This document defines various film and television production terminology: Disco, Donut, File, and Dress describe different types of segments in a news broadcast. Out of vision, Float, and graphics describe different visual elements. Slug, Bug, Ticker, and Establishing Shot refer to on-screen graphics or shot types. The document provides definitions for key terms used in filmmaking, television production, and broadcast journalism.

2. Disco: This is where a short
discussion between the
anchors takes place.
Donut: This is where a
presenter in the studio
hands over to a presenter
on location conducting an
interview. They describe
the situation and interview
a guest before handing
back to the presenter in the
studio.
File: this is where a report
is sent back from a
location.
Dress: News anchors are
dressed professionally in
formal wear. This is done to
convey to the audience
that the broadcaster they
are watching Is well
established and
trustworthy.
Out of vision: The name for
a shot when a presenter is
talking but you can’t see
them on the screen. They
are out of vision.
Float: A series of pictures shown when the presenter is talking.
They are floated over the voice of the presenter, they illustrate
what the presenter is talking about.

3.  The reporter in the studio is the establishing shot. The Reporter/Anchor makes direct eye
contact with the audience
 Pre edited footage of a report with the reporter on location is prepared and ready to be
shown to the audience
 The report usually begins with a voice over explaining the premise of the story
 There are usually fast pace cutaways to make the 3-5 minute long report short and snappy
 Interviews and voxpops, which are normally up to 6 seconds long, are carried out to give
peoples different opinions. This is done in order to offer multiple perspectives to the viewer
 Then there are graphics and facts
 Filler shots are used throughout. This is where the reporter gives fax and explains a story
whilst still or moving images are shown to the audience
 The reporter will sign off giving their name and the broadcasters name

4.  Bug: A digital on screen logo that is permanent. It is normally identified in the corner of the
screen
 Continuity editing: Manipulation of time by the editor. Done to condense something that
had taken an hour to film to look like a few minutes of footage. It is the illusion of
continuous time without showing everything that happens
 Cutaways: A cut from one subject to another subject deemed as equally
important/relevant by the producer
 Graphics: Words, diagrams, maps etc.
 Lower Third: Portion of the screen reserved for textual and statistic visual content such as a
news ticker, time title of segment, bug etc.
 Montage: A series of multiple images
 Name Super/Astons: The name and job title of a person speaking
 News Belt: A round up of short news stories

5.  News in brief: Short stories displayed on a website or radio
 Shoot: When a reporter is accompanied by a camera man they are on a shoot
 Slug: Where a key word sums up a news story and is used over and over again
 Still: A photograph
 Stock footage: A library of common footage such as crowds at events that can be used. It is
often called library material
 Ticker: A small screen space dedicated to headlines or minor news
 Voice Over: A shot where the presenter explains what is going on in a clip
 Voxpops: short interviews with members of the public giving the opinion of the people
 Video Tape: A moving picture

6. • Direct mode of address: Where a reports stairs down the camera lens looking at the
viewer.
• Personal Pronouns: Examples of this ‘are Thankyou for joining us’
• Dialogue: Presenter usually speak slowly with over emphasis and annunciation
• Establishing Shot: At the beginning of a broadcast. There is usually a pan and zoom in from
a long shot to a mid to close up shot
• Crowd shots: Shows the feeling of whole groups of people in relation to a story e.g.
football match, riots etc.
• Long Shot: Used to show scale and also to make stills and moving images more interesting
as more of an area can be seen

7. • Diegetic and non Diegetic Sound: Diegetic sound is Sound whose source is visible on the
screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film and non Diegetic
sound is Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be
present in the action.
• Asynchronous and Synchronous sound: Asynchronous sound is sound that is out of sync or
unrelated to the visuals. Synchronous sound is sound that is in sync with the visuals and
filmed at the same time.
• Ambient Sound: The sounds of a location such as water from a river, cars, horns etc.
• Human Interest angle: issues effecting people in general
• Sign off using play on words

8. Slug: Where a key
word sums up a
news story and is
used over and over
again
Bug: A digital on screen logo that is
permanent. It is normally identified in the
corner of the screen
Ticker: A small screen space dedicated to
headlines or minor news
Establishing Shot:
At the beginning of
a broadcast. There
is usually a pan
and zoom in from a
long shot to a mid
to close up shot