901325_chapter 10 (1).ppt
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This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in data transmission. It describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection methods like vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and checksum that detect errors by adding redundant bits. CRC uses polynomial division to detect errors while checksum adds all data bits. Finally, it discusses single-bit error correction using Hamming code, which embeds location information of parity bits to identify and correct single-bit errors.
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Error correction error detection in digital communication
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques. It describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection methods like vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and checksum that work by adding redundant bits. CRC is more powerful than VRC and LRC as it can detect all single and some multiple bit errors. The document also covers error correction techniques like single-bit error correction using Hamming code that allows detecting and correcting single bit errors.
Error detection and correction.ppt
About types of errors, Error detection and its types -vertical redundancy check, Longitudinal redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, checksum, example ,Error correction using Hamming code
error detection.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in data communication. It describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection methods like vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and checksum that work by adding redundant bits. The document also covers error correction techniques like single-bit error correction using Hamming code which allows detecting and correcting single-bit errors.
Error detection.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It explains that networks must transfer data accurately and that errors can occur during transmission. It then describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It also discusses various techniques for error detection using redundancy like vertical redundancy check, longitudinal redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, and checksums. Finally, it covers error correction methods like having the sender retransmit data or using error-correcting codes like Hamming codes to automatically correct certain errors.
computer Networks Error Detection and Correction.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It covers the following key points:
- There are two main types of errors: single-bit errors and burst errors. Burst errors are more common in serial transmission.
- Error detection verifies data accuracy without having the original message. It uses redundancy like vertical and longitudinal redundancy checks. Cyclic redundancy checks use polynomial division to detect errors.
- Error correction automatically fixes certain errors. Single-bit error correction reverses the value of the altered bit. Hamming codes use additional redundant bits to detect and correct single-bit errors.
Lecture 13
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in computer networks. It describes several methods:
- Vertical redundancy check (VRC or parity check) which detects single-bit errors by adding an extra parity bit to each data unit.
- Longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) which calculates parity bits for each column in a data block.
- Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) which uses binary division to generate a CRC remainder that is appended to the data.
- Checksum which calculates a sum of all data bits and appends the one's complement as a checksum. These methods allow detection of errors during data transmission.
Error detection and correction
Error coding uses mathematical formulas to encode data bits into longer code words for transmission. This allows errors caused by environmental interference to be detected and sometimes corrected at the destination. There are two main types of error coding: error-detecting codes and error-correcting codes. Error-detecting codes add enough redundancy to allow errors to be detected but not corrected, while error-correcting codes add more redundancy to allow errors to be corrected. Common error-detecting coding techniques include parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). These techniques use additional redundant bits appended to the data to facilitate error detection. CRC is particularly powerful as it can detect all single-bit errors and many burst errors.
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This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in digital communications. It describes how errors can occur during data transmission and why error detection and correction is needed. It then explains different types of errors and various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks. Finally, it discusses error correction techniques like backward error correction using retransmissions and forward error correction using redundant bits and provides an example of Hamming codes.
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Error correction error detection in digital communication
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques. It describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection methods like vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and checksum that work by adding redundant bits. CRC is more powerful than VRC and LRC as it can detect all single and some multiple bit errors. The document also covers error correction techniques like single-bit error correction using Hamming code that allows detecting and correcting single bit errors.
Error detection and correction.ppt
About types of errors, Error detection and its types -vertical redundancy check, Longitudinal redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, checksum, example ,Error correction using Hamming code
error detection.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in data communication. It describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection methods like vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and checksum that work by adding redundant bits. The document also covers error correction techniques like single-bit error correction using Hamming code which allows detecting and correcting single-bit errors.
Error detection.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It explains that networks must transfer data accurately and that errors can occur during transmission. It then describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It also discusses various techniques for error detection using redundancy like vertical redundancy check, longitudinal redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, and checksums. Finally, it covers error correction methods like having the sender retransmit data or using error-correcting codes like Hamming codes to automatically correct certain errors.
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This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It covers the following key points:
- There are two main types of errors: single-bit errors and burst errors. Burst errors are more common in serial transmission.
- Error detection verifies data accuracy without having the original message. It uses redundancy like vertical and longitudinal redundancy checks. Cyclic redundancy checks use polynomial division to detect errors.
- Error correction automatically fixes certain errors. Single-bit error correction reverses the value of the altered bit. Hamming codes use additional redundant bits to detect and correct single-bit errors.
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This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in computer networks. It describes several methods:
- Vertical redundancy check (VRC or parity check) which detects single-bit errors by adding an extra parity bit to each data unit.
- Longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) which calculates parity bits for each column in a data block.
- Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) which uses binary division to generate a CRC remainder that is appended to the data.
- Checksum which calculates a sum of all data bits and appends the one's complement as a checksum. These methods allow detection of errors during data transmission.
Error detection and correction
Error coding uses mathematical formulas to encode data bits into longer code words for transmission. This allows errors caused by environmental interference to be detected and sometimes corrected at the destination. There are two main types of error coding: error-detecting codes and error-correcting codes. Error-detecting codes add enough redundancy to allow errors to be detected but not corrected, while error-correcting codes add more redundancy to allow errors to be corrected. Common error-detecting coding techniques include parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). These techniques use additional redundant bits appended to the data to facilitate error detection. CRC is particularly powerful as it can detect all single-bit errors and many burst errors.
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1. The document discusses various techniques for detecting and correcting errors that may occur during data transmission, including parity checks, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and automatic repeat request (ARQ).
2. It describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors that can happen and how parity checks can detect single-bit but not all burst errors. CRC and two-dimensional parity checks are presented as improvements.
3. Forward error correction (FEC) and ARQ are discussed as two approaches for error correction, with ARQ being based on retransmission of frames upon detected errors and FEC encoding data for some error correction ability. Specific ARQ protocols like stop-and-wait and Go-Back-N are outlined.
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This document discusses error control techniques used at the data link layer. It describes different types of errors that can occur during transmission such as single bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksum, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity checks can detect single bit errors but not burst errors affecting an even number of bits. Checksum and CRC are more robust techniques that can detect most errors. The document also introduces error correcting codes using Hamming codes that can not only detect errors but also correct them by adding redundant bits to determine the position of the erroneous bit.
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Error detection techniques like parity checks and CRC are used to detect errors during data transmission. Parity checks add an extra redundant bit to data units to make the total number of 1s even or odd. This allows detection of single-bit errors. CRC uses a mathematical algorithm involving binary division to generate a checksum over all data bits, making it better able to detect burst errors affecting multiple bits. These detection techniques help ensure reliable communication by allowing retransmission of corrupted data.
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The condition that should be satisfied by G(x) to detect odd number of bits in error is that 1+x is a factor of G(x). Therefore, the answer is C.
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mod-3-cn-ppt (1).pdf bca bsc btech notes
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Error detection refers to the process of identifying and detecting errors or inconsistencies in data or transmitted signals. It is an essential aspect of ensuring data integrity and reliability in various communication systems, computer networks, and storage systems.
The purpose of error detection is to determine if errors have occurred during data transmission or storage and to provide a mechanism to identify and correct these errors. Errors can occur due to various factors such as noise, interference, hardware failures, or software issues. By detecting errors, corrective measures can be taken to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the transmitted or stored data.
There are several techniques and algorithms commonly used for error detection. Here are a few notable ones:
Parity Check: Parity check is a simple and widely used error detection method. It involves adding an extra bit, called a parity bit, to a group of bits being transmitted. The parity bit is set to 1 or 0 based on whether the total number of 1s in the data is even or odd. At the receiving end, the parity bit is recalculated and compared to the received parity bit. If they do not match, an error is detected.
Checksum: Checksum is a technique that involves calculating a numerical value, often a sum or a hash, based on the data being transmitted. This value is then appended to the data. At the receiving end, the checksum is recalculated and compared to the received value. If they do not match, it indicates the presence of an error.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): CRC is a more sophisticated error detection algorithm widely used in networking protocols and storage systems. It involves generating a cyclic redundancy code based on the data being transmitted. This code is appended to the data, and at the receiving end, the code is recalculated and compared to the received code. A mismatch indicates the presence of errors.
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Error correction and Detection technique while sending the message
This ppt is helpful the student of computer science and IT student which are preparing the seminor on the error correction and detection.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This document outlines the syllabus for a course on computer networks. It covers three units: introduction to networking concepts and reference models, the data link layer, and the network layer. The data link layer section describes its design issues, functions, services, framing, error control, and flow control. It also discusses error detection techniques like vertical redundancy checks, longitudinal redundancy checks, cyclic redundancy checks, and checksums. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these concepts.
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This document summarizes a faculty development program on computer networks held from April 24-30, 2019. On April 25, Dr. A. Kathirvel from MNM Jain Engineering College gave a lecture covering various topics related to the data link layer, including data link protocols, media access control, encoding, framing, and error detection techniques. Specific protocols and concepts discussed include HDLC, PPP, Manchester encoding, 4B/5B encoding, byte-oriented and bit-oriented framing, CRC, checksums, and two-dimensional parity.
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1. The document discusses various techniques for detecting and correcting errors that may occur during data transmission, including parity checks, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and automatic repeat request (ARQ).
2. It describes different types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors that can happen and how parity checks can detect single-bit but not all burst errors. CRC and two-dimensional parity checks are presented as improvements.
3. Forward error correction (FEC) and ARQ are discussed as two approaches for error correction, with ARQ being based on retransmission of frames upon detected errors and FEC encoding data for some error correction ability. Specific ARQ protocols like stop-and-wait and Go-Back-N are outlined.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the data link layer:
- It is responsible for frame transmission and error detection/correction between directly connected hosts.
- It has two sublayers: logical link control for flow/error control and media access control for media access.
- Functions include framing, addressing, synchronization, error detection/correction, and flow control. Common error detection techniques are parity checks and cyclic redundancy checks.
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This document discusses error control techniques used at the data link layer. It describes different types of errors that can occur during transmission such as single bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksum, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity checks can detect single bit errors but not burst errors affecting an even number of bits. Checksum and CRC are more robust techniques that can detect most errors. The document also introduces error correcting codes using Hamming codes that can not only detect errors but also correct them by adding redundant bits to determine the position of the erroneous bit.
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Error detection techniques like parity checks and CRC are used to detect errors during data transmission. Parity checks add an extra redundant bit to data units to make the total number of 1s even or odd. This allows detection of single-bit errors. CRC uses a mathematical algorithm involving binary division to generate a checksum over all data bits, making it better able to detect burst errors affecting multiple bits. These detection techniques help ensure reliable communication by allowing retransmission of corrupted data.
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The condition that should be satisfied by G(x) to detect odd number of bits in error is that 1+x is a factor of G(x). Therefore, the answer is C.
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The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
mod-3-cn-ppt (1).pdf bca bsc btech notes
The document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in data transmission. It explains that errors can occur during transmission and redundancy is added through encoding schemes to detect or correct corrupted data. Error detection allows a receiver to detect if an error occurred, while error correction enables locating and replacing the exact bits in error. Block coding and convolution coding are two common coding techniques used. The document also discusses forward error correction versus retransmission for error handling.
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The document is a report submitted to a lecturer that discusses error detection and correction of burst errors. It first defines key concepts like Hamming codes and burst errors. It then describes how burst errors occur when multiple adjacent bits are flipped and explains how redundancy can be used to detect and correct burst errors. Specifically, it notes that linear codes can correct all burst errors of length t or less if the errors occur in distinct cosets, allowing them to be identified and corrected based on their syndrome. The report provides examples of burst errors and definitions of burst error parameters like location and pattern.
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Error detection refers to the process of identifying and detecting errors or inconsistencies in data or transmitted signals. It is an essential aspect of ensuring data integrity and reliability in various communication systems, computer networks, and storage systems.
The purpose of error detection is to determine if errors have occurred during data transmission or storage and to provide a mechanism to identify and correct these errors. Errors can occur due to various factors such as noise, interference, hardware failures, or software issues. By detecting errors, corrective measures can be taken to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the transmitted or stored data.
There are several techniques and algorithms commonly used for error detection. Here are a few notable ones:
Parity Check: Parity check is a simple and widely used error detection method. It involves adding an extra bit, called a parity bit, to a group of bits being transmitted. The parity bit is set to 1 or 0 based on whether the total number of 1s in the data is even or odd. At the receiving end, the parity bit is recalculated and compared to the received parity bit. If they do not match, an error is detected.
Checksum: Checksum is a technique that involves calculating a numerical value, often a sum or a hash, based on the data being transmitted. This value is then appended to the data. At the receiving end, the checksum is recalculated and compared to the received value. If they do not match, it indicates the presence of an error.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): CRC is a more sophisticated error detection algorithm widely used in networking protocols and storage systems. It involves generating a cyclic redundancy code based on the data being transmitted. This code is appended to the data, and at the receiving end, the code is recalculated and compared to the received code. A mismatch indicates the presence of errors.
Forward Error Correction (FEC): FEC is an error detection and correction technique that involves adding redundant information to the transmitted data. This redundancy allows the receiver to not only detect errors but also correct them without the need for retransmission. FEC is commonly used in applications where retransmission is expensive or not feasible, such as satellite communications and wireless networks.
Error detection techniques play a crucial role in ensuring data integrity and reliable communication. They provide a mechanism to detect errors and trigger appropriate actions, such as requesting retransmission or performing error correction. By implementing effective error detection mechanisms, data integrity can be maintained, and the overall quality and reliability of communication systems can be improved.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 1. Chapter 10 Error Detection and Correction • Types of Errors • Detection • Correction
- 2. Basic concepts Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with complete accuracy. Data can be corrupted during transmission. For reliable communication, errors must be detected and corrected. Error detection and correction are implemented either at the data link layer or the transport layer of the OSI model.
- 5. Single bit errors are the least likely type of errors in serial data transmission because the noise must have a very short duration which is very rare. However this kind of errors can happen in parallel transmission. Example: If data is sent at 1Mbps then each bit lasts only 1/1,000,000 sec. or 1 μs. For a single-bit error to occur, the noise must have a duration of only 1 μs, which is very rare.
- 6. Burst error
- 8. The term burst error means that two or more bits in the data unit have changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. Burst errors does not necessarily mean that the errors occur in consecutive bits, the length of the burst is measured from the first corrupted bit to the last corrupted bit. Some bits in between may not have been corrupted.
- 9. Burst error is most likely to happen in serial transmission since the duration of noise is normally longer than the duration of a bit. The number of bits affected depends on the data rate and duration of noise. Example: If data is sent at rate = 1Kbps then a noise of 1/100 sec can affect 10 bits.(1/100*1000) If same data is sent at rate = 1Mbps then a noise of 1/100 sec can affect 10,000 bits.(1/100*106)
- 10. Error detection Error detection means to decide whether the received data is correct or not without having a copy of the original message. Error detection uses the concept of redundancy, which means adding extra bits for detecting errors at the destination.
- 11. Redundancy
- 12. Four types of redundancy checks are used in data communications
- 14. Performance It can detect single bit error It can detect burst errors only if the total number of errors is odd.
- 16. Performance LCR increases the likelihood of detecting burst errors. If two bits in one data units are damaged and two bits in exactly the same positions in another data unit are also damaged, the LRC checker will not detect an error.
- 17. VRC and LRC
- 19. Cyclic Redundancy Check • Given a k-bit frame or message, the transmitter generates an n-bit sequence, known as a frame check sequence (FCS), so that the resulting frame, consisting of (k+n) bits, is exactly divisible by some predetermined number. • The receiver then divides the incoming frame by the same number and, if there is no remainder, assumes that there was no error.
- 20. Binary Division
- 21. Polynomial
- 24. Checksum
- 25. At the sender The unit is divided into k sections, each of n bits. All sections are added together using one’s complement to get the sum. The sum is complemented and becomes the checksum. The checksum is sent with the data
- 26. At the receiver The unit is divided into k sections, each of n bits. All sections are added together using one’s complement to get the sum. The sum is complemented. If the result is zero, the data are accepted: otherwise, they are rejected.
- 27. Performance The checksum detects all errors involving an odd number of bits. It detects most errors involving an even number of bits. If one or more bits of a segment are damaged and the corresponding bit or bits of opposite value in a second segment are also damaged, the sums of those columns will not change and the receiver will not detect a problem.
- 28. Error Correction It can be handled in two ways: 1) receiver can have the sender retransmit the entire data unit. 2) The receiver can use an error-correcting code, which automatically corrects certain errors.
- 29. Single-bit error correction To correct an error, the receiver reverses the value of the altered bit. To do so, it must know which bit is in error. Number of redundancy bits needed • Let data bits = m • Redundancy bits = r Total message sent = m+r The value of r must satisfy the following relation: 2r ≥ m+r+1
- 30. Error Correction
- 31. Hamming Code
- 32. Hamming Code
- 33. Hamming Code
- 34. Example of Hamming Code
- 35. Single-bit error
- 36. Error Detection
Editor's Notes
- Make sense of message. Make sense of message.