Presented by Bimo Dwisatrio (CIFOR-ICRAF), at "Advancing forestry research and education to address global challenges- Current status and Future Trends", Vietnam, 19 Dec 2022
This webinar will review the various mechanisms agreed in the Kyoto Protocol with a particular focus on Clean Development Mechanism. The value at each stage of the CDM project will be explained, and market prices for carbon credits will be analysed.
In order to illustrate this type of project, real case studies carried out by Deuman will be discussed. Voluntary carbon credits will also be analysed.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar-carbon-market-and-cdm-projects
NEPAD and CCAFS have joined forces, and with support from GIZ they held a training workshop on 10 –12 April 2018 in Nairobi for participants from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia. The participants came from Ministries of agriculture, environment, finance, and planning. The overall aim of the training course was to enhance capacities amongst staff and personnel of the various ministries for successful implementation of the agricultural components of the NDCs.The focus of the training was to create a broader understanding of NDCs with the aim that participants have a better understanding of (a) What has to be done? (b) How it can be done? (c) Where can they find further support? and (d) What are existing tools that can be used?
The training consisted of eight modules delivered over three days. The modules included a presentation, question and answer session, and group activity/discussion. The modules delivered were:
Module 1: Intro to UNFCCC initiatives relevant to agriculture
Module 2: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Module 3: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) for transformative change
Module 4: Analysis and tools for priority setting in agriculture
Module 5: Climate finance, parts 1 and 2
Module 6: Role of the private sector in NDC development and implementation
Module 7: Monitoring NDC implementation, parts 1 and 2
Module 8: Managing the complexities of multiple planning processes for inclusive national planning
1) Ethiopia has successfully restored over 12 million hectares of degraded land between 2010-2015 through large-scale restoration programs and community participation.
2) Key factors contributing to Ethiopia's success include supportive policies and strategies, awareness creation and training at the local level, effective public mobilization and organization, and formulating and scaling up of best practices.
3) Impacts of restoration efforts include increased farming land and incomes, job creation, improved biodiversity, water access, and reduced flood risks. Ongoing initiatives aim to restore an additional 15 million hectares by 2030.
On 6 July 2016, ECDPM's Hanne Knaepen gave a presentation on “climate financing challenges” at the 3rd Meeting of the EU-Africa Network of Economic and Social Stakeholders, organised by ECOSOC in Nairobi.
Carbon Credit for Sustainable DevelopmentShabin Lalu
The document discusses carbon credits for sustainable development. It introduces carbon credits as permits that allow the holder to emit 1 tonne of CO2. Carbon credits are generated through projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can be traded on international markets. The Kyoto Protocol established a framework for carbon trading between developed and developing countries through mechanisms like clean development. The document provides examples of how projects in India have generated carbon credits and the overall benefits of carbon credits for sustainable development and reducing global warming.
This document outlines an assessment of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses indicators for measuring CSA's contributions to food security, adaptation, and mitigation. It provides examples of successful CSA projects from FAO and others, including those focusing on improved rice cultivation techniques in Vietnam, drought-tolerant maize varieties in Africa, and livestock insurance programs in Kenya and Ethiopia. The document concludes with instructions for a breakout group exercise to further assess the CSA potential of case studies.
This document provides an overview of the international climate finance architecture and opportunities for accessing funds to build water security. It discusses the major climate funds including the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the emerging Green Climate Fund (GCF). It outlines the objectives, funding amounts, access modalities, project cycles, and criteria for each fund. It concludes by discussing how the Global Water Partnership can maximize opportunities to access these climate finance sources to strengthen climate resilience in the water sector.
1) Ethiopia faces constraints in the water-energy-food nexus due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture and hydropower, leaving it vulnerable to climate change impacts like changing rainfall patterns.
2) Climate change is projected to reduce crop yields and river flows in Ethiopia by 2050, negatively impacting food production, hydropower generation, and economic growth.
3) A modeling analysis found that under climate change, Ethiopia's real GDP growth and welfare could be 0.14-0.21 percentage points lower annually by 2050, accumulating to losses of $143-238 billion over 2010-2050. Agriculture is most severely affected.
This webinar will review the various mechanisms agreed in the Kyoto Protocol with a particular focus on Clean Development Mechanism. The value at each stage of the CDM project will be explained, and market prices for carbon credits will be analysed.
In order to illustrate this type of project, real case studies carried out by Deuman will be discussed. Voluntary carbon credits will also be analysed.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar-carbon-market-and-cdm-projects
NEPAD and CCAFS have joined forces, and with support from GIZ they held a training workshop on 10 –12 April 2018 in Nairobi for participants from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia. The participants came from Ministries of agriculture, environment, finance, and planning. The overall aim of the training course was to enhance capacities amongst staff and personnel of the various ministries for successful implementation of the agricultural components of the NDCs.The focus of the training was to create a broader understanding of NDCs with the aim that participants have a better understanding of (a) What has to be done? (b) How it can be done? (c) Where can they find further support? and (d) What are existing tools that can be used?
The training consisted of eight modules delivered over three days. The modules included a presentation, question and answer session, and group activity/discussion. The modules delivered were:
Module 1: Intro to UNFCCC initiatives relevant to agriculture
Module 2: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Module 3: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) for transformative change
Module 4: Analysis and tools for priority setting in agriculture
Module 5: Climate finance, parts 1 and 2
Module 6: Role of the private sector in NDC development and implementation
Module 7: Monitoring NDC implementation, parts 1 and 2
Module 8: Managing the complexities of multiple planning processes for inclusive national planning
1) Ethiopia has successfully restored over 12 million hectares of degraded land between 2010-2015 through large-scale restoration programs and community participation.
2) Key factors contributing to Ethiopia's success include supportive policies and strategies, awareness creation and training at the local level, effective public mobilization and organization, and formulating and scaling up of best practices.
3) Impacts of restoration efforts include increased farming land and incomes, job creation, improved biodiversity, water access, and reduced flood risks. Ongoing initiatives aim to restore an additional 15 million hectares by 2030.
On 6 July 2016, ECDPM's Hanne Knaepen gave a presentation on “climate financing challenges” at the 3rd Meeting of the EU-Africa Network of Economic and Social Stakeholders, organised by ECOSOC in Nairobi.
Carbon Credit for Sustainable DevelopmentShabin Lalu
The document discusses carbon credits for sustainable development. It introduces carbon credits as permits that allow the holder to emit 1 tonne of CO2. Carbon credits are generated through projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can be traded on international markets. The Kyoto Protocol established a framework for carbon trading between developed and developing countries through mechanisms like clean development. The document provides examples of how projects in India have generated carbon credits and the overall benefits of carbon credits for sustainable development and reducing global warming.
This document outlines an assessment of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses indicators for measuring CSA's contributions to food security, adaptation, and mitigation. It provides examples of successful CSA projects from FAO and others, including those focusing on improved rice cultivation techniques in Vietnam, drought-tolerant maize varieties in Africa, and livestock insurance programs in Kenya and Ethiopia. The document concludes with instructions for a breakout group exercise to further assess the CSA potential of case studies.
This document provides an overview of the international climate finance architecture and opportunities for accessing funds to build water security. It discusses the major climate funds including the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the emerging Green Climate Fund (GCF). It outlines the objectives, funding amounts, access modalities, project cycles, and criteria for each fund. It concludes by discussing how the Global Water Partnership can maximize opportunities to access these climate finance sources to strengthen climate resilience in the water sector.
1) Ethiopia faces constraints in the water-energy-food nexus due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture and hydropower, leaving it vulnerable to climate change impacts like changing rainfall patterns.
2) Climate change is projected to reduce crop yields and river flows in Ethiopia by 2050, negatively impacting food production, hydropower generation, and economic growth.
3) A modeling analysis found that under climate change, Ethiopia's real GDP growth and welfare could be 0.14-0.21 percentage points lower annually by 2050, accumulating to losses of $143-238 billion over 2010-2050. Agriculture is most severely affected.
The document discusses Grenada's NDC process. Grenada submitted its initial NDC in 2015, signed the Paris Agreement in 2016, and submitted a revised NDC in 2020. Grenada committed to reducing GHG emissions 30% below 2010 levels by 2025 and 40% by 2030. Key sectors addressed are energy (focusing on renewable energy and efficiency), transport, waste, and forestry/agriculture. Challenges to implementation include financing, capacity, and regulatory frameworks. Partners such as RCC, GIZ, and FAO will provide support for NDC implementation, technical assistance, financing, and capacity building.
Carbon markets 101 introduces the market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and related initiatives. It helps executives and managers understand emerging business issues around carbon trading, emission reduction projects and carbon monitoring.
This module discusses measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation monitoring and evaluation. It provides an overview of UNFCCC requirements for MRV of emissions and actions, and examines existing guidance for evaluating adaptation efforts. Case studies demonstrate how countries can establish MRV systems for agriculture by developing tier 2 emissions calculations that reflect national circumstances and track impacts of interventions over time. The module also explores challenges in evaluating progress on adaptation due to its multi-dimensional nature and lack of standardized metrics, and presents resources that provide guidance on adaptation indicators and monitoring systems.
In this month's SlideShare we'll be covering the topic of carbon credits and carbon offsets and how these instruments are implemented to reduce carbon emissions to combat climate change. While the terms are often used interchangeably, carbon credits and carbon offsets does have certain key differences we'll be exploring. There are also important milestones to note, from the US Clean Air Act and Kyoto Protocol to UN Carbon Offset Platform. Over recent years, the carbon market value have grown significantly from EUR 186 billion in 2018 to EUR 850 billion in 2022.
The Kyoto Protocol established legally binding commitments for 38 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. Carbon trading allows countries that emit less than their emissions cap to sell excess allowances to countries that exceed their cap. Countries can also invest in emission reduction projects in other countries and earn saleable credits. While carbon trading incentivizes reducing emissions and green technology, it has disadvantages like allowing the right to pollute and not guaranteeing real emission reductions globally. Stricter caps over time could help address climate change.
Climate change strategies and policies in ethiopia zewdeazewde alemayehu
1) Ethiopia has developed various policies and strategies to address climate change, beginning with provisions in its constitution guaranteeing environmental rights and sustainable development.
2) Key policies and strategies include the National Adaptation Program of Action, Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy, and serving as a leader in international climate negotiations.
3) The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is responsible for coordinating climate change efforts and ensuring the realization of environmental rights defined in the constitution.
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
The Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) is a leading program for certifying greenhouse gas emission reductions and removals from projects. It provides a framework for projects to measure, report and verify their GHG impacts in a transparent way. The VCS establishes baselines to determine the emissions that would occur without the project, and assesses additionality to confirm the project results in additional reductions beyond business as usual. Projects must also demonstrate that reductions are permanent and avoid leakage to other sectors. The VCS utilizes various tools and methodologies to evaluate key aspects of projects like additionality, permanence, and biodiversity and social impacts.
The document discusses key concepts related to global carbon markets and climate change mitigation efforts. It describes the Kyoto Protocol and mechanisms like emissions trading, joint implementation, and the Clean Development Mechanism. China is the largest supplier of emissions reductions credits but Africa accounts for a small share of projects. There is debate around whether requirements should apply equally to developed and developing countries given differences in emissions histories and development levels. Carbon markets aim to reduce emissions cost-effectively but some argue they have not adequately supported projects in countries most vulnerable to climate change.
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
This document discusses carbon credits and the carbon trading market. It provides background on climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. It summarizes the Kyoto Protocol and mechanisms established under it like the Clean Development Mechanism, emissions trading, and joint implementation. CDM projects in India like the Himachal Pradesh forestry project and Delhi Metro are highlighted. India is well positioned in the carbon market as a supplier of credits and there are opportunities for accountants and auditors in this growing area.
Carbon credits represent the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide. The document discusses carbon emissions by country and sector. It describes Kyoto's flexible mechanisms for joint implementation, clean development, and international emission trading to reduce emissions. It notes criticism of carbon trading and India's role as a large emitter seeking to generate billions from trading carbon credits. The future may see a carbon price impact industries and more countries reducing emissions through various policies.
Carbon credits are permits that allow entities to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide. They are a key part of international attempts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries and groups can earn credits by reducing emissions below their quotas, which can then be sold to other entities to offset their emissions. India is the second largest seller of carbon credits globally due to numerous registered clean development mechanism projects. However, Indian companies are hesitant to trade most of the credits they generate due to market uncertainties. One area with potential for credits in India is management of municipal solid waste through conversion to energy.
The document discusses greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and their impact on global warming. It explains that carbon credits were created through agreements like the Kyoto Protocol to limit greenhouse gas emissions from countries and allow for carbon trading. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries agreed to emission caps and could buy carbon credits from other countries or companies that had excess allowances to emit greenhouse gases. The flexibility mechanisms in Kyoto, like the clean development mechanism, aimed to reduce emissions on an international scale through carbon trading.
The document summarizes key events and concepts related to REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), including the establishment of the UNFCCC in 1992, adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and introduction of REDD+ in 2005. It discusses REDD+'s scope, reference levels, financing mechanisms, and distribution of incentives. Ongoing REDD+ projects through the UN-REDD Programme are working to develop national REDD+ strategies in countries like Indonesia.
Beyond mitigation: forest-based adaptation to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Forests and climate change adaptation are linked in two ways: first, through
adaptation for forests, because climate change will affect forests and so
they need help to adapt; second, through forests for adaptation, because
forests contribute to helping local communities and broader society adapt to
climate change. Both linkages are explored in this presentation, together
with the synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in
forestry projects. The possibilities and challenges in these ideas are
explored by using wetlands as a case in point. CIFOR and CIRAD scientist
Bruno Locatelli and colleague Emilia Pramova gave this presentation at the
FAO-UNEP Meeting on Forests and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia during October 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand.
This document discusses farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia aims to restore 15 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 using FMNR. FMNR involves protecting and managing tree shoots that grow from existing tree stumps and roots. The process involves selecting land, consulting owners, closing areas for 1-2 years, selecting desired tree stumps, choosing 3-5 stems per stump, and regularly removing unwanted growth. FMNR has significantly reduced tree planting costs in Ethiopia while improving biodiversity, water resources, land productivity, food security, and carbon sequestration. World Vision promotes FMNR across many countries in Africa and Asia, including over 80 districts in Ethiopia.
This document summarizes a presentation on steps to climate-smart agriculture given at the Global Science Conference in Wageningen, Netherlands in October 2011. It outlines the global challenges of food security, adaptation to climate change, and reducing agriculture's ecological footprint. It defines climate-smart agriculture as having food security, adaptation, and mitigation benefits. Key steps proposed include developing a UNFCCC work program on agriculture, implementing proven technologies and practices, major investments in learning-by-doing, and realigning research agendas to focus on decision tools, climate risk management, multi-benefit systems, and pro-poor mitigation options.
The first in a series of two, this presentation focuses on understanding the scope, science, and politics of the nature-based solutions discourse in the international arena and propose ways forward.
Presentations by:
Charles Barber, Senior Biodiversity Advisor, World Resources Institute
Lucy Almond, Director and Chair, Nature4Climate
Frances Seymour, Distinguished Senior Fellow, World Resources Institute
The document discusses Grenada's NDC process. Grenada submitted its initial NDC in 2015, signed the Paris Agreement in 2016, and submitted a revised NDC in 2020. Grenada committed to reducing GHG emissions 30% below 2010 levels by 2025 and 40% by 2030. Key sectors addressed are energy (focusing on renewable energy and efficiency), transport, waste, and forestry/agriculture. Challenges to implementation include financing, capacity, and regulatory frameworks. Partners such as RCC, GIZ, and FAO will provide support for NDC implementation, technical assistance, financing, and capacity building.
Carbon markets 101 introduces the market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and related initiatives. It helps executives and managers understand emerging business issues around carbon trading, emission reduction projects and carbon monitoring.
This module discusses measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation monitoring and evaluation. It provides an overview of UNFCCC requirements for MRV of emissions and actions, and examines existing guidance for evaluating adaptation efforts. Case studies demonstrate how countries can establish MRV systems for agriculture by developing tier 2 emissions calculations that reflect national circumstances and track impacts of interventions over time. The module also explores challenges in evaluating progress on adaptation due to its multi-dimensional nature and lack of standardized metrics, and presents resources that provide guidance on adaptation indicators and monitoring systems.
In this month's SlideShare we'll be covering the topic of carbon credits and carbon offsets and how these instruments are implemented to reduce carbon emissions to combat climate change. While the terms are often used interchangeably, carbon credits and carbon offsets does have certain key differences we'll be exploring. There are also important milestones to note, from the US Clean Air Act and Kyoto Protocol to UN Carbon Offset Platform. Over recent years, the carbon market value have grown significantly from EUR 186 billion in 2018 to EUR 850 billion in 2022.
The Kyoto Protocol established legally binding commitments for 38 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. Carbon trading allows countries that emit less than their emissions cap to sell excess allowances to countries that exceed their cap. Countries can also invest in emission reduction projects in other countries and earn saleable credits. While carbon trading incentivizes reducing emissions and green technology, it has disadvantages like allowing the right to pollute and not guaranteeing real emission reductions globally. Stricter caps over time could help address climate change.
Climate change strategies and policies in ethiopia zewdeazewde alemayehu
1) Ethiopia has developed various policies and strategies to address climate change, beginning with provisions in its constitution guaranteeing environmental rights and sustainable development.
2) Key policies and strategies include the National Adaptation Program of Action, Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy, and serving as a leader in international climate negotiations.
3) The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is responsible for coordinating climate change efforts and ensuring the realization of environmental rights defined in the constitution.
REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation)Janathakshan Gte Ltd
The presentation prepared by Janathakshan on REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) initiative in Sri Lanka. SL became a UN-REDD partner country in 2009. Government fo Sri Lanka (GoSL) through the forest department (FD), department of wildlife conservation (DWC) and the CCS with many stakeholders and support of 3 UN organisations has jointly implemented a UN-REDD National Program (2013 to 2017).
Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of such critical goods and services. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, these “ecosystem services” provide both the conditions and processes that sustain human life. The awareness of ecosystem services’ importance in human life styles started more than 2500 years ago. Economists have developed different ways to measure the economic value of the nature, all of which required extrapolation or assumptions.
Ignorance, Institutions and Market Failure are the main reasons to the under-protected status of Ecosystem Services. The environment provides critically important services. Some of these are captured by markets, but many are not. They are positive externalities that are therefore regarded by the beneficiaries as free. As a result, many ecosystem services tend to be both under-conserved and undervalued. If beneficiaries had to pay for explicit service provision, however, governments would think differently about their policies and property owners would think very differently about sustainable land management practices. In basic economic terms, payments for ecosystem services (PES) seek to “get the incentives right” by capturing the positive externalities, by providing accurate signals to both service providers and users that reflect the real social benefits that ecosystem services deliver.
Voluntary agreements between buyers and sellers of ecosystem services for cash or other rewards creating markets for ecosystem services which provide incentives and finance to land and resource managers and thereby strengthening conservation and livelihoods are called as PES.
Wide range of potential buyers and sellers are available depending on the ecosystem service. When the market fails to reward on-site ecosystem service providers, or to compensate them for their costs (e.g. changing land use) charge off-site users for the benefits they enjoy (e.g. clean water) PES create a market for natural resources making conservation a more profitable land-use proposition. Information, technical barriers, policy and regulation and institutional barriers are the major challenges in implementing PES.
Creating economic incentives that encourage PES schemes, including environmental taxes and subsidies, transferable discharge permits and environmental labelling, developing specific PES projects with farmers, foresters and/or fisher folks in their region, or their watershed and providing incentives for the private sector to engage in PES schemes are some recommendations for a better PES system.
The Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) is a leading program for certifying greenhouse gas emission reductions and removals from projects. It provides a framework for projects to measure, report and verify their GHG impacts in a transparent way. The VCS establishes baselines to determine the emissions that would occur without the project, and assesses additionality to confirm the project results in additional reductions beyond business as usual. Projects must also demonstrate that reductions are permanent and avoid leakage to other sectors. The VCS utilizes various tools and methodologies to evaluate key aspects of projects like additionality, permanence, and biodiversity and social impacts.
The document discusses key concepts related to global carbon markets and climate change mitigation efforts. It describes the Kyoto Protocol and mechanisms like emissions trading, joint implementation, and the Clean Development Mechanism. China is the largest supplier of emissions reductions credits but Africa accounts for a small share of projects. There is debate around whether requirements should apply equally to developed and developing countries given differences in emissions histories and development levels. Carbon markets aim to reduce emissions cost-effectively but some argue they have not adequately supported projects in countries most vulnerable to climate change.
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
This document discusses carbon credits and the carbon trading market. It provides background on climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. It summarizes the Kyoto Protocol and mechanisms established under it like the Clean Development Mechanism, emissions trading, and joint implementation. CDM projects in India like the Himachal Pradesh forestry project and Delhi Metro are highlighted. India is well positioned in the carbon market as a supplier of credits and there are opportunities for accountants and auditors in this growing area.
Carbon credits represent the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide. The document discusses carbon emissions by country and sector. It describes Kyoto's flexible mechanisms for joint implementation, clean development, and international emission trading to reduce emissions. It notes criticism of carbon trading and India's role as a large emitter seeking to generate billions from trading carbon credits. The future may see a carbon price impact industries and more countries reducing emissions through various policies.
Carbon credits are permits that allow entities to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide. They are a key part of international attempts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries and groups can earn credits by reducing emissions below their quotas, which can then be sold to other entities to offset their emissions. India is the second largest seller of carbon credits globally due to numerous registered clean development mechanism projects. However, Indian companies are hesitant to trade most of the credits they generate due to market uncertainties. One area with potential for credits in India is management of municipal solid waste through conversion to energy.
The document discusses greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and their impact on global warming. It explains that carbon credits were created through agreements like the Kyoto Protocol to limit greenhouse gas emissions from countries and allow for carbon trading. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries agreed to emission caps and could buy carbon credits from other countries or companies that had excess allowances to emit greenhouse gases. The flexibility mechanisms in Kyoto, like the clean development mechanism, aimed to reduce emissions on an international scale through carbon trading.
The document summarizes key events and concepts related to REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), including the establishment of the UNFCCC in 1992, adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and introduction of REDD+ in 2005. It discusses REDD+'s scope, reference levels, financing mechanisms, and distribution of incentives. Ongoing REDD+ projects through the UN-REDD Programme are working to develop national REDD+ strategies in countries like Indonesia.
Beyond mitigation: forest-based adaptation to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Forests and climate change adaptation are linked in two ways: first, through
adaptation for forests, because climate change will affect forests and so
they need help to adapt; second, through forests for adaptation, because
forests contribute to helping local communities and broader society adapt to
climate change. Both linkages are explored in this presentation, together
with the synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in
forestry projects. The possibilities and challenges in these ideas are
explored by using wetlands as a case in point. CIFOR and CIRAD scientist
Bruno Locatelli and colleague Emilia Pramova gave this presentation at the
FAO-UNEP Meeting on Forests and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia during October 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand.
This document discusses farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR) in Ethiopia. It notes that Ethiopia aims to restore 15 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 using FMNR. FMNR involves protecting and managing tree shoots that grow from existing tree stumps and roots. The process involves selecting land, consulting owners, closing areas for 1-2 years, selecting desired tree stumps, choosing 3-5 stems per stump, and regularly removing unwanted growth. FMNR has significantly reduced tree planting costs in Ethiopia while improving biodiversity, water resources, land productivity, food security, and carbon sequestration. World Vision promotes FMNR across many countries in Africa and Asia, including over 80 districts in Ethiopia.
This document summarizes a presentation on steps to climate-smart agriculture given at the Global Science Conference in Wageningen, Netherlands in October 2011. It outlines the global challenges of food security, adaptation to climate change, and reducing agriculture's ecological footprint. It defines climate-smart agriculture as having food security, adaptation, and mitigation benefits. Key steps proposed include developing a UNFCCC work program on agriculture, implementing proven technologies and practices, major investments in learning-by-doing, and realigning research agendas to focus on decision tools, climate risk management, multi-benefit systems, and pro-poor mitigation options.
The first in a series of two, this presentation focuses on understanding the scope, science, and politics of the nature-based solutions discourse in the international arena and propose ways forward.
Presentations by:
Charles Barber, Senior Biodiversity Advisor, World Resources Institute
Lucy Almond, Director and Chair, Nature4Climate
Frances Seymour, Distinguished Senior Fellow, World Resources Institute
The document discusses trends in international climate finance and frameworks for scaling up climate action. It summarizes statistics on growing climate-related overseas development assistance (ODA) from 2001-2012. Key points include: climate-related ODA reached $21 billion annually from 2010-2012 and mostly supports mitigation; over half of climate finance goes to Asia and a quarter to Africa; and funding is concentrated in sectors like energy, agriculture, and water. The document also outlines challenges around capacity, coordination, and financing integrated climate and development strategies.
The document provides an overview of the OECD's climate-related finance work. It discusses measuring and mobilizing climate finance for developing countries, including progress toward the $100 billion annual climate finance goal. It also addresses aligning public and private sector finance with climate goals, such as developing approaches for green budgeting and promoting climate action by corporations. The document summarizes several initiatives to strengthen domestic enabling conditions for clean energy finance, align development assistance with climate goals, and assess investments in green infrastructure.
This webinar elaborates on the adaptation finance gap in developing countries, identifies the knowledge gaps that impede the capacity of developing countries to scale up financing for adaptation, and discusses ways in which these knowledge gaps might be overcome.
Assessing redd+ readiness to maximize climate finance impactCIFOR-ICRAF
Originally presented by Christopher Martius at "Does money go to trees?: Assessing finance flows to maximize the impact of REDD+", an official SBSTA48 side event, presented by CIFOR, ICRAF and Wageningen University.
This document summarizes key aspects of climate finance from COP21. It notes that developed countries are expected to continue leading in climate finance mobilization, but encourages other countries to contribute voluntarily. The $100 billion per year goal is not mandatory and will only be revised once before 2025. Public funds will play a significant role in what counts as climate finance. Adaptation finance is emphasized but the language is weak, focusing on grants over loans from public sources. Loss and damage will involve risk insurance cooperation. A new technological framework was agreed to facilitate technology transfer and finance support.
Addressing debt, climate and nature in post-COVID-19 recovery across AfricaIIED
This is a presentation on addressing debt, climate and nature in post-COVID-19 recovery across Africa by Sejal Patel, researcher in the Climate Change research group of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
It was given as part of an online webinar on 30 March 2021 that explored emerging research into sustainable and innovative post-pandemic debt management with outcomes for nature and climate.
This event was part of the IIED Debates series and was hosted by IIED in partnership with the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
More details: https://www.iied.org/triple-win-managing-debt-climate-nature-pandemic-recovery
WBG support to countries to develop low-carbon economy, Venkata Ramana Putti ...OECD Environment
The World Bank Group is committed to doubling its climate-related financing and support for low-carbon development over the next 5 years, with a focus on mobilizing private sector investments, supporting country climate plans and policies, and scaling up programs in renewable energy, climate-smart agriculture, resilience, and other areas. The document outlines the WBG's climate action plan and progress to date in meeting targets for financing and technical support across sectors.
The summary provides an overview of key outcomes and findings from reports presented at a side event of the Standing Committee on Finance at COP27:
- The Fifth Biennial Assessment found a 12% increase in global climate finance flows, but they remain small relative to needs. Most public finance supports mitigation over adaptation.
- Progress towards the $100 billion goal was assessed across addressing developing country needs, mitigation actions, and transparency. The goal was not met in 2020 but could be reached in 2023. Challenges include mobilizing private finance.
- Definitions of climate finance received varied views from parties. Common ground included financing mitigation and adaptation, but differed on other areas and accounting instruments. Operational
This document discusses sources and types of climate financing mechanisms. It outlines key messages on climate finance including the need to address how much funding is required and where it will come from. It then provides an overview of existing global funding mechanisms like the Global Environmental Facility and Adaptation Fund. It also discusses sources of climate finance including private, public, and multilateral sources. The document outlines instruments used to disburse funds like loans, equity, and grants. It notes that most financing supports mitigation efforts while a smaller portion goes to adaptation. Innovative means to leverage more funds are also proposed.
The document summarizes a UNFCCC report on the Paris Agreement and 2021 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The report analyzed 48 new or updated NDCs representing 40% of countries and 30% of global emissions. It found that NDCs have increased in quality and detail but ambition remains lower than needed to limit warming to 1.5C. Most countries commit to emissions reductions by 2030 but additional efforts are required from all countries to meet Paris goals. Developing countries especially need financial support to implement climate actions and achieve their NDCs.
This document discusses the need for a post-2020 global biodiversity framework that promotes a paradigm shift towards transformational change. Biodiversity loss is a global crisis impacting socioeconomic development and threatening food security, health, and other essential goods and services. A strong framework is needed with ambitious targets to conserve biodiversity and support the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Financial resources must be aligned to allow for transitioning to biodiversity-supportive development. National biodiversity plans costed with domestic and international finance can mobilize resources and build confidence with public and private donors.
Taking Stock of International Contributions to Low-Carbon, Climate Resilient ...Climate Policy Initiative
Indonesia has a key role to play in meeting climate stabilization targets, with its high contribution to global land use, forestry, peatland, and agriculture emissions. The Indonesian government has set emissions reduction targets of 26% below business as usual by 2020, scaling up to 29% by 2030, and increasing their overall ambition to 41% with international support.
The international community therefore has the opportunity to have a large impact. The international community is already supporting changes in Indonesia’s land use sector, contributing USD 323 million climate finance in 2011, with 17.7% of that going to land use (Ampri et al. 2014). However questions remain around the effectiveness of these efforts.
Climate Policy Initiative discusses the role of international development partners* in financing mitigation and adaptation actions in the land use sectors in Indonesia. We evaluate what progress has been made to date, what challenges have been met, and what opportunities lie ahead to effectively support Indonesia, reflecting on the value add that development partners bring to the domestic picture. We provide an in-depth sectoral analysis based on international development partner data collected for the Indonesian Landscape (Ampri et al. 2014), supplemented by a literature review, and expert interviews.
Full report: http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/taking-stock-of-international-contributions-to-low-carbon-climate-resilient-land-use-in-indonesia/
1) Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are voluntary domestic mitigation actions undertaken by developing countries in the context of sustainable development.
2) NAMAs can take many forms, including policies, programs, and projects, and aim to result in measurable greenhouse gas reductions. Developing countries are encouraged to submit information on proposed NAMAs through the UNFCCC NAMA Registry.
3) At a recent UNFCCC workshop, countries discussed developing guidance for NAMA preparation and support, building capacity for NAMA development and implementation, and taking stock of existing capacity building activities to support NAMAs.
Climate Change and Development - Updates from COP18UNDP Eurasia
The document discusses several topics related to climate change including:
1. The need to cut global CO2 emissions in half by 2050 to keep warming below 2 degrees Celsius.
2. The challenges posed by a growing world population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, which will place greater pressure on resource systems.
3. The importance of transitioning to a green economy through significant emissions mitigation and generating funding for climate actions.
This document provides a summary of the Rio+20 Earth Summit that will take place in June 2012. It discusses how the summit will (1) review commitments from the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, (2) address new emerging issues like food and water security, and (3) renew political will for sustainable development. The summit will focus on promoting a green economy and institutional reforms to better support sustainable development goals. Over 120 heads of state are expected to attend along with 50,000 participants from civil society. The summit marks the beginning of further international discussions and meetings on sustainable development through 2015.
Catalyzing Climate Change Finance for Sustainable Human DevelopmentUNDP Eurasia
This document discusses the need for climate finance to support sustainable human development. It notes that billions of people currently lack basic needs and resources are unequally consumed. Meeting the needs of the projected 2050 population of 9 billion will require transitioning to a green, low-carbon economy. Significant financing is needed but opportunities exist to catalyze private flows and achieve attractive returns. National climate funds have been established in several developing countries but challenges remain in accessing new sources of finance and promoting synergies between development and climate goals.
Mejorando la estimación de emisiones GEI conversión bosque degradado a planta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc'h (Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Inclusión y transparencia como clave del éxito para el mecanismo de transfere...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Lauren Cooper and Rowenn Kalman (Michigan State University) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Avances de Perú con relación al marco de transparencia del Acuerdo de ParísCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Berioska Quispe Estrada (Directora General de Cambio Climático y Desertificación) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Land tenure and forest landscape restoration in Cameroon and MadagascarCIFOR-ICRAF
FLR is an adaptive process that brings people (including women, men, youth, local and indigenous communities) together to identify, negotiate and implement practices that restore and enhance ecological and social functionality of forest landscapes that have been deforested or degraded.
ReSI-NoC - Strategie de mise en oeuvre.pdfCIFOR-ICRAF
Re nforcer les S ystèmes d’ I nnovations
agrosylvopastorales économiquement
rentables, écologiquement durables et
socialement équitables dans la région du
No rd C ameroun
ReSI-NoC: Introduction au contexte du projetCIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les systèmes d’innovation agricole en vue de
promouvoir des systèmes de production agricole et
d’élevage économiquement rentables, écologiquement
durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord au Cameroun (ReSI-NoC)
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement renta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement rentables, écologiquement durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord Cameroun
Introducing Blue Carbon Deck seeking for actionable partnershipsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso (Principal Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
A Wide Range of Eco System Services with MangrovesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Mihyun Seol and Himlal Baral (CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Presented by Citra Gilang (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Peat land Restoration Project in HLG LonderangCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Hyoung Gyun Kim (Korea–Indonesia Forest Cooperation Center) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Sungsang Mangrove Restoration and Ecotourism (SMART): A participatory action ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Beni Okarda (Senior Research Officer, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Coastal and mangrove vulnerability assessment In the Northern Coast of Java, ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Phidju Marrin Sagala (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Carbon Stock Assessment in Banten Province and Demak, Central Java, IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Milkah Royna (Student Intern, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Cooperative Mangrove Project: Introduction, Scope, and PerspectivesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Bora Lee (Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, NIFoS Jeju, Republic of Korea) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Climate Finance and Forest Conservation
1. Climate Finance and Forest Conservation
Bimo Dwisatrio
December 19, 2022 – VNUF, Hanoi, Vietnam
2. Climate change
• As temperatures rise, more
moisture evaporates, which
exacerbates extreme rainfall
and flooding (UN)
• Increased rain and flooding have
increased the occurrence of
diseases (IPCC 2022)
• Between 2010–2020, human
mortality from floods, 15 times
higher in highly vulnerable
regions (high confidence) (IPCC
2022)
• Water-related hazards will
continue to increase (high
confidence) (IPCC (2022)
• Wildfires start and spread more
easily and rapidly (UN)
• Wildfires, have affected
ecosystems (medium to high
confidence) (IPCC 2022)
• Increases in the frequency
and intensity of fire weather
(high confidence) (IPCC 2022)
• Forest fires, threats related to
climate change (UN)
Greenhouse gas concentrations rise, so does the
global surface temperature (UN)
3. How do we pay?
Who should pay?
Where the money comes from?
4. In this presentation
1.Climate Finance
2.Financial Mechanism for conservation
and challenges
3.Financing forest through REDD+
5. What is climate finance?
• “Local, national or transnational financing—drawn from public,
private and alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support
mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change”
(UNFCCC).
• A call for financial assistance: Parties with more financial resources →
parties with less endowed and more vulnerable
• Mitigation: large-scale investments are required to significantly
reduce emissions
• Adaptation: needed to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce the
impacts of a changing climate.
Source: UNFCCC
6. Who is paying?
The principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities”
• Developed country Parties are to provide financial resources to assist developing country
Parties
• Developed country Parties take the lead in mobilizing climate finance:
• Wide variety of sources
• Instruments and channels
• The significant role of public funds
• Variety of actions
• Supporting country-driven strategies
• Taking into account the needs and priorities of developing country Parties
• Encouraging voluntary contributions by other Parties.
Source: UNFCCC
8. What is the financial mechanism?
• Existing international entities for financial mechanism”
• The Global Environment Facility(GEF), the oldest since 1994.
• At COP 16, in 2010, Parties established the Green Climate
Fund (GCF), at COP 16 2010
• Two special fund managed by the GEF and the Adaptation Fund
(est. in 2001 under Kyoto Protokol)
• the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
• the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)
• Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015: GCF, GEF, SCCF and
the LDCF to serve the Paris Agreement.
Source: UNFCCC
9. International climate target and how to finance it
1.Climate target:
a. Paris’ nationally determined contribution up to 2030
b.Long-term low carbon and climate resilience up to 2050
c. Net zero emission target – 2035-2070
2.Financing the climate target:
a. Commitment for USD 100 billion annually up to 2025
b.Public money first
c. Beyond public money – role of financial NSA, role of other
actors, role of blended finance
d.Other innovative financing
Source: Soejachmoen 2022
10. What to fund?
Other international initiatives:
a. Global coal to clean power transition
b.Just energy transition
c. Zero emission vehicles
d.Forest, agriculture and commodity trade
e.Nature based solution
f. Carbon pricing including market and non-market
g.Resilience – communities and businesses
h.Just transition – socio-economy impacts
i. Loss and damages
Source: Soejachmoen 2022
11. Context of Indonesia
• Commitment: Updated NDC 2030 to Enhanced NDC
• Strategy: LTS-LCCR 2050
• Target: NetZeroEmission (energy – power sector)
• Operational plan: Net sink 2030 (FoLU)
What about loss and damages?
How to divide role of stakeholders – government and
non-state actors?
Source: Soejachmoen 2022
12. Climate: small yet growing
Climate: 220
Environment:
980
Sustainable: 4 047
Conventional and
sustainable: 36 535
12
2018
2016
2014
2012
2010 2020
-10
0
10
20
%
-10
0
10
20
%
Net Flows into Funds
By fund label*; Per cent of lagged assets under management**
Conventional
Climate
Sustainable
(excluding environment)
Environment
(excluding climate)
A fund is labelled as 'climate-themed' if it has a climate-related fund
name or if it as flagged as climate-themed by Bloomberg, Lipper or
Morningstar. A similar classification approach applies for 'sustainable'
and 'environment' themed funds.
Value-weighted
Sources: IMF Global Financial Stability Report; October 2021
Source: IMF Global Financial Stability Report, October 2021
13. Drivers of the increase in climate flows
• COVID-19 increased awareness of climate-related financial risks (such
as zoonotic spillover) to the global economy
• Climate change featured strongly in the agenda of the UK-hosted G7
and COP26, and the Italian G20 Presidency
• Broader capital market demands for deeper information on climate-
related risk and opportunity (elaborated upon in the next section)
13
Source: Treasury.gov.au 2022
14. Impact on Climate Finance
• Unintended consequences of the Russian invasion of
Ukraine
• Ensuing sanctions continue to reverberate globally
• Testing the resilience of the financial system through
various potential amplification channels
• Market disruptions in commodity markets and
increased counterparty risk
• Acceleration of cryptoization in emerging markets;
and possible cyber-related events.
Source: Hales 2022; IMF 2022
15. • Address energy security concerns while implementing the 2021 United Nations
Climate Change Conference (COP26) road map to achieve net-zero targets
• Take measures to increase the availability and lower the cost of fossil fuel
alternatives and renewables while improving energy efficiency
• Scale up private finance in the transition to a greener economy
• Strengthen the climate finance information architecture
• Directors considered that international cooperation in corporate taxation and carbon
pricing could also help mobilize resources to promote the necessary investments and
reduce inequality.
Source: Hales 2022; IMF 2022
Cont.
16. Climate actions
needs propeller:
- Policies &
regulations
- Governance
- Technology
- Capacity
- Finance
• Policies & regulations:
- Stability
- Coherency
• Governance:
- Role and authority
• Technology:
- Access to existing
technologies
- Techs cooperation and
development
• Capacity development:
- The need of human capital
- Institutional setting
• Finance:
- State/province budget
- Other sources and schemes
- Innovative financing
Source: Soejachmoen 2022
18. Norway
• The REDD+ superpower, more than 50% of international funding
• A long efforts to get international partners
• G20+Norway, REDD+ partnership, Lima, GNU, NYDF, LEAF, etc.
• New initiatives are coming
• The domestic role of REDD+/NICFI
• A political offset
• Ways to delinking oil & gas exploration and climate action
• Can afford it:
• Oil fund is USD 1.4 trillion or 250 000/capita
Source: Angelsen 2022
19. Lowering Emissions by Accelerating Forest
finance (LEAF)
• Launched in 2021, a result-based payment (PES) outside UNFCCC:
• Receive opposition from Indonesia, Peru, and others
• Potential to bypass national level
• Another standard to be follow
• Stricter standard than ex. UNFCCC/GCF:
• ART-TREES certification (2018)
• More funding:
• USD 1 billion over five years
• 50% funding from private companies (e.g. Amazon, Bayer, Nestlé og Unilever)
• 50 % from governments (Norway (NICFI), US, and UK government)
Source: Angelsen 2022
20. The future of Result-Based Payments (RBP)
• The good idea:
• Incentives and compensation
• However, the design & implementation is difficult:
• Defining emission reductions (reference levels), who to pay, sufficient buyers,
transparency, etc.
• Insufficient funds to make it RBP
• Brazil (6%) and Guyana (22%) of verified results
• “Results-based contributions for a portion of national level and third party
verified emissions reductions from forests and land use” (Contribution
agreement, Norway-Indonesia, 19 October 2022)
• Likely to still be a key part, but also beyond REDD+
Source: Angelsen 2022
21. Conclusion
• Climate change impact is part of our experience, and its frequency
and intensity is increasing
• International agreement on who pays what
• Funding is available, size is relative, distributing it is another issue
• REDD+ is one of the trending incentive mechanism to protect forest
• RBP is a good idea, but sharing benefit is challenging
22. cifor.org | worldagroforestry.org | globallandscapesforum.org | resilientlandscapes.org
The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and World Agroforestry (ICRAF) envision a more equitable world where forestry and
landscapes enhance the environment and well-being for all. CIFOR–ICRAF are CGIAR Research Centers.
https://www.cifor-icraf.org/gcs
Thank you