Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements to regulate working conditions. It allows workers to achieve workplace democracy and ensure the rule of law at work. The term "collective bargaining" was first used in 1891 by Beatrice Webb to describe the process of negotiation between trade unions and employers over wages and working conditions. The goals of collective bargaining are to maintain good relations between employers and employees, settle disputes, protect workers' interests, and promote industrial democracy.

3.  Collective bargaining
generally includes
negotiations between the
two parties
 consists of negotiations
between an employer and
a group of employees
 the process by which
workers organize together

4.  consists of the process
of negotiation between
representatives of a
Trade Union and
employers
 allows workers to
achieve a form of
workplace democracy
and to ensure the rule
of law in the workplace

5.  term "collective
bargaining" was first used
in 1891
 by Beatrice Webb
 during the 18th century

6.  The term collective bargaining is made up of two
words, ‘collective’ – which means a ‘group
action’ through representation and ‘bargaining’,
means ‘negotiating’, which involves proposals
and counter-proposals, offers and counter-offers

7.  Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation
between employers and a group of employees
aimed at reaching agreements to regulate working
conditions.

8. (i) To maintain cordial relations between
the employer and the employees.
(ii)To settle disputes/ conflicts relating to
wages and working conditions.
(iii)To protect the interests of workers
through collective action.
(iv) To avoid third party intervention in
matters relating to employment.
(vi)To promote industrial democracy.

10.  It is a group process
 Negotiations form an
important aspect of the
process of collective
bargaining
 It a bipartite process
 Collective bargaining is a
complementary process
 Collective Bargaining is
continuous process

11.  Bargaining levels:
national, district, company, plant, or sub plant basis
 Bargaining units: the groups of employees which
are covered by a particular set of bargaining
 Bargaining scope: the range of subjects covered in
a particular organization.
 Bargaining forms: written or formal, un written or
in formal

12.  contracts help to guide standards.
 participation in decision-making
process
 Provide power
 Give economic security

13.  reduces individuality.
 Must pay union dues even
if they do not support
unionization.
 Increased wages and
improved facilities for
workers can indirectly
result in high prices for
goods and services.