
A closer look at that code:
List<String> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> !s.isEmpty())
.collect(Collectors.toList());

51. stream a b b
collector
1) Build the list
2) Add elements one
by one
a b c
ArrayList

52. Creating Lists
1) Building the list: supplier
2) Adding an element to that list: accumulator
Supplier<List> supplier = () -> new ArrayList();
BiConsumer<List<E>, E> accumulator = (list, e) -> list.add(e);

53. In parallel
Stream
Collector
collector
1) Build a list
2) Add elements one
by one
3) Merge the lists
CPU 2
Stream
Collector
CPU 1

54. Creating Lists
1) Building the list: supplier
2) Adding an element to that list: accumulator
3) Combining two lists
Supplier<List> supplier = ArrayList::new;
BiConsumer<List<E>, E> accumulator = List::add;
BiConsumer<List<E>, List<E>> combiner = List::addAll;

55. Creating Lists
So we have:
List<String> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> !s.isEmpty())
.collect(ArrayList::new,
List::add,
List::adAll);

56. Creating Lists
So we have:
List<String> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> !s.isEmpty())
.collect(ArrayList::new,
Collection::add,
Collection::adAll);

57. Creating Sets
Almost the same:
Set<String> result =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> !s.isEmpty())
.collect(HashSet::new,
Collection::add,
Collection::adAll);

58. String Concatenation
Now we need to create a String by
concatenating the elements using a separator:
« one, two, six »
Works with Streams of Strings

59. String Concatenation
Let us collect
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.length() == 3)
.collect(() -> new String(),
(finalString, s) -> finalString.concat(s),
(s1, s2) -> s1.concat(s2));

60. String Concatenation
Let us collect
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.length() == 3)
.collect(() -> new String(),
(finalString, s) -> finalString.concat(s),
(s1, s2) -> s1.concat(s2));

61. String Concatenation
Let us collect
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.length() == 3)
.collect(() -> new StringBuilder(),
(sb, s) -> sb.append(s),
(sb1, sb2) -> sb1.append(sb2));

62. String Concatenation
Let us collect
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.length() == 3)
.collect(StringBuilder::new,
StringBuilder::append,
StringBuilder::append);

63. String Concatenation
Let us collect
StringBuilder stringBuilder =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.length() == 3)
.collect(StringBuilder::new,
StringBuilder::append,
StringBuilder::append);

64. String Concatenation
Let us collect
String string =
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.length() == 3)
.collect(StringBuilder::new,
StringBuilder::append,
StringBuilder::append)
.toString();

65. A Collector is…
3 Operations
- Supplier: creates the mutable container
- Accumulator
- Combiner

66. A Collector is…
3 + 1 Operations
- Supplier: creates the mutable container
- Accumulator
- Combiner
- Finisher, that can be the identity function

67. Collecting and Then
And we have a collector for that!
strings.stream()
.filter(s -> s.length() == 3)
.collect(
Collectors.collectingAndThen(
collector,
finisher // Function
)
);

68. Demo Time

69. 7634L {2004, 7634L}
Map<Long, List<Entry<Integer, Long>>>

70. 7634L {2004, 7634L}
Map<Long, List<Entry<Integer, Long>>>
Entry<Integer, Long> -> Integer = mapping

71. 7634L {2004, 7634L}
Map<Long, List<Entry<Integer, Long>>>
Entry<Integer, Long> -> Integer = mapping
Function<> mapper = entry -> entry.getKey();
Collectors.mapping(mapper, toList());

72. Demo Time

73. Collect toMap
Useful for remapping maps
Do not generate duplicate keys!
map.entrySet().stream()
.collect(
Collectors.toMap(
entry -> entry.getKey(),
entry -> // create a new value
)
);

74. Custom Collectors:
1) Filter, Flat Map
2) Joins
3) Composition
Coffee break!

75. About Types

76. The Collector Interface
public interface Collector<T, A, R> {
public Supplier<A> supplier(); // A: mutable container
public BiConsumer<A, T> accumulator(); // T: processed elments
public BinaryOperator<A> combiner(); // Often the type returned
public Function<A, R> finisher(); // Final touch
}

77. The Collector Interface
public interface Collector<T, A, R> {
public Supplier<A> supplier(); // A: mutable container
public BiConsumer<A, T> accumulator(); // T: processed elments
public BinaryOperator<A> combiner(); // Often the type returned
public Function<A, R> finisher(); // Final touch
public Set<Characteristics> characteristics();
}

78. Type of a Collector
In a nutshell:
- T: type of the elements of the stream
- A: type the mutable container
- R: type of the final container
We often have A = R
The finisher may be the identity function
≠

79. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
groupingBy(String::length)
3
4
5
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight




80. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
Collector<String, ?, Map<Integer, List<String>> > c =
groupingBy(String::length)
3
4
5
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight




81. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
Collector<String, ?, Map<Integer, List<String>> > c =
groupingBy(String::length)
3
4
5
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight




82. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
Collector<String, ?, Map<Integer, List<String>> > c =
groupingBy(String::length)
3
4
5
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight




83. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
Collector<String, ?, Map<Integer, List<String>> > c =
groupingBy(
String::length,
?
)
3
4
5
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight




84. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
Collector<String, ?, Map<Integer, List<String>> > c =
groupingBy(
String::length,
Collector<String, ?, >
)
3
4
5
one, two, six, ten
four, five, nine
three, seven, eight




85. one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
Collector<String, ?, Map<Integer, Value>> c =
groupingBy(
String::length,
Collector<String, ?, Value>
)
counting() : Collector<T, ?, Long>
3
4
5
4L
3L
3L




86. Intermediate Operations

87. Intermediate Collectors
Back to the mapping collector
This collector takes a downstream collector
stream.collect(mapping(function, downstream));

88. Intermediate Collectors
The mapping Collector provides an
intermediate operation
stream.collect(mapping(function, downstream));

89. Intermediate Collectors
The mapping Collector provides an
intermediate operation
Why is it interesting?
To create downstream collectors!
So what about integrating all our stream
processing as a collector?
stream.collect(mapping(function, downstream));

90. Intermediate Collectors
If collectors can map, why would’nt they filter,
or flatMap?
…in fact they can in 9 ☺

91. Intermediate Collectors
The mapping Collector provides an
intermediate operation
We have a Stream<T>
So predicate is a Predicate<T>
Downstream is a Collector<T, ?, R>
stream.collect(mapping(function, downstream));
stream.collect(filtering(predicate, downstream));

92. Intermediate Collectors
The mapping Collector provides an
intermediate operation
We have a Stream<T>
So flatMapper is a Function<T, Stream<TT>>
And downstream is a Collector<TT, ?, R>
stream.collect(mapping(function, downstream));
stream.collect(flatMapping(flatMapper, downstream));

93. Demo Time

94. Characteristics
Three characteristics for the collectors:
- IDENTITY_FINISH: the finisher is the identity
function
- UNORDERED: the collector does not preserve
the order of the elements
- CONCURRENT: the collector is thread safe

95. Handling Empty Optionals
Two things:
- Make an Optional a Stream
- Remove the empty Streams with flatMap
Map<K, Optional<V>> // with empty Optionals...
-> Map<K, Steam<V>> // with empty Streams
-> Stream<Map.Entry<K, V>> // the empty are gone
-> Map<K, V> // using a toMap

96. Joins
1) The authors that published the most
together
2) The authors that published the most
together in a year
StreamsUtils to the rescue!

97. Gent & Walsh, Beyond NP: The QSAT Phase Transition
Gent & Hoos & Prosser & Walsh, Morphing: Combining…
Gent, Hoos, Prosser, Walsh
Gent, Walsh
{Gent, Walsh}
{Gent, Hoos} {Gent, Prosser} {Gent, Walsh}
{Hoos, Prosser} {Hoos, Walsh}
{Prosser, Walsh}
flatMap()

98. Demo Time

99. Application
What is interesting in modeling a processing as
a collector?
We can reuse this collector as a downstream
collector for other processings

100. What About Readability?
Creating composable Collectors

101. Demo Time

102. Dealing with Issues
The main issue is the empty stream
A whole stream may have elements
But when we build an histogram, a given
substream may become empty…

103. Conclusion

104. API Collector
A very rich API indeed
Quite complex…
One needs to have a very precise idea of the
data processing pipeline
Can be extended!

105. API Collector
A collector can model a whole processing
Once it is written, it can be passed as a
downstream to another processing pipeline
Can be made composable to improve
readability
https://github.com/JosePaumard

106. Thank you for your
attention!

107. Questions?
@JosePaumard
https://github.com/JosePaumard
https://www.slideshare.net/jpaumard
https://www.youtube.com/user/JPaumard