Clinical trials in china 2011
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
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Informed consent form
inform consent form before participate in clinical trials.for purpose of understanding the nature of research,risk,benefits,and decision about participation
Mosio's Clinical Trial Patient Recruitment and Retention Ebook (First Edition)
The first edition of Mosio's patient recruitment and retention ebook contains 68 tips and examples from clinical research industry professionals on ways to improve efforts to recruit, retain and engage clinical trial patients.
To get access to a free download of the 2nd Edition, visit http://www.mosio.com/prebook
For more information on how you can improve patient engagement while increasing workflow efficiencies in communicating with study participants using two-way text messaging, please visit us at http://www.mosio.com
Informed Consent
Informed consent is the process by which a physician shares information with a patient about their medical condition, treatment options, risks and benefits to allow the patient to make an informed decision. It involves a dialogue where the physician explains the diagnosis, treatment recommendations and alternatives while addressing the patient's questions and concerns. The goal is to provide the right amount of information tailored to the individual patient's needs and comprehension so they can collaborate as a partner in their care. However, studies show physicians often fail to fully practice informed consent due to challenges in communication, time constraints and patient factors like anxiety.
Informed consent
This document outlines the key elements of obtaining informed consent, including what informed consent is, the ethical basis for requiring it, the consent process, what is needed for valid informed consent, elements that must be included, and special situations like children and waivers. It discusses how informed consent applies the ethical principle of respect for persons and facilitates trust in research. The consent process and what must be included in the consent form are described. Challenges like illiteracy, culture, child assent, and stored samples are also addressed.
Informed consent: Definition & elements
1) Informed consent requires disclosure, understanding, competence, and voluntariness. Patients must understand the nature of the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives in order to make an informed decision.
2) There are basic elements that must be included in an informed consent form such as purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and confirmation that participation is voluntary. Additional elements may also be required depending on the level of risk.
3) Obtaining consent from children requires consideration of their developmental level. For children under age 7, consent is implied. Children ages 7-11 must provide verbal assent. Those 12-17 can provide written assent with parental consent.
Inform consent , M k sharma
The document discusses the history and guidelines of informed consent. It covers the basic principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice. The key elements of informed consent include description of the study, risks/benefits, voluntary participation, and signature of consent. Special protections are in place for vulnerable groups like children, prisoners, pregnant women. The investigator is responsible for ensuring subjects understand research aspects before participation.
Informed consent
The document discusses the concept of informed consent as it relates to nursing. It states that informed consent involves a patient's right to accept or reject treatment, and is a fundamental principle in healthcare. The role of nurses is to ensure physicians have explained treatments to patients in a way they understand, warned of risks, and documented that informed consent was obtained. It also notes special considerations for emancipated minors and those requiring a legal guardian's consent.
Research Ethics Committees (RECs- IRBs)
This document discusses the roles and functions of research ethics committees (RECs) and institutional review boards (IRBs). It provides an overview of when REC/IRB approval is required, the review process, and composition of RECs/IRBs. It also discusses interactions between IRBs in different countries and the roles of data safety monitoring boards. The document is authored by Dr. Tamer Hifnawy, an associate professor of public health in Egypt and Saudi Arabia who trains others in international research ethics.
Recommended
Informed consent form
inform consent form before participate in clinical trials.for purpose of understanding the nature of research,risk,benefits,and decision about participation
Mosio's Clinical Trial Patient Recruitment and Retention Ebook (First Edition)
The first edition of Mosio's patient recruitment and retention ebook contains 68 tips and examples from clinical research industry professionals on ways to improve efforts to recruit, retain and engage clinical trial patients.
To get access to a free download of the 2nd Edition, visit http://www.mosio.com/prebook
For more information on how you can improve patient engagement while increasing workflow efficiencies in communicating with study participants using two-way text messaging, please visit us at http://www.mosio.com
Informed Consent
Informed consent is the process by which a physician shares information with a patient about their medical condition, treatment options, risks and benefits to allow the patient to make an informed decision. It involves a dialogue where the physician explains the diagnosis, treatment recommendations and alternatives while addressing the patient's questions and concerns. The goal is to provide the right amount of information tailored to the individual patient's needs and comprehension so they can collaborate as a partner in their care. However, studies show physicians often fail to fully practice informed consent due to challenges in communication, time constraints and patient factors like anxiety.
Informed consent
This document outlines the key elements of obtaining informed consent, including what informed consent is, the ethical basis for requiring it, the consent process, what is needed for valid informed consent, elements that must be included, and special situations like children and waivers. It discusses how informed consent applies the ethical principle of respect for persons and facilitates trust in research. The consent process and what must be included in the consent form are described. Challenges like illiteracy, culture, child assent, and stored samples are also addressed.
Informed consent: Definition & elements
1) Informed consent requires disclosure, understanding, competence, and voluntariness. Patients must understand the nature of the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives in order to make an informed decision.
2) There are basic elements that must be included in an informed consent form such as purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and confirmation that participation is voluntary. Additional elements may also be required depending on the level of risk.
3) Obtaining consent from children requires consideration of their developmental level. For children under age 7, consent is implied. Children ages 7-11 must provide verbal assent. Those 12-17 can provide written assent with parental consent.
Inform consent , M k sharma
The document discusses the history and guidelines of informed consent. It covers the basic principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice. The key elements of informed consent include description of the study, risks/benefits, voluntary participation, and signature of consent. Special protections are in place for vulnerable groups like children, prisoners, pregnant women. The investigator is responsible for ensuring subjects understand research aspects before participation.
Informed consent
The document discusses the concept of informed consent as it relates to nursing. It states that informed consent involves a patient's right to accept or reject treatment, and is a fundamental principle in healthcare. The role of nurses is to ensure physicians have explained treatments to patients in a way they understand, warned of risks, and documented that informed consent was obtained. It also notes special considerations for emancipated minors and those requiring a legal guardian's consent.
Research Ethics Committees (RECs- IRBs)
This document discusses the roles and functions of research ethics committees (RECs) and institutional review boards (IRBs). It provides an overview of when REC/IRB approval is required, the review process, and composition of RECs/IRBs. It also discusses interactions between IRBs in different countries and the roles of data safety monitoring boards. The document is authored by Dr. Tamer Hifnawy, an associate professor of public health in Egypt and Saudi Arabia who trains others in international research ethics.
Ethics in clinical trials
The document discusses ethics in clinical trials and outlines several key principles:
1) Research should be essential and benefit patients, health care, and the environment.
2) Participants must provide informed consent and can withdraw at any time without penalty.
3) Participants should not be exploited and must be compensated for any risks.
4) Privacy and confidentiality of participant data must be maintained.
5) Precautions must be taken to minimize all risks to participants.
ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN PARTICIPANTS
This presentation highlights the regulations on Ethical requirements for conducting clinical research in India. This is the guiding regulation for the Ethics Committees in India.
The viewers are requested to give their feedback on the utility of the presentation.
Research and ethical committee or IRB
Research and Ethical committee- which gives the idea regarding its definition, committee members details, their function etc.,
Designs of clinical trials
This document discusses various types of clinical trial designs. It begins by defining clinical trials and describing key elements like the PICO framework. It then covers ways to reduce bias through randomization and blinding. The document categorizes clinical trials based on factors like number of centers, control groups, randomization, and blinding. It provides details on traditional study designs like parallel group designs and crossover designs. It also discusses special designs for small populations and miscellaneous designs. Overall, the document provides an overview of different clinical trial designs, methods to reduce bias, and ways to categorize trial types.
institutional ethics committee
This document discusses the role and functions of an Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). The IEC is responsible for ensuring research involving human subjects is conducted ethically and protects participants' rights, safety, and well-being. The IEC reviews research proposals, consent forms, and other documents to evaluate risks and benefits to participants. It can approve research, approve with modifications, require resubmission with more information, or disapprove projects. The IEC also conducts continuing reviews of approved research. It is mandated by guidelines in India to ethically review all biomedical research involving human subjects.
Ethics in clinical research
This document discusses ethics in clinical research and provides a historical perspective. It summarizes key events that shaped modern research ethics like the Nuremberg trials, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are explained. Challenges in clinical research in India like ensuring proper informed consent and oversight by ethics committees are also covered.
Ethical Considerations In Clinical Trials
The document discusses various ethical considerations in clinical trials, including planning trials, conducting research ethically, analyzing and reporting results, and ensuring justice. It provides an overview of guidelines for ethical clinical practice and considers issues like informed consent, minimizing risks and benefits, and equitable participant selection. Ensuring ethical research requires following principles like transparency, minimizing harm, and respecting participants' autonomy and welfare.
Patient Consent
In this presentation it has been tried to give a glimpse of different type of consent, how it should be taken, how the patient to be explained, when consent is must and conditions where consent is not required, so as to guide you in your every day practice.
Key Concepts of Clinical Research & Clinical Trial
Clinical trials generate safety and efficacy data for health interventions in human beings and are conducted after satisfactory pre-clinical animal testing. There are various types of clinical trials including observational studies, interventional studies, prevention trials, screening trials, diagnostic trials, and treatment trials. Clinical trials progress through phases including pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4 post-marketing surveillance trials. The goal is to demonstrate a treatment's safety and efficacy compared to current standard of care.
Clinical trials flow process
This document discusses the clinical trials process from protocol development through study completion. It covers developing the protocol, regulatory documents, patient recruitment, safety reporting, interim reports, and end of study activities. Key aspects include writing an approvable protocol, establishing an investigator site file, screening and enrolling suitable patients, maintaining safety oversight, and conducting closeout procedures. The goal is to provide guidance on managing all stages of a clinical trial.
Study design in research
This document discusses different study designs used in research. It defines a study design as a specific plan for conducting a study that allows the investigator to translate a conceptual hypothesis into an operational one. The document outlines different types of study designs including descriptive studies, analytical observational studies like cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies, as well as experimental/interventional studies. For each study design, it provides details on the unit of study, study question, direction of inquiry, and key aspects of the design.
Clinical Trial Phases
Clinical trials involve several phases:
- Phase I trials involve small groups of healthy volunteers or patients and aim to determine the safety and tolerability of a new drug.
- Phase II trials involve larger groups of patients and aim to determine efficacy and further evaluate safety. These trials provide preliminary data on effectiveness.
- Phase III trials involve even more patients and aim to confirm effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare the new treatment to standard treatment. These trials provide the primary data to support effectiveness. Regulatory approval is based on positive Phase III results showing safety and effectiveness.
Clinical trial design
This document discusses various clinical trial designs including parallel, crossover, factorial, and adaptive designs. It describes key elements of clinical trial methodology such as randomization, blinding, placebos, and controls. The document also outlines how clinical trial designs are applied differently in each phase of drug development from Phase 0 microdosing to Phase III confirmatory trials. Key challenges in clinical trial design like controlling bias and complex statistical analysis of factorial designs are also summarized.
Clinical Trials - An Introduction
This presentation will give an overview of the Clinical Research/Drug Development and licensing(US FDA) process. Please feel free to provide feedback.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
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CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
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The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
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Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
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Ethics in clinical trials
The document discusses ethics in clinical trials and outlines several key principles:
1) Research should be essential and benefit patients, health care, and the environment.
2) Participants must provide informed consent and can withdraw at any time without penalty.
3) Participants should not be exploited and must be compensated for any risks.
4) Privacy and confidentiality of participant data must be maintained.
5) Precautions must be taken to minimize all risks to participants.
ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN PARTICIPANTS
This presentation highlights the regulations on Ethical requirements for conducting clinical research in India. This is the guiding regulation for the Ethics Committees in India.
The viewers are requested to give their feedback on the utility of the presentation.
Research and ethical committee or IRB
Research and Ethical committee- which gives the idea regarding its definition, committee members details, their function etc.,
Designs of clinical trials
This document discusses various types of clinical trial designs. It begins by defining clinical trials and describing key elements like the PICO framework. It then covers ways to reduce bias through randomization and blinding. The document categorizes clinical trials based on factors like number of centers, control groups, randomization, and blinding. It provides details on traditional study designs like parallel group designs and crossover designs. It also discusses special designs for small populations and miscellaneous designs. Overall, the document provides an overview of different clinical trial designs, methods to reduce bias, and ways to categorize trial types.
institutional ethics committee
This document discusses the role and functions of an Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). The IEC is responsible for ensuring research involving human subjects is conducted ethically and protects participants' rights, safety, and well-being. The IEC reviews research proposals, consent forms, and other documents to evaluate risks and benefits to participants. It can approve research, approve with modifications, require resubmission with more information, or disapprove projects. The IEC also conducts continuing reviews of approved research. It is mandated by guidelines in India to ethically review all biomedical research involving human subjects.
Ethics in clinical research
This document discusses ethics in clinical research and provides a historical perspective. It summarizes key events that shaped modern research ethics like the Nuremberg trials, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are explained. Challenges in clinical research in India like ensuring proper informed consent and oversight by ethics committees are also covered.
Ethical Considerations In Clinical Trials
The document discusses various ethical considerations in clinical trials, including planning trials, conducting research ethically, analyzing and reporting results, and ensuring justice. It provides an overview of guidelines for ethical clinical practice and considers issues like informed consent, minimizing risks and benefits, and equitable participant selection. Ensuring ethical research requires following principles like transparency, minimizing harm, and respecting participants' autonomy and welfare.
Patient Consent
In this presentation it has been tried to give a glimpse of different type of consent, how it should be taken, how the patient to be explained, when consent is must and conditions where consent is not required, so as to guide you in your every day practice.
Key Concepts of Clinical Research & Clinical Trial
Clinical trials generate safety and efficacy data for health interventions in human beings and are conducted after satisfactory pre-clinical animal testing. There are various types of clinical trials including observational studies, interventional studies, prevention trials, screening trials, diagnostic trials, and treatment trials. Clinical trials progress through phases including pre-clinical, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4 post-marketing surveillance trials. The goal is to demonstrate a treatment's safety and efficacy compared to current standard of care.
Clinical trials flow process
This document discusses the clinical trials process from protocol development through study completion. It covers developing the protocol, regulatory documents, patient recruitment, safety reporting, interim reports, and end of study activities. Key aspects include writing an approvable protocol, establishing an investigator site file, screening and enrolling suitable patients, maintaining safety oversight, and conducting closeout procedures. The goal is to provide guidance on managing all stages of a clinical trial.
Study design in research
This document discusses different study designs used in research. It defines a study design as a specific plan for conducting a study that allows the investigator to translate a conceptual hypothesis into an operational one. The document outlines different types of study designs including descriptive studies, analytical observational studies like cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies, as well as experimental/interventional studies. For each study design, it provides details on the unit of study, study question, direction of inquiry, and key aspects of the design.
Clinical Trial Phases
Clinical trials involve several phases:
- Phase I trials involve small groups of healthy volunteers or patients and aim to determine the safety and tolerability of a new drug.
- Phase II trials involve larger groups of patients and aim to determine efficacy and further evaluate safety. These trials provide preliminary data on effectiveness.
- Phase III trials involve even more patients and aim to confirm effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare the new treatment to standard treatment. These trials provide the primary data to support effectiveness. Regulatory approval is based on positive Phase III results showing safety and effectiveness.
Clinical trial design
This document discusses various clinical trial designs including parallel, crossover, factorial, and adaptive designs. It describes key elements of clinical trial methodology such as randomization, blinding, placebos, and controls. The document also outlines how clinical trial designs are applied differently in each phase of drug development from Phase 0 microdosing to Phase III confirmatory trials. Key challenges in clinical trial design like controlling bias and complex statistical analysis of factorial designs are also summarized.
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ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN PARTICIPANTS
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
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Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
2nd-generation Antihistaminic Part I.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
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LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
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The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
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