This document provides definitions and descriptions of various cloud types organized by their altitude levels - low, middle, and high. It describes the genus, species, and varieties of clouds found in each level. Key details include:
- Low level clouds include cumulus, cumulonimbus, stratus and stratocumulus clouds. Cumulus humilis and mediocris have small vertical extent while congestus can produce showers. Stratocumulus occurs in sheets or layers.
- Middle level clouds consist of altocumulus and altostratus. Altocumulus takes forms like stratiformis sheets or lenticular patches. Altostratus is a greyish sheet that reveals the sun.
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Material da Royal Meteorological Society. Trata-se de um "disco" que ajuda na identificação dos tipos de nuvens. Mais informações nesse post: http://meteoropole.com.br/2014/01/experiencia-13-circulo-de-nuvens/
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Material da Royal Meteorological Society. Trata-se de um "disco" que ajuda na identificação dos tipos de nuvens. Mais informações nesse post: http://meteoropole.com.br/2014/01/experiencia-13-circulo-de-nuvens/
An App for storing data about the people who the user meets, vehicles the user uses amd the path and places which the user visited. Beneficial to make the route map.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. CLOUD
• A cloud is a hydrometeor consisting of minute particles of liquid water or
ice, or of both, suspended in the atmosphere and usually not touching the
ground. It may also include larger particles of liquid water or ice, as well as
non-aqueous liquid or solid particles such as those present in fumes, smoke
or dust.
5. Genus Species (can be only one) Varieties (can be more than
one)
Cumulus Humilis , Mediocris
Congestus , Fractus
Radiatus
Cumulonimbus
(extend through all 3 levels)
Calvus
Capillatus
None
Stratus Nebulosus
Fractus
Opacus , Franslucidus
Undulatus
Stratocumulus Stratiformis ,Lenticularis
Castellanus
Translucidus, Perlucidus,
Opacus, Duplicatus,
Undulatus, Radiatus,
Lacunosus
6. CUMULUS
Detached clouds, generally dense and with sharp outlines, developing vertically
in the form of rising mounds, domes or towers, of which the bulging upper
part often resembles a cauliflower. The sunlit parts of these clouds are mostly
brilliant white; their base is relatively dark and nearly horizontal.
Sometimes, Cumulus is ragged.
7. Cumulus characterized by only a small vertical extent and appearing generally as
if flattened. Cumulus humilis clouds never produce precipitation.
CUMULUS HUMILIS
9. • Cumulus of moderate vertical extent, with small protuberances and
sproutings at their tops. Cumulus mediocris generally produce no
precipitation.
CUMULUS MEDIOCRIS
11. • Strongly sprouting Cumulus with generally sharp outlines and often
great vertical extent. The bulging upper part of Cumulus congestus
frequently resembles a cauliflower. Cumulus congestus may
produce precipitation in the form of showers of rain, snow or snow
pellets. In the tropics, they often release abundant rain in the form
of showers.
CUMULUS CONGESTUS
15. Cumulus arranged in lines nearly parallel to the wind direction (cloud streets)
and usually of the species mediocris. Due to perspective, these lines seem to
converge towards a point or towards opposite points of the horizon.
CUMULUS RADIATUS
17. CUMULONIMBUS
Heavy and dense cloud, with a considerable vertical extent, in the
form of a mountain or huge towers. At least part of its upper portion is
usually smooth, or fibrous or striated, and nearly always flattened;
this part often spreads out in the shape of an anvil or vast plume.
19. CUMULONIMBUS CALVUS
Cumulonimbus where the sproutings of the upper parts are indistinct and
flattened and have the appearance of a whitish mass without sharp outlines. No
fibrous or striated parts are visible. Cumulonimbus calvus usually produces
precipitation; when it reaches the ground, it is in the form of showers.
21. • Cumulonimbus where the upper portion has cirriform parts of clearly fibrous or
striated structure, frequently in the shape of an anvil (Cumulonimbus capillatus
incus), a plume or a vast disorderly mass of hair. In very cold air masses, the fibrous
structure often extends virtually throughout the cloud.
•
• Cumulonimbus capillatus is usually accompanied by a shower or by a thunderstorm,
often with wind squalls and sometimes with hail; it frequently produces very distinct
virga.
CUMULONIMBUS CAPILLATUS
22. STRATUS
Generally grey cloud layer with a fairly uniform base, which may give
drizzle, snow or snow grains. When the Sun is visible through the
cloud, its outline is clearly discernible. Stratus does not produce halo
phenomena except, possibly, at very low temperatures.
Sometimes Stratus appears in the form of ragged patches.
23. Nebulous, grey, fairly uniform layer of Stratus. This is the most common
species.
STRATUS NEBULOSUS OPACUS
31. STRATOCUMULUS
Grey or whitish, or both grey and whitish, patch, sheet or layer of
cloud that almost always has dark parts, composed of tessellations,
rounded masses, rolls, etc., which are non-fibrous (except for virga)
and which may or may not be merged; most of the regularly arranged
small elements have an apparent width of more than 5°.
32. STRATOCUMULUS STRATIFORMIS
Rolls or large rounded masses arranged in an extended sheet or layer. The
elements are more or less flattened. This species is the most common.
34. • A patch of Stratocumulus, in the shape of a lens or almond, often
very elongated and usually with well-defined outlines. The patch is
either composed of small elements (an apparent width greater than
5° when observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon),
closely grouped together, or consists of one more or less smooth
and usually dark unit. Irisation is possible.
• This species of Stratocumulus is fairly rare.
STRATOCUMULUS LENTICULARIS
36. Cumuliform turrets rising vertically from cloud elements connected by a
common horizontal base. The turrets:
Seem to be arranged in lines
Give the cloud a crenellated (castle battlement) appearance
Are sometimes taller than they are wide
Are especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side
STRATOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS
43. A patch in the shape of a lens or almond, often very elongated and usually with
well-defined outlines. The patch can be small elements, closely grouped
together; or one generally smooth unit with pronounced shadings.
ALTOCUMULUS LENTICULARIS
45. Small tufts of cumuliform appearance; the lower parts of the tufts are generally
ragged and often accompanied by fibrous trails (ice crystal virga). Altocumulus
floccus is an indication of instability at that level. Altocumulus floccus
sometimes forms as a result of the dissipation of the base of Altocumulus
castellanus.
ALTOCUMULUS FLOCCUS
47. Cumuliform turrets rising vertically from cloud elements connected by a
common horizontal base. The turrets:
Seem to be arranged in lines
Give the cloud a crenelated (castle battlement) appearance
Are sometimes taller than they are wide
Are especially evident when the cloud is seen from the side
ALTOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS
49. A long, horizontal, detached, tube-shaped cloud mass, often appearing to roll
slowly about a horizontal axis. It usually occurs as a single line and seldom
extends from horizon to horizon.
ALTOCUMULUS VOLUTUS
51. A patch, sheet or layer of Altocumulus, the greater part of which is sufficiently
translucent to reveal the position of the Sun or Moon. This variety often occurs
in the species stratiformis and lenticularis.
ALTOCUMULUS TRANSLUCIDUS
53. A patch, sheet or layer of Altocumulus where the spaces between the elements
allow the Sun, the Moon, the blue of the sky or higher clouds to be seen. This
variety often occurs in the species stratiformis.
ALTOCUMULUS PERLUCIDUS
55. A patch, sheet or layer of Altocumulus, the greater part of which is sufficiently
opaque to mask completely the Sun or Moon. Most often, the base of this
variety of Altocumulus is even and its apparent subdivision into merged
elements results from the irregularity of its upper surface. The base is
sometimes uneven and the elements then stand out in true relief, particularly
with a low Sun. The variety opacus occurs fairly often in the species
stratiformis.
ALTOCUMULUS OPACUS
59. Altocumulus composed of separate or merged elements, either elongated and
broadly parallel, or arranged in ranks and files having the appearance of two
distinct systems of undulations.
ALTOCUMULUS UNDULATUS
61. Altocumulus with approximately straight parallel bands. The bands appear to
converge towards one point, or two opposite points of the horizon.
ALTOCUMULUS RADIATUS
63. Sheet, layer or patches of Altocumulus showing more or less regularly
distributed round holes, many of them with fringed edges. The cloud elements
and clear spaces are often arranged in a net or honeycomb manner. The details
change rapidly.
ALTOCUMULUS LACUNOSUS
65. ALTOSTRATUS
Greyish or bluish cloud sheet or layer of striated, fibrous or uniform
appearance, totally or partly covering the sky, and having parts thin enough to
reveal the Sun at least vaguely, as through ground glass. Altostratus does not
show halo phenomena.
66. ALTOSTRATUS TRANSLUCIDUS
A patch, sheet or layer of Altocumulus, the greater part of which is sufficiently
translucent to reveal the position of the Sun or Moon. This variety often occurs
in the species stratiformis and lenticularis.
68. A patch, sheet or layer of Altocumulus, the greater part of which is sufficiently
opaque to mask completely the Sun or Moon. Most often, the base of this
variety of Altocumulus is even and its apparent subdivision into merged
elements results from the irregularity of its upper surface. The base is
sometimes uneven and the elements then stand out in true relief, particularly
with a low Sun. The variety opacus occurs fairly often in the species
stratiformis.
ALTOSTRATUS OPACUS
70. • Altostratus composed of two or more superposed layers, at slightly
different levels, sometimes partly merged. This variety is rarely
seen in Altostratus.
ALTOSTRATUS DUPLICATUS
74. Altostratus showing broad parallel bands that appear to converge towards one
point or towards two opposite points of the horizon. This variety is rarely seen
in Altostratus.
ALTOSTRATUS RADIATUS
77. Genus Species (can be only one) Varieties (can be more than
one)
Cirrus Fibratus , Uncinus , Spissatus
Castellanus , Floccus
Intortus, Radiatus,
Vertebratus, Duplicatus
Cirrocumulus Stratiformis , Lenticularis
Castellanus, Floccus
Undulatus, Lacunosus
Cirrostratus Fibratus , Nebulosus Duplicatus, Undulatus
78. Nearly straight or more or less irregularly curved white filaments, which are
always fine and do not terminate in hooks or tufts. The filaments are, for the
most part, distinct from one another.
CIRRUS FIBRATUS
80. Cirrus without grey parts, often shaped like a comma, terminating at the top in
a hook, or in a tuft, the upper part of which is not in the form of a
protuberance.
CIRRUS UNCINUS
82. Cirrus in patches, sufficiently dense to appear greyish when viewed towards the
sun; it may also veil the Sun, obscure its outline or even hide it. Cirrus spissatus
often originates from the upper part of a Cumulonimbus.
CIRRUS SPISSATUS
84. Fairly dense Cirrus in the form of small rounded and fibrous turrets or masses
rising from a common base, and sometimes having a crenellated (castle
battlement) appearance. The apparent width of the turret like protuberances
may be smaller or greater than 1° when observed at an angle of more than 30°
above the horizon
CIRRUS CASTELLANUS
86. Cirrus in the form of more or less isolated, small, rounded tufts, often with
trails. The apparent width of the tufts may be smaller or greater than 1° when
observed at an angle of more than 30° above the horizon; distinct to
Cirrocumulus castellanus where the width is less than 1°.
CIRRUS FLOCCUS
90. Cirrus arranged in parallel bands that, owing to the effect of perspective,
appear to converge towards one point or towards two opposite points of the
horizon. These bands are often partly composed of Cirrocumulus or
Cirrostratus.
CIRRUS RADIATUS
94. Cirrus arranged in superposed layers at slightly different levels, sometimes
merged in places. Most Cirrus fibratus and Cirrus uncinus belong to this
variety.
CIRRUS DUPLICATUS
99. Lens- or almond-shaped patches of Cirrocumulus; often very elongated and
usually with well-defined outlines. The patches are more or less isolated, mostly
smooth and are very white throughout. Irisation is sometimes observed in these
clouds.
CIRROCUMULUS LENTICULARIS
101. Cirrocumulus where some elements are vertically developed in the form of
small turrets, rising from a common horizontal base. The apparent width of the
turrets is always less than 1°, when observed at an angle of more than 30°
above the horizon. Castellanus develops due to instability at that level.
CIRROCUMULUS CASTELLANUS
103. Very small cumuliform tufts, the lower parts of which are more or less ragged.
The apparent width of each tuft is always less than 1°, when observed at an
angle of more than 30° above the horizon. Floccus develops due to instability
at that level.
CIRROCUMULUS FLOCCUS
107. Cirrocumulus in a patch, sheet or layer, showing small more or less regularly
distributed round holes, many of them with fringed edges. Cloud elements and
clear spaces are often arranged like a net or a honeycomb.
CIRROCUMULUS LACUNOSUS
110. A fibrous veil of Cirrostratus in which thin striations can be observed.
Cirrostratus fibratus may develop from Cirrus fibratus or less likely, Cirrus
spissatus.
CIRROSTRATUS FIBRATUS
112. A nebulous veil of Cirrostratus with no distinct detail. Sometimes the veil is so
light that it is barely visible; it may also be relatively dense and easily visible.
CIRROSTRATUS NEBULOSUS
