Linear block and cyclic codes can be used for both two error detection and single error correction. These codes add redundant bits to detect errors during transmission by using techniques like parity checks and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC). CRC is more powerful than parity checks as it is based on binary division rather than just addition. Cyclic codes have advantages like good performance detecting single and odd number of bit errors and ease of hardware implementation, making them suitable for error detection and correction in networks.

1. Linear Block and Cyclic Codes used
for two error detection and single
error correction
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Anwar liwaa shakir
MSC.
Communication engineer
Uok

2. Basic concepts
 Networks must be able to transfer data from one device
to another with complete accuracy.
 Data can be corrupted during transmission.
 For reliable communication, errors must be detected and
corrected.
 Error detection and
correction are implemented either at the
data link layer or the transport layer of the OSI
model.

3. Types of Errors

4. Error detection
-Check if any error has occurred
-Don't care the number of errors
-Don't care the positions of errors
 Error correction
-Need to know the number of errors
-Need to know the positions of errors
-More difficult

5. Single-bit error
Multiple -bit error

6. Single bit errors are the least likely type of errors in serial
data transmission because the noise must have a very short
duration which is very rare. However this kind of errors
can happen in parallel transmission.
Example:
If data is sent at 1Mbps then each bit lasts only
1/1,000,000 sec. or 1 μs.
For a single-bit error to occur, the noise must have a
duration of only 1 μs, which is very rare.

7. Burst error

8. The term burst error means that two or more bits in the
data unit have changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.
Burst errors does not necessarily mean that the errors
occur in consecutive bits, the length of the burst is
measured from the first corrupted bit to the last corrupted
bit. Some bits in between may not have been corrupted.

9.  Burst error is most likely to happen in serial
transmission since the duration of noise is normally
longer than the duration of a bit.
 The number of bits affected depends on the data rate and
duration of noise.
Example:
If data is sent at rate = 1Kbps then a noise of
1/100 sec can affect 10 bits.(1/100*1000)
If same data is sent at rate = 1Mbps then a noise
of 1/100 sec can affect 10,000 bits.(1/100*106)

10. Error detection
 Error detection means to decide whether the received
data is correct or not
 Error detection uses the concept of redundancy,

11. Redundancy

12. Parity check Linear block
The simplest method available –
it’s a linear ,systematic block code
 Single parity check
 Two dimensional parity check
How to use parity methods?
Parity generate-sender’s side
Parity detect-receiver’s side

13. TWO-DIMENTIONAL PARITY CHECK
(LRC)
 In two- dimensional parity check, a block of bits is divided into
rows and redundant row of bits is added to the whole block.
 Even parity concept

14. Example:
 In transmitter :
compute(m+n+1) parity bits

15. Drawbacks of 2D parity check
Figure : Two-dimensional parity-check code

16. • 1 affect 3 ,2 affect 3,3 affect 4 ,4 affect 4 –so can not detect in this case
• Disadvantage :too many check bits!!
• Can not detect error, if bits in one data unit are changed and 2 bits in exactly the
same position in another data unit is changed
Figure Two-dimensional parity-check code

17. CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK
(CRC)
• Most powerful of the
redundancy checking
• Parity is based on addition
• CRC is based on binary
division

18. Figure Division in CRC
encoder

19. Figure Division in the CRC decoder for two cases

20. • In a cyclic code,
• If s(x) ≠ 0, one or more bits is
corrupted.
• If s(x) = 0, either
• a. No bit is corrupted. or
• b. Some bits are corrupted, but the
decoder failed to detect them.

21. ADVANTAGES OF CYCLIC
CODES Cyclic
 codes have a very good performance in detecting
single-bit errors, double errors, a n odd number of
errors.
 They can easily be implemented in hardware and
software.
 They are especially fast when implemented in
hardware.
 This has made cyclic codes a good candidate for
many networks

22. Thank you