The document discusses solutions to the cold starting problem in the TVS Scooty Pep+ scooter. It defines cold starting as the difficulty in starting an engine when it is cold relative to its normal operating temperature. For the Scooty Pep+, common cold starting issues are high compression and viscous oil making ignition and circulation difficult. Several potential solutions are examined, including using multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) for more precise fuel delivery, coating engine parts with insulating materials, installing block or oil heaters, and adding an extra starter motor. The document concludes that implementing an MPFI system would help reduce emissions and provide proper fuel ignition to solve the Scooty Pep+'s cold starting issues.

1. IPCOWALA INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
STUDY OF COLDSTARTING PROBLEM IN SCOOTY PEP+
Submitted by,
• Shah Deep (121010102011)
• Chauhan Rahul (121010102033)
• Mominsuthar Sahirmohmad (121010102044)
• Parmar Jayveersinh (121010102048)
Guided By,
Prof. Ritesh kumar Ranjan

2. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• PROBLEM DEFINITION
• COLD STARTING
• INTRODUCTION – COLD STARTING
• EFFECT OF COLD STARTING
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• DIFFERENT SOLUTION OF COLD STARTING
• MATERIAL COATING AS SOLUTION
• MPFI SYSTEM AS SOLUTION
• MPFI WORKING RELATED TO COLD STARTING
• ADVANTAGES FOR IMPLIMENTATION

3. INTRODUCTION
• Scooty pap+ is the vehicle of TVS Motors which is specially design
for girls and old people.
• This vehicle is light weighted vehicle and easy to handle.
• In this vehicle it have 4-stroke 88-CC air cooled petrol engine which
generate 5.8 N-m max. torque and 3.68 kW max. power.
• It have digital DC CDI ignition system.
• It has automatic CVT automatic transmission system

4. PROBLEM DEFINATION
• This TVS Scooty Pep+ is very good Scooty in the range of 80-90 CC
engines.
• But there is some major problem is occur in this Scooter which
faced by consumer.
• Major problem is cold starting. The vehicle cannot able to start in
cold season or at when the temperature is very low.
• The other problem is occur in this Scooter is overheat.

5. COLD STARTING PROBLEM

6. COLD STARTING
• Cold start is an attempt to start a vehicle’s engine when it is cold, relative to it
normal operating temperature.
• Cold start situation is commonplace, as weather conditions in most climates
will naturally be at lower temperature than typical operating temperature of
an engine.
• In case of two wheeler vehicle, vehicle needs to start manually with the use of
KICK.
• Multiple reasons for cold starting are,
• The engine compression is higher as lack of the heat make ignition more difficult
• Low temperature cause engine oil to become more viscous, making it more difficult to
circulate.

7. EFFECT ON COLD STARTING
• Due to the cold start problem, consumer have to do more
effort to start the vehicle.
• Due to Cold starting problem it produce more toxic
exhaust gases like Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx), Hydro-Carbon (HC) etc.
• It produce more hydro-carbons due to incombustible
fuels.

9. LITERATURE SURVEY

10. Author Definition Abstract Conclusion
Andrew
Roberts,
Richard
Brooks,
Philip Shipway
Internal combustion
engine cold-start
efficiency: A review
of the problem,
causes and potential
solutions
• The thermal efficiency of the
internal combustion engine is
significantly lower at cold start
than when the vehicle reaches
steady state temperatures
owing to sub-optimal lubricant
and component temperatures.
• The approaches have a
common theme of attempting
to reduce energy losses so that
systems and components reach
their intended operating
temperature range as soon as
possible after engine start.
• Through this review, it
can be seen that the issue
of internal combustion
engine cold-start
efficiency is one that has
attracted a great deal of
attention.
• It can be seen that there
are noticeable
improvements to be had
in both fuel consumption
and emissions as a direct
result of improving the
cold start performance of
the internal combustion
engine.

11. Author Definition Abstract Conclusion
Yong-shik Chong,
Jun-ha Hwang,
Jong-cheol Kim
A Study of Method to
Solve Cold-Start Problem
in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
• The Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
(FCEV) has the problem of
starting the fuel cells in winter
because of the water that
generated from the cells.
• Therefore, cold-start is hot issue
of the FCEV and the car makers
are using several methods.
• Using the inverter and traction
motor system of the vehicle, the
fuel cell stack increases the
temperature of the coolant.
• Cold-start logic for
LMFC Pilot vehicle that
had a serious problem
has been confirmed
through the infrared
and vehicle tests.
• As the current is
concentrated to only
one phase of power
module because of the
characteristic of the
cold-start logic, it would
be likely to destroy the
power module with
very high rate of
probability.

12. Author Definition Abstract Conclusion
Matthew S. Reiter
Kara M. Kockelman
THE PROBLEM OF
COLD STARTS: A
CLOSER LOOK AT
MOBILE SOURCE
EMISSIONS LEVELS
• Starting emissions are consistently found to
make up a high proportion of total
transportation-related methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
• After three to four minutes of vehicle
operation, both the engine coolant and the
catalytic converter have generally warmed,
and emissions are significantly lower.
This paper synthesizes a
variety of current knowledge
about cold start emissions for
motor vehicles. Simulations
performed using EPA’s MOVES
program suggests that,
regardless of geographic
location or time of year, CH4,
N2O, and VOC constitute a
significant cost of cold engine
starts. Looking toward the
future, the same top
pollutants continue to appear,
but absolute levels of
emissions decline
substantially. Other potential
sources of vehicle power, such
as electricity, are undergoing
their own sharp reductions in
pollutant emissions. This
could have major implications
for the future of
transportation.

13. SOLUTION OF COLD STARTING PROBLEM
• We can reduce the cold starting problems by some methods as
like,
• MPFI System
• Connecting external Heater
• Material Coating
• Additional Starter Motor
• Installing Glow-Plug

14. MATERIAL COATING
• Coatings serve to insulate components from large and prolonged
heat loads by utilizing thermally insulating materials which can
sustain an appreciable temperature difference between the load-
bearing alloys and the coating surface.
• Coatings can allow for higher operating temperatures while
limiting the thermal exposure of structural components, its part
life can be extend by reducing oxidation and thermal fatigue.

15. MATERIAL COATING
Benefits:
• Maximum resistance to wear.
• By coating different parts its life increase, but it’s not
only increase life of coated parts but entire elements
subject to (piston rings, rider rings and packing rings)
because they operate under optimum conditions.
• Maintenance of the different coated parts will
decrease, and lower operating costs.

16. DIFFERENT MATERIALS USED IN COATING
• There are many materials for coating of the different parts of the engine.
Some of the materials are as follows.
1. Tungsten carbide coatings
2. plasma-aided titanium nitride coatings
3. Nickel coatings
4. Titanium Oxide OR Titanium Di-oxide.

17. EXTERNAL HEATERS AS SOLUTION
• A block heater warms an engine to increase the chances that the engine will start as
well as warm up the vehicle faster than it normally would in extremely cold weather.
• The most common type is an electric heating element in the cylinder block,
connected through a power cord often routed through the vehicle's grille.
• Block heaters that run on the vehicle's own gasoline or diesel fuel supply are also
available; these do not require an external power source.
• The coolant is heated and circulated, usually by thermo-siphon, through the engine
and the vehicle's heater core.
• Heaters are also available for engine oil so that warm oil can quickly circulate
throughout the engine during start up

18. M.P.F.I. SYSTEM
MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
• The MPFI system consists of sensors which detect the engine
condition, the ENGINE-ECU which controls the system based on
signals from these sensors, an actuators which operates under the
control of ENGINE-ECU.
• The ENGINE-ECU carries out activities such as fuel injection
control, ideal air control and ignition timing control.
• In addition, the ENGINE-ECU is equipped with a number of
diagnostic test modes which simplify troubleshooting when a
problem develops.

20. HOW MPFI WORKS FOR COLD STARTING PROBLEM
• As we seen earlier ENGINE-ECU detect all the data related the
engine as like coolant temperature, engine temperature, engine
speed, air intake pressure, air intake temperature etc. by
calculation of all data it determine that how much fuel and air
pressure, air-fuel ratio needed to start the engine at cold
atmosphere.
• With the use of this system we can reduce the emission of the
Hydrocarbon, Carbon Monoxide, NOx .

21. ADVANTAGES
• By installing MPFI system the problem is cold starting is solved.
• Emission of Hydro-Carbon, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides will
be reduce.
• Proper ignition is done of the fuels.
• By implement of this system in the Scooty Pep+, it would be
greater step for gain good reputation of this Scooty and it will be
best Scooty in its section.

22. REFERENCE
• Internal combustion engine cold-start efficiency: A review of the problem,
causes and potential solutions by Andrew Roberts, Richard Brooks, Philip
Shipway
• THE PROBLEM OF COLD STARTS: 2 A CLOSER LOOK AT MOBILE SOURCE
EMISSIONS LEVELS by Matthew S. Reiter Kara M. Kockelman
• A Study of Method to Solve Cold-Start Problem in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle by
Yong-shik Chong, Jun-ha Hwang, Jong-cheol Kim
• Cold Starting of IC Engines by R.B. Gupta

23. THANK YOU