Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914 in Bosnia, sparking World War I. There were two major alliances in the war: the Allied powers of France, Russia, Britain, and the U.S. versus the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Trench warfare resulted in conditions like trench foot as soldiers lived in wet, muddy trenches for extended periods. Germany ultimately surrendered on November 11, 1918, marking the end of World War I. After the war, the political maps of Europe and the Middle East were redrawn, Germany was forced to accept responsibility and pay reparations, and the League of Nations was formed to promote cooperation between countries.