“China in the last five years has very consciously moved to slow the rate of its greenhouse gas emissions by curbing its energy intensity, becoming a world leader in renewable energy, and most recently establishing carbon trading systems in its largest provinces. These actions not only have positive impact on the climate, but are driven by self interest in strengthening energy security, developing a low carbon economy with export opportunities and in showing international leadership.”
-John Connor, CEO of The Climate Institute
This presentation provides a summary of the Climate Bridge report Carbon Markets and Climate Policy in China: China’s pursuit of a clean energy future. Climate Bridge is an international carbon project developer with a portfolio of more than 180 emission reduction projects which has been active in the carbon market in China since 2006.
TANZANIA IS THE MOST ENJOYABLE PLACE IN THE WORLD IT HAS MANY PLACES TO VISIT AND SURVEY WHICH IT IS MORE ATTRACTIVE... IN TANZANIA THERE IS NATIONAL PARKS, ZANZIBAR ISLAND AND OTHER ISLANDS , NATURAL RESOURCES, MINERALS LIKE TANZANITE , CORAL REEFS, AND IT IS A PIECE COUNTRY AND BEATYFUL. DOCUMENT AND IT DESCRIBES ALL ABOUT TANZANIA AND THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES.
RELIGIOUS TOURISM : ISSUES SOLUTIONS AND CASE STUDYRishab Gupta
The slide contains the issues faced by the religious tourism industry and solutions to it. It also has a case study which is done primarily in the given areas and solutions are also discussed.
This document discusses the blue economy and opportunities for blue growth. It defines the blue economy as economic activity related to coastal and ocean resources. Blue growth aims to support long-term growth in the maritime sector. The document outlines key sectors of the blue economy like offshore wind, aquaculture, maritime tourism, and blue biotechnology. It provides examples of blue economy investment and growth in the EU and US. The document argues hydrographic surveyors can contribute value by better understanding regional blue economies and engaging stakeholders. Collaboration between hydrographers and other sectors is important to support sustainable development of coastal communities.
Tourism is a major industry in Tanzania, accounting for 16% of GDP. However, there are disparities between tourist and non-tourist areas. Tourist areas like Arusha have more infrastructure like roads and electricity, better health and education facilities, and more employment opportunities. Cultural tourism programs in Arusha villages provide funds for schools and clinics. In contrast, isolated non-tourist areas like Kigoma have fewer resources and amenities. While tourism provides benefits, it can also negatively impact local culture and increase inequality between areas.
The increased production of marine fish has come primarily through the motorization of traditional craft, the introduction of new craft and the introduction and popularization of new’ types of synthetic gear, which have replaced the traditional gear. In almost every country, this process has been either instituted or actively supported by the governments in the form of generous subsidies and credit schemes. Blue Economy could play an important role in the economic upliftment of the country in the context of poverty alleviation, ensuring food and nutrition security, combating climate change impacts. Blue Economy requires a balanced approach between conservation, development and utilization of marine and coastal eco-systems, all oceanic resources and services with a view to enhancing their value and generates decent employment, secure productive marine economy and healthy marine eco-systems.
It's an Marketing assignment which was given to us that how companies change their policies and strategies with respect to the macro environment of the country in which it is operating.
Presentation made by Vasudha Foundation Programme Manager Siddharth Chatpalliwar at the "Low Carbon Options in South Asia" workshop held in Nepal in August 2014.
Netflix is a subscription-based streaming service that allows members to watch TV shows and movies without commercials on an internet-connected device. You can also download TV shows and movies on iOS, Android, or Windows 10 device and watch without an internet connection.
TANZANIA IS THE MOST ENJOYABLE PLACE IN THE WORLD IT HAS MANY PLACES TO VISIT AND SURVEY WHICH IT IS MORE ATTRACTIVE... IN TANZANIA THERE IS NATIONAL PARKS, ZANZIBAR ISLAND AND OTHER ISLANDS , NATURAL RESOURCES, MINERALS LIKE TANZANITE , CORAL REEFS, AND IT IS A PIECE COUNTRY AND BEATYFUL. DOCUMENT AND IT DESCRIBES ALL ABOUT TANZANIA AND THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES.
RELIGIOUS TOURISM : ISSUES SOLUTIONS AND CASE STUDYRishab Gupta
The slide contains the issues faced by the religious tourism industry and solutions to it. It also has a case study which is done primarily in the given areas and solutions are also discussed.
This document discusses the blue economy and opportunities for blue growth. It defines the blue economy as economic activity related to coastal and ocean resources. Blue growth aims to support long-term growth in the maritime sector. The document outlines key sectors of the blue economy like offshore wind, aquaculture, maritime tourism, and blue biotechnology. It provides examples of blue economy investment and growth in the EU and US. The document argues hydrographic surveyors can contribute value by better understanding regional blue economies and engaging stakeholders. Collaboration between hydrographers and other sectors is important to support sustainable development of coastal communities.
Tourism is a major industry in Tanzania, accounting for 16% of GDP. However, there are disparities between tourist and non-tourist areas. Tourist areas like Arusha have more infrastructure like roads and electricity, better health and education facilities, and more employment opportunities. Cultural tourism programs in Arusha villages provide funds for schools and clinics. In contrast, isolated non-tourist areas like Kigoma have fewer resources and amenities. While tourism provides benefits, it can also negatively impact local culture and increase inequality between areas.
The increased production of marine fish has come primarily through the motorization of traditional craft, the introduction of new craft and the introduction and popularization of new’ types of synthetic gear, which have replaced the traditional gear. In almost every country, this process has been either instituted or actively supported by the governments in the form of generous subsidies and credit schemes. Blue Economy could play an important role in the economic upliftment of the country in the context of poverty alleviation, ensuring food and nutrition security, combating climate change impacts. Blue Economy requires a balanced approach between conservation, development and utilization of marine and coastal eco-systems, all oceanic resources and services with a view to enhancing their value and generates decent employment, secure productive marine economy and healthy marine eco-systems.
It's an Marketing assignment which was given to us that how companies change their policies and strategies with respect to the macro environment of the country in which it is operating.
Presentation made by Vasudha Foundation Programme Manager Siddharth Chatpalliwar at the "Low Carbon Options in South Asia" workshop held in Nepal in August 2014.
Netflix is a subscription-based streaming service that allows members to watch TV shows and movies without commercials on an internet-connected device. You can also download TV shows and movies on iOS, Android, or Windows 10 device and watch without an internet connection.
The document discusses the theory of core and periphery as it relates to economic geography. The core-periphery model proposes that as one region grows economically, it becomes the core, while surrounding areas become the periphery. At the global scale, developed nations form the economic core and developing nations the periphery. Core nations control global markets and benefit more, while periphery nations depend on the core and receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth. The relationship between core and periphery can have both positive "spread effects" and negative "backwash effects" on the periphery.
This document discusses climate change in Bangladesh. It begins with an abstract that outlines how climate change has become an important global issue and threat. It then provides figures and chapters that discuss Bangladesh's climate patterns, evidence of climate change impacts in Bangladesh like increased flooding and cyclones. It discusses how climate change poses security risks in Bangladesh like threats to food security from crop losses, water scarcity, and land degradation from sea level rise and salinity intrusion. The document examines national and international efforts to address climate change impacts in Bangladesh.
The document discusses the concept of a "Blue Economy" which aims to promote sustainable economic growth through the utilization of ocean resources. It describes how oceans are essential to supporting life and the global economy. The Blue Economy framework balances conservation with sustainable use and private sector growth with equitable community benefits. It also aims to unite management of ocean areas within countries' exclusive economic zones with areas beyond national jurisdiction. Realizing the full potential of the Blue Economy could help address challenges like food security and climate change.
The document discusses the blue economy, which refers to the sustainable use and protection of ocean resources for economic growth. It includes sectors like fisheries, aquaculture, offshore renewable energy, and marine biotechnology. For Bangladesh, the blue economy potential lies in marine fisheries, gas, oil, minerals, and tourism. However, challenges include ensuring sovereignty over coastal waters, developing eco-friendly infrastructure, and preventing pollution. Future steps involve protecting resources, investing in technology and skills, and sustainably developing untapped sectors through research and planning.
In 2.0 version of the presentation, I have added several slides on the Srivijaya and of the Chola Empire and reconstruction of the Borobudur ship.
To cover over 2 millennium of maritime trade, in the Middle East, India, SE Asia and China under 50 slides, can only give us the briefest gleam into the course of history. To get the benefit of the slides, you will need to set aside some time to read through the contents. Our perceptions on the maritime contacts are changing too. The discovery in particular of dozens of ancient shipwrecks in Southeast Asia has built up a picture of the historic trade and the technology.
The voyage of the Chinese mariner Zhenghe and his voyages to the Indian Ocean. Until recently it is relatively unknown in the West. When I get started, I found that these spectacular Zhenghe's voyages were only the last brilliant chapter of the Asian Maritime book, before the arrival of the European by sea. As I dig deeper, I discovered dozen of shipwrecks and the achievements went far into the past.
The Srivijaya was the Asian equivalent of the European maritime power, like Venice. Their power was based on the control of the sea-lanes, with a series of ports and they rarely ventured into the hinterlands. This and other powers in Southeast Asia were in turned seeded by an even older maritime power in south India, the Cholas Empire. From India the journey took me further west to the lands of the Arab and Persian, the maritime world of Sinbad the Sailor. Until the arrival of the European and before the development of the Chinese maritime network in the Tang Dynasty, Arab dhows sailed across the ocean and the seas from ends to ends, linking distance people of China to the European. At last, I arrived in Alexandria, the ancient trading hub of the Mediterranean world, a bridge between the East with the West.
In the slides, I have included three incidences of overseas traders being massacred in Chinese history. This is not to put black marks on an otherwise successful Chinese civilisation, but to remind ourselves how history have been sanctified one way or another. History should be a honest account of the past, without distortions and omissions. History is the witness. I hope in these few slides, would help to understanding an aspect of human civilization on Earth. Too often our own ego-centric interest becomes a source of our own ignorance.
Criticism of sustainable development by abu khairul basharAbu Khairul Bashar
There are three pillars of Sustainable Development
Economic development,
Social development, and
Environmental protection.
These pillars are Interdependent and mutually reinforcing. If there comes any breakththrough of these pillars, Sustainable development can not be fulfilled properly. So, It may be a weaken side of it.
policies and legislation related to coastal zone management of bangladeshinjamamun
The document discusses legislations and policies related to coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It provides information on several key policies and strategies:
1. The Priority Investment Program (PIP) from 2004 outlines priority areas for investment such as disaster mitigation and environment protection.
2. The Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo) from 2005 aims to promote economic growth and livelihoods while reducing vulnerabilities of coastal communities.
3. The Coastal Development Strategy (CDS) from 2006 identifies strategic priorities such as water availability and natural resource management to guide implementation plans.
4. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes international guidelines for marine protected areas and resource exploitation.
This document discusses the concept of a green economy. A green economy aims to improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks. It is an economy that sustains development without degrading the environment. A green economy was initiated in response to multiple crises and accelerating resource scarcity. It provides opportunities to reduce poverty and inequality through sustainable management of natural resources. Key sectors of a green economy include renewable energy, green buildings, sustainable transport, water management, waste management, and land management. Developing countries face challenges in transitioning to a green economy due to low emissions levels and investments. Enabling conditions include establishing regulations, removing subsidies, prioritizing green investments, and engaging the private sector and public.
The document discusses the prospect and challenges of the Blue Economy in Bangladesh. It begins with an overview of Bangladesh's economy, which is largely sea-borne and has established maritime territory of over 118,000 square kilometers. The Blue Economy utilizes ocean resources for sustainable economic development. Bangladesh has over 3 million people employed in ocean industries like fisheries and transportation. Realizing its potential, the government is developing infrastructure like a deep sea port and establishing research institutions. Challenges remain in fully unlocking the ocean's potential through science, policy, investments and projects. The Blue Economy could contribute to sectors like aquaculture, tourism, renewable energy and more.
This document contains sample essay questions and responses about ecosystems and human impacts on the environment.
The first question asks to describe methods to record changes in an ecosystem like the Alpine Pine Forest from human activities, such as using sampling methods to measure species abundance and diversity over time.
The second question explains how human activity has increased nitrogen in ecosystems through fertilizer use and fossil fuel combustion, and the impacts like acid rain, soil acidification, and eutrophication.
The third question evaluates the role of Environmental Impact Assessments in different societies, noting they can empower communities but be biased if developers fund them, and may not be affordable or prioritized in all contexts.
This document summarizes Gunnar Myrdal's cumulative causation theory. It explains that Myrdal coined the term and used it to analyze race relations in the US. The theory rejects the idea of automatic socio-economic stabilization and instead proposes that changes beget further changes that reinforce the initial change. It was influential in theories of convergence and divergence of economic development between regions.
Lesson 3.1 (ten social) Our National Heritagessharadnp
The document discusses Nepal's national heritages that have been recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. It notes that UNESCO has classified heritages into natural, cultural and digital types. For Nepal, four sites have been included as cultural heritages - the Kathmandu Valley, Lumbini, Changunarayan Temple, and Boudhanath Stupa. Two sites are natural heritages - Sagarmatha National Park and Chitwan National Park. The document provides details about each of these heritages, describing their historical and cultural significance. It emphasizes the importance of preserving these sites as they represent Nepal's culture, history and identity.
IBM Smarter Cities Case Studies for SingaporeTim Greisinger
Global IBM Smarter Cities case studies applicable to the strategy and needs of Singapore's SmartNation agenda. Presented by Tim Greisinger (IBM) in Singapore on March 15, 2015
Inclusive development considers whether development progress is sufficiently widespread for the majority of a population to benefit
The World Bank has a particular focus on the economic capabilities, freedoms and resilience of the bottom 40 per cent of the World’s population and the relatively poor in individual countries.
Per capita incomes can rise but simultaneously there can also be an increase in the scale of relative poverty
The inter-generational nature of development progress also needs to be considered – i.e. creating an environment fit for future generations.
One of the defining debates in development economics is the extent to which state intervention enables inclusive growth or whether a dynamic private sector offers greater potential for lifting development progress.
The document discusses the blue economy approach, which focuses on the sustainable use and conservation of ocean resources for economic growth. It provides an overview of the blue economy, defining it as the optimal and sustainable use of ocean resources to meet present and future needs. The key sectors of the blue economy are identified as fisheries and aquaculture, renewable and non-renewable energy resources, maritime transport, and sustainable tourism. Challenges to the development of a blue economy include overexploitation of resources, pollution, and the impacts of climate change. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides the legal framework to support the principles of a sustainable blue economy.
This document discusses coastal and marine tourism. It defines coastal and marine tourism as recreational activities involving travel away from one's community that have the marine environment or coastal zone as their focus or host. Examples are provided of coastal recreation activities like beach volleyball and marine activities like scuba diving. Coastal and marine tourism can provide economic benefits but also environmental impacts if not managed sustainably, such as pollution, damage to coral reefs, and disturbance of wildlife. The document outlines some of the challenges faced in coastal areas from the high population pressure and need for sustainable tourism development and management.
The Indian chemical industry is overall the 3rd largest in Asia after China and Japan in terms of volume contribution to the global market. The chemical industry in India has started to evolve rapidly since the last five years and has grown to an estimated USD 148 billion in FY16. Despite its large size and significant GDP contribution, the industry accounted for only around 3% of the global chemicals industry (~USD 4.3 Trillion). As per UN Comtrade Database for 2015, India ranks 17th in the world exports of chemicals (excluding pharmaceutical products) and ranks 6th in the world imports of chemicals (excluding pharmaceutical products).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...vijay kumar sarabu
There is direct relationship between environment and economic development. Economic development without environmental considerations can cause serious environmental damage in turn impairing the quality of life of present and future generations. In the process of economic development, the environmental problems have been ignored or less concentrated. Any country’s environmental problems are related to the level of its economic development, the availability of natural resources and the lifestyle of its population. In India, rapid growth of population, poverty, urbanization, industrialization and several related factors are responsible for the rapid degradation of the environment. Environmental problems have become serious in many parts of the country, and hence cannot be ignored. The main environmental problems in India relate to air and water pollution particularly in metropolitan cities and industrial zones, degradation of common property resources (Tanks, Ponds Lakes, Rivers, Forests etc.) which affect the poor adversely as they depends on them for their livelihood, threat to biodiversity and inadequate system of solid waste disposal and sanitation with consequent adverse impact on health, infant mortality and birth rate.
Coastal Policy, Legislation, Targets and the future in Sri Lanka.Coastel mana...Veluppillai Mohan
Sri Lanka, which is Formerly known as "Ceylon", is in the Indian Ocean separated from the southeastern coast of peninsular India by the Palk Strait and is an island with coastline areas, which are generally low-lying, and landscapes exhibit considerable variety characterized by bays, lagoons, headlands, coastal marshes, peninsulas, spits, bars, and islets and dunes, of 1,585 kilometers and a land area of 64,000 square kilometers (probably more than 2,000 km if the coastlines of lagoons, bays, and inlets are added), situated between the latitudes of 5°55' and 9°51' North and the longitudes of 79°41' and 81°54' East within the tropic of Cancer lying off the southern tip of India. It encompasses a variety of tropical habitats including wetlands (about 120,000 ha); lagoons and estuaries (45 estuaries and 40 lagoons totaling about 42,000 ha); mangroves, salt marshes and sea grass beds (the total extent of mangrove coverage is between 6,000 and 10,000 ha); coral reefs (about 50 linear km of major reefs); and coastal sand dunes, barrier beaches, and spits (sand dunes occur along about 312 km of the coastline).
The document discusses carbon trading and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which allows developed countries to implement emissions-reducing projects in developing countries to earn carbon credits. It provides background on climate change and outlines how the CDM works and its objectives. Case studies of the CDM in Malaysia and China are presented, highlighting different project types and the economic and environmental benefits, as well as challenges, of the CDM.
In 1979 China passed environmental protection law for trial implementation.The 1982 contitution includes important environmental provisions.Based on the provisions many laws were enacted .Water pollution prevention and control law 1984,Air pollution and control law 1987are some of the remarkable laws .
The document discusses the theory of core and periphery as it relates to economic geography. The core-periphery model proposes that as one region grows economically, it becomes the core, while surrounding areas become the periphery. At the global scale, developed nations form the economic core and developing nations the periphery. Core nations control global markets and benefit more, while periphery nations depend on the core and receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth. The relationship between core and periphery can have both positive "spread effects" and negative "backwash effects" on the periphery.
This document discusses climate change in Bangladesh. It begins with an abstract that outlines how climate change has become an important global issue and threat. It then provides figures and chapters that discuss Bangladesh's climate patterns, evidence of climate change impacts in Bangladesh like increased flooding and cyclones. It discusses how climate change poses security risks in Bangladesh like threats to food security from crop losses, water scarcity, and land degradation from sea level rise and salinity intrusion. The document examines national and international efforts to address climate change impacts in Bangladesh.
The document discusses the concept of a "Blue Economy" which aims to promote sustainable economic growth through the utilization of ocean resources. It describes how oceans are essential to supporting life and the global economy. The Blue Economy framework balances conservation with sustainable use and private sector growth with equitable community benefits. It also aims to unite management of ocean areas within countries' exclusive economic zones with areas beyond national jurisdiction. Realizing the full potential of the Blue Economy could help address challenges like food security and climate change.
The document discusses the blue economy, which refers to the sustainable use and protection of ocean resources for economic growth. It includes sectors like fisheries, aquaculture, offshore renewable energy, and marine biotechnology. For Bangladesh, the blue economy potential lies in marine fisheries, gas, oil, minerals, and tourism. However, challenges include ensuring sovereignty over coastal waters, developing eco-friendly infrastructure, and preventing pollution. Future steps involve protecting resources, investing in technology and skills, and sustainably developing untapped sectors through research and planning.
In 2.0 version of the presentation, I have added several slides on the Srivijaya and of the Chola Empire and reconstruction of the Borobudur ship.
To cover over 2 millennium of maritime trade, in the Middle East, India, SE Asia and China under 50 slides, can only give us the briefest gleam into the course of history. To get the benefit of the slides, you will need to set aside some time to read through the contents. Our perceptions on the maritime contacts are changing too. The discovery in particular of dozens of ancient shipwrecks in Southeast Asia has built up a picture of the historic trade and the technology.
The voyage of the Chinese mariner Zhenghe and his voyages to the Indian Ocean. Until recently it is relatively unknown in the West. When I get started, I found that these spectacular Zhenghe's voyages were only the last brilliant chapter of the Asian Maritime book, before the arrival of the European by sea. As I dig deeper, I discovered dozen of shipwrecks and the achievements went far into the past.
The Srivijaya was the Asian equivalent of the European maritime power, like Venice. Their power was based on the control of the sea-lanes, with a series of ports and they rarely ventured into the hinterlands. This and other powers in Southeast Asia were in turned seeded by an even older maritime power in south India, the Cholas Empire. From India the journey took me further west to the lands of the Arab and Persian, the maritime world of Sinbad the Sailor. Until the arrival of the European and before the development of the Chinese maritime network in the Tang Dynasty, Arab dhows sailed across the ocean and the seas from ends to ends, linking distance people of China to the European. At last, I arrived in Alexandria, the ancient trading hub of the Mediterranean world, a bridge between the East with the West.
In the slides, I have included three incidences of overseas traders being massacred in Chinese history. This is not to put black marks on an otherwise successful Chinese civilisation, but to remind ourselves how history have been sanctified one way or another. History should be a honest account of the past, without distortions and omissions. History is the witness. I hope in these few slides, would help to understanding an aspect of human civilization on Earth. Too often our own ego-centric interest becomes a source of our own ignorance.
Criticism of sustainable development by abu khairul basharAbu Khairul Bashar
There are three pillars of Sustainable Development
Economic development,
Social development, and
Environmental protection.
These pillars are Interdependent and mutually reinforcing. If there comes any breakththrough of these pillars, Sustainable development can not be fulfilled properly. So, It may be a weaken side of it.
policies and legislation related to coastal zone management of bangladeshinjamamun
The document discusses legislations and policies related to coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It provides information on several key policies and strategies:
1. The Priority Investment Program (PIP) from 2004 outlines priority areas for investment such as disaster mitigation and environment protection.
2. The Coastal Zone Policy (CZPo) from 2005 aims to promote economic growth and livelihoods while reducing vulnerabilities of coastal communities.
3. The Coastal Development Strategy (CDS) from 2006 identifies strategic priorities such as water availability and natural resource management to guide implementation plans.
4. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes international guidelines for marine protected areas and resource exploitation.
This document discusses the concept of a green economy. A green economy aims to improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks. It is an economy that sustains development without degrading the environment. A green economy was initiated in response to multiple crises and accelerating resource scarcity. It provides opportunities to reduce poverty and inequality through sustainable management of natural resources. Key sectors of a green economy include renewable energy, green buildings, sustainable transport, water management, waste management, and land management. Developing countries face challenges in transitioning to a green economy due to low emissions levels and investments. Enabling conditions include establishing regulations, removing subsidies, prioritizing green investments, and engaging the private sector and public.
The document discusses the prospect and challenges of the Blue Economy in Bangladesh. It begins with an overview of Bangladesh's economy, which is largely sea-borne and has established maritime territory of over 118,000 square kilometers. The Blue Economy utilizes ocean resources for sustainable economic development. Bangladesh has over 3 million people employed in ocean industries like fisheries and transportation. Realizing its potential, the government is developing infrastructure like a deep sea port and establishing research institutions. Challenges remain in fully unlocking the ocean's potential through science, policy, investments and projects. The Blue Economy could contribute to sectors like aquaculture, tourism, renewable energy and more.
This document contains sample essay questions and responses about ecosystems and human impacts on the environment.
The first question asks to describe methods to record changes in an ecosystem like the Alpine Pine Forest from human activities, such as using sampling methods to measure species abundance and diversity over time.
The second question explains how human activity has increased nitrogen in ecosystems through fertilizer use and fossil fuel combustion, and the impacts like acid rain, soil acidification, and eutrophication.
The third question evaluates the role of Environmental Impact Assessments in different societies, noting they can empower communities but be biased if developers fund them, and may not be affordable or prioritized in all contexts.
This document summarizes Gunnar Myrdal's cumulative causation theory. It explains that Myrdal coined the term and used it to analyze race relations in the US. The theory rejects the idea of automatic socio-economic stabilization and instead proposes that changes beget further changes that reinforce the initial change. It was influential in theories of convergence and divergence of economic development between regions.
Lesson 3.1 (ten social) Our National Heritagessharadnp
The document discusses Nepal's national heritages that have been recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. It notes that UNESCO has classified heritages into natural, cultural and digital types. For Nepal, four sites have been included as cultural heritages - the Kathmandu Valley, Lumbini, Changunarayan Temple, and Boudhanath Stupa. Two sites are natural heritages - Sagarmatha National Park and Chitwan National Park. The document provides details about each of these heritages, describing their historical and cultural significance. It emphasizes the importance of preserving these sites as they represent Nepal's culture, history and identity.
IBM Smarter Cities Case Studies for SingaporeTim Greisinger
Global IBM Smarter Cities case studies applicable to the strategy and needs of Singapore's SmartNation agenda. Presented by Tim Greisinger (IBM) in Singapore on March 15, 2015
Inclusive development considers whether development progress is sufficiently widespread for the majority of a population to benefit
The World Bank has a particular focus on the economic capabilities, freedoms and resilience of the bottom 40 per cent of the World’s population and the relatively poor in individual countries.
Per capita incomes can rise but simultaneously there can also be an increase in the scale of relative poverty
The inter-generational nature of development progress also needs to be considered – i.e. creating an environment fit for future generations.
One of the defining debates in development economics is the extent to which state intervention enables inclusive growth or whether a dynamic private sector offers greater potential for lifting development progress.
The document discusses the blue economy approach, which focuses on the sustainable use and conservation of ocean resources for economic growth. It provides an overview of the blue economy, defining it as the optimal and sustainable use of ocean resources to meet present and future needs. The key sectors of the blue economy are identified as fisheries and aquaculture, renewable and non-renewable energy resources, maritime transport, and sustainable tourism. Challenges to the development of a blue economy include overexploitation of resources, pollution, and the impacts of climate change. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides the legal framework to support the principles of a sustainable blue economy.
This document discusses coastal and marine tourism. It defines coastal and marine tourism as recreational activities involving travel away from one's community that have the marine environment or coastal zone as their focus or host. Examples are provided of coastal recreation activities like beach volleyball and marine activities like scuba diving. Coastal and marine tourism can provide economic benefits but also environmental impacts if not managed sustainably, such as pollution, damage to coral reefs, and disturbance of wildlife. The document outlines some of the challenges faced in coastal areas from the high population pressure and need for sustainable tourism development and management.
The Indian chemical industry is overall the 3rd largest in Asia after China and Japan in terms of volume contribution to the global market. The chemical industry in India has started to evolve rapidly since the last five years and has grown to an estimated USD 148 billion in FY16. Despite its large size and significant GDP contribution, the industry accounted for only around 3% of the global chemicals industry (~USD 4.3 Trillion). As per UN Comtrade Database for 2015, India ranks 17th in the world exports of chemicals (excluding pharmaceutical products) and ranks 6th in the world imports of chemicals (excluding pharmaceutical products).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE T...vijay kumar sarabu
There is direct relationship between environment and economic development. Economic development without environmental considerations can cause serious environmental damage in turn impairing the quality of life of present and future generations. In the process of economic development, the environmental problems have been ignored or less concentrated. Any country’s environmental problems are related to the level of its economic development, the availability of natural resources and the lifestyle of its population. In India, rapid growth of population, poverty, urbanization, industrialization and several related factors are responsible for the rapid degradation of the environment. Environmental problems have become serious in many parts of the country, and hence cannot be ignored. The main environmental problems in India relate to air and water pollution particularly in metropolitan cities and industrial zones, degradation of common property resources (Tanks, Ponds Lakes, Rivers, Forests etc.) which affect the poor adversely as they depends on them for their livelihood, threat to biodiversity and inadequate system of solid waste disposal and sanitation with consequent adverse impact on health, infant mortality and birth rate.
Coastal Policy, Legislation, Targets and the future in Sri Lanka.Coastel mana...Veluppillai Mohan
Sri Lanka, which is Formerly known as "Ceylon", is in the Indian Ocean separated from the southeastern coast of peninsular India by the Palk Strait and is an island with coastline areas, which are generally low-lying, and landscapes exhibit considerable variety characterized by bays, lagoons, headlands, coastal marshes, peninsulas, spits, bars, and islets and dunes, of 1,585 kilometers and a land area of 64,000 square kilometers (probably more than 2,000 km if the coastlines of lagoons, bays, and inlets are added), situated between the latitudes of 5°55' and 9°51' North and the longitudes of 79°41' and 81°54' East within the tropic of Cancer lying off the southern tip of India. It encompasses a variety of tropical habitats including wetlands (about 120,000 ha); lagoons and estuaries (45 estuaries and 40 lagoons totaling about 42,000 ha); mangroves, salt marshes and sea grass beds (the total extent of mangrove coverage is between 6,000 and 10,000 ha); coral reefs (about 50 linear km of major reefs); and coastal sand dunes, barrier beaches, and spits (sand dunes occur along about 312 km of the coastline).
The document discusses carbon trading and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which allows developed countries to implement emissions-reducing projects in developing countries to earn carbon credits. It provides background on climate change and outlines how the CDM works and its objectives. Case studies of the CDM in Malaysia and China are presented, highlighting different project types and the economic and environmental benefits, as well as challenges, of the CDM.
In 1979 China passed environmental protection law for trial implementation.The 1982 contitution includes important environmental provisions.Based on the provisions many laws were enacted .Water pollution prevention and control law 1984,Air pollution and control law 1987are some of the remarkable laws .
The CBI's low carbon initiatives in ChinaCBI China
CBI attended and presented at a low carbon seminar organised by the UK Consulate, CQ Net and the SW Law & Political University in Chongqing on 26th Feb 2009.
The document summarizes mitigation activities and potentials in 3 countries and the EU. Brazil reduced emissions 10% through biofuels and efficiency programs. China reduced emissions growth by 250 million tons through policies promoting efficiency, fuel switching, and afforestation. India reduced emissions 5% in 2000 through economic restructuring, enforcement of clean air laws, and renewable programs, with potential for 120 million ton reduction through efficiency and fuel switching. The EU aims to reduce emissions 20% by 2020 through initiatives like its internal energy market and efficiency programs.
Hong Kong Environmental Protection And Policy DevelopmentHKBU
The document discusses greenhouse gas emissions and climate change policies in Hong Kong. It notes that while China and Hong Kong are not obligated to follow the Kyoto Protocol as developing regions, steps still need to be taken to reduce emissions. Specifically, it suggests that the two major power companies in Hong Kong could produce less excess electricity, and that citizens and businesses should seek ways to minimize electricity usage. Finally, it argues that Hong Kong should collaborate with the Pearl River Delta region to combat emissions and environmental issues through regulations, incentives, and emissions trading programs.
The document discusses climate change, global warming, and the Kyoto Protocol. It provides background on rising global temperatures, greenhouse gas emissions, and the six main greenhouse gases. It then summarizes the Kyoto Protocol, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. The Clean Development Mechanism is introduced as one of three mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol to help countries meet emission reduction targets in a cost-effective manner. CDM allows emission reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction credits that can be counted toward compliance in developed countries.
Carbon 101: Carbon accounting for hospitalsGraham Takata
This document provides an overview of carbon footprinting and accounting for hospitals. It discusses the political landscape around climate change in Canada and Ontario and outlines Ontario's Climate Change Action Plan and regulations. It explains why carbon accounting and footprinting are important for hospitals given their high energy use. The document reviews the Greenhouse Gas Protocol methodology and how it can be applied to set a baseline inventory and measure impact. It provides examples of emission reduction opportunities in hospitals and guidance on communicating results.
This document discusses sustainable development challenges for the coal industry in India. It defines sustainable development and outlines some key corporate policies and initiatives for sustainable development. Some of the main challenges for the coal industry include ensuring long-term viability, managing environmental and social impacts, and integrating approaches to reduce waste and inefficiency. Coal India is committed to initiatives like compensatory afforestation, environmental management plans, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to help address these challenges.
Institute’s Americas office launches The Global Status of CCS: 2016 at the Cl...Global CCS Institute
On 15 November 2016, the Global CCS Institute’s Americas office held the Clean energy solutions symposium: What is the Future of Carbon Capture? at the National Press Club, Washington, DC.
The Institute’s General Manager for the Americas, Jeff Erikson, launched The Global Status of CCS: 2016 report by presenting to the audience the highlights from the report and discussing the significant milestones achieved in the past year in the world of CCS. Erikson’s presentation was followed by an expert panel discussion on the future of clean energy, with focus on carbon capture and storage (CCS).
This document discusses industrial energy efficiency and the UK government's role in promoting it. It provides context on UK carbon budgets and targets, and outlines several government programs and policies aimed at reducing industrial emissions, including the EU Emissions Trading System, Climate Change Agreements, and the Industrial Energy Efficiency Programme. It discusses key challenges around industrial heat and the government's commitments to develop low-carbon roadmaps for heavy industries, support carbon capture and storage demonstration projects, and incentivize waste heat recovery.
This document discusses the threats of climate change and opportunities for mitigating it. Global greenhouse gas emissions are exceeding levels needed to limit warming to 2°C. The carbon budget for staying below 2°C is likely to be exceeded by 2040. Ten solutions are proposed, including integrating climate into economic decision making, establishing a carbon price, increasing low-carbon infrastructure investment, and shifting away from coal power. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy could drive significant economic growth through investments in renewable energy technologies like solar and wind power, which have huge untapped potential. The costs of transition are financially feasible and would amount to around $640 billion per year globally.
GHG mitigation scenarios for major emitting countries - COP 23NewClimate Institute
Takeshi Kuramochi, Frederic Hans (NewClimate Institute), Michel den Elzen (PBL) and Nicklas Forsell (IIASA) presented findings from the 2017 Greenhouse gas mitigation scenarios for major emitting countries report at COP 23.
The document discusses challenges in meeting future global energy demands due to rising populations and economic development. It notes that world energy needs are projected to increase by 55% by 2030 and investments of $22 trillion will be needed for new infrastructure. Two approaches proposed to address this are implementing "carrot and stick" policies like emissions controls and green taxes, and developing new sustainable technologies for energy production.
Qiao and Zhou - CCS in China and the Guangdong CCS readiness study - Presenta...Global CCS Institute
This document outlines a carbon capture and storage readiness study conducted in Guangdong, China. It provides background on carbon emissions and policy in China, highlighting the country's continued reliance on coal. The study aimed to determine if carbon capture and storage (CCS) is needed and applicable in Guangdong. Key tasks included analyzing emissions and storage capacity from major point sources in Guangdong. Preliminary results found power plants accounted for 66% of emissions. Two potential inland storage basins were identified but have low capacity. The Pearl River Mouth Basin offshore has potential for higher storage due to its large size and sediment thickness. The study seeks to inform Guangdong's CCS roadmap and policy.
The document discusses transitioning to low-emission development. It summarizes that international climate change negotiations aim to establish a new global agreement by 2015 to reduce emissions starting in 2020. Many countries have already developed low-emission development strategies and climate action plans. Transitioning to low-emission development will require significant emission reductions through policies like carbon pricing, clean technology development, reducing deforestation, and changing consumption behaviors. Governments are also promoting energy savings through initiatives like efficiency standards, consumer information programs, and incentives. Rapid urbanization presents both challenges and opportunities for reducing emissions through more sustainable city development.
Wayne Calder – Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism – CCS and carbon p...Global CCS Institute
Wayne Calder, General Manager, Australian Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, presented on CCS and carbon price policy in Australia at the Global CCS Institute's Japanese Members' Meeting held in Tokyo on 8 June 2012
The document discusses the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which was established by the Kyoto Protocol to allow developed countries to implement emissions reduction projects in developing countries. It provides an overview of CDM objectives to assist developing countries' sustainable development and emission reduction goals. India has potential for many CDM projects, especially in the energy sector, but also faces barriers like a lack of clear methodologies and high transaction costs. The document outlines some priority project types for India and small-scale project qualifications under CDM.
This document summarizes the findings of a global report on green business investment. It finds that while governments have ambitious targets to reduce emissions, businesses are not moving fast enough to help meet these targets. Most companies do not monitor their energy use or carbon footprint. To increase green investment, governments need to implement more effective incentives like tax breaks. Smaller businesses in particular are investing less than larger ones. While developing countries like China and India are criticized, they are actually taking green measures more seriously than some Western nations. Overall, more action is needed from both governments and businesses to accelerate the transition to a green economy.
The Climate Institute has been conducting our annual Climate of the Nation attitudinal research since 2007. It is the longest continuous survey of community attitudes about climate change. We have charted the views of Australians about matters relating to climate change and energy policy, through the ups and downs of changing weather patterns, related natural disasters and the waxing and waning of the political landscape.
This presentation summarises this year's research, conducted by polling over 2,000 people across the country, as well as holding focus groups in Brisbane, Melbourne and Newcastle, which once again benchmarks the views of everyday Australians on these key issues. We compare and contrast them to the findings over these past years.
Since 2007, The Climate Institute has produced Climate of the Nation research capturing the nation's pulse on attitudes to climate change. This year's results show an increasing awareness and concern about the impacts of climate change and the country’s future energy mix amid the intensifying political debate.
More Australians trust the science that says climate change is caused by human activities.
The findings provide a critical opportunity for the Abbott government to better reflect public sentiment on climate change in its upcoming announcement on Australia’s post-2020 carbon pollution reduction target. More think that "the Abbott government should take climate change more seriously” and there is a strong expectation for government to regulate carbon pollution, move to phase out aging coal power stations, and invest in renewable energy.
Climate change is having significant impacts on sport in Australia. Rising temperatures are making extreme heat events more common and intense, posing health risks for athletes and spectators. Drought and flooding are also damaging playing surfaces and facilities. Sports organizations will need to adapt practices and infrastructure to manage these climate risks, such as improving heat safety policies and building more resilient venues. Without further climate action, the impacts on sport could increase and challenge its viability in some forms or locations in the future.
Are Australians climate dinosaurs? Climate of the Nation 2014, benchmarking Australian attitudes to climate change, finds that political leaders risk being stuck in the past as public attitudes on climate change and its solutions are on the rebound. In mid-2014, more Australians think that climate change is occurring and are concerned about impacts, present and future. There is a rebound in desire to see the nation lead on finding solutions and a strong expectation of government to address the climate challenge. Opposition to carbon pricing has continued to decline and there is a decline in the minority supporting repeal. For the first time more support carbon pricing than oppose it, even though there is lingering confusion around it. For more information, visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/climate-of-the-nation-2014.html
Buyer Beware: Home insurance, extreme weather & climate change The Climate Institute
In many parts of the country, climate change is mixing with natural variability to pile on the risk of damage to Australian homes. Where Australians live, the design of settlements, the cost of housing, and whether homes are insurable or not are not issues of the future, but very much issues of today.
The Climate Institute, together with CHOICE, commissioned independent risk analysts Climate Risk to take a snapshot of how the home insurance industry is responding to climate risk. The study, Buyer Beware: Home Insurance, Extreme Weather and Climate Change, offers a preliminary analysis of changes in premiums, policies, and insurability. The research reveals the growing risks for homeowners and also offers important new tools to assist homebuyers to assess current and future risk to what is often the biggest asset purchase of their lives.
To find out more, visit http://www.climateinstitute.org.au/buyer-beware.html
- Climate change poses risks of catastrophic and uncertain impacts from rising carbon emissions. Estimating appropriate prices for carbon is challenging due to uncertainties but crucial for risk management.
- Standard utility models used in climate economics calibrate risk preferences too low, underestimating appropriate carbon prices. Higher societal risk aversion, as seen in equity markets, implies much higher carbon prices to account for hard-to-predict climate risks.
- Delaying reductions in emissions increases future mitigation costs and disaster risks. Higher carbon prices now can lower total costs by incentivizing early emissions cuts and new technologies.
This presentation summarises The Climate Institute’s report, Climate Smart Super: Understanding Superannuation & Climate Risk, which examines the impact of climate and carbon risks on retirement and superannuation savings, especially in Australia. Superannuation funds are often Australians’ biggest or second biggest asset but until now very few have had accessible information enabling them to take an active role in managing that asset against climate and carbon policy risks. This report (and presentation) offers a number of simple steps to assist people to engage with their super funds so that they can move from being accidental to active investors and start challenging the dangerous short term focus in business and politics that threatens retirement savings. For more information, visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/climate-smart-super.html
Barry Jones, General Manager - Asia Pacific for the Global CCS Institute, provides an overview of carbon capture and storage technology including its rationale and a summary of current projects. The presentation also examines impediments to its deployment and recommendations for how to overcome them.
Professor Alan Dupont summarises the defence and security implications of climate change in a presentation for The Climate Institute's Boardroom Lunch Conversation on 21 October 2013.
Bill Hare, CEO of Climate Analytics, summarises the World Bank report Turn Down The Heat: Why a 4C Warmer World Must Be Avoided for The Climate Institute's Boardroom Lunch Conversation on 21 October 2013.
This document summarizes a report by The Climate Institute analyzing the climate policies of the Australian Coalition government. It finds that the Coalition's Emission Reduction Fund would lead to 8-10% higher emissions by 2020 than current legislation. It would also require $4 billion more to achieve Australia's 5% emissions target. Modeling shows the Coalition's policy allowing emissions to increase 45% by 2050, exceeding the global 2 degree warming limit. The report recommends maintaining current legislation and reviewing the Coalition's policy to ensure emissions reductions are scalable and credible.
Today, CO2 emissions from fossil fuels are around 50 per cent higher than they were 20 years ago, and have been rising each year. This kind of change to the chemical mixture in the air doesn’t come without consequences. Acting like a blanket, the build-up of greenhouse gases is the main reason why the average global temperature has risen by nearly 1°C in the last century. This booklet explains why a rise of only a few degrees in the average global temperature risks our prosperity, security, and health. It explains why it is so important to reverse the rise in emissions within the decade. And why it is still within our means to do so. For more information visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/dangerous-degrees.html
Since 2007, The Climate Institute has conducted comprehensive quantitative and qualitative research into Australian attitudes to climate change and its solutions.
More information can be found on The Climate institute's website:
www.climateinstitute.org.au/climate-of-the-nation-2013.html
What does energy efficiency matter? Energy efficiency is the single most cost-effective way of lowering greenhouse gas emissions and an essential component of any strategy to reach long-term emission reduction goals. It also boosts economic productivity, improves energy security, reduces expenditure on fuels and energy infrastructure, reduces air pollution and develops the energy services industry.
If Australia improved its energy efficiency by just an extra one per cent each year it would generate an additional $8 billion in GDP by 2020 and $26 billion by 2030. This is an important contribution to improving Australia’s productivity, as well as cutting our energy bills and carbon pollution.
For more information please visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/boosting-australias-energy-productivity.html
Australian coal reserves and resources alone could exceed global coal carbon budgets and attempts to avoid dangerous climate change. Investors in our coal resources are taking high risk gambles on global climate inaction, the deployment of carbon capture and storage technology or significantly increasing Australia’s share of global coal markets. Governments, investors and even many coal companies say they take climate change seriously, but this report shows that if they did, their Australian investments could be a costly speculative bubble.
This presentation summarises a report looking at some of the physical impacts of climate change on the infrastructure sector and the resulting cascade of consequences for the broader economy. The findings come from a workshop conducted in December 2012 by The Climate Institute, Manidis Roberts (a part of the RPS Group) and KPMG, which piloted a process for analysing the climate-related risks associated with interdependent infrastructure systems of a major city.
For more information visit www.climateinstitute.org.au
In order to achieve current climate change goals, Australia needs to use a long-term carbon budget approach to properly assess the risks, responsibilities and realities of doing its fair share.
This presentation summarises The Climate Institute’s policy brief, Operating in Limits: Defining an Australian Carbon Budget. For more information visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/articles/publications/operating-in-limits.html
This presentation summarises The Climate Institute’s report, Global Climate Leadership Review 2013. It provides an overview of Australian climate policy in a global context, as well as elaborating on the implications of global climate diplomacy and domestic actions for Australia. For more information, visit http://www.climateinstitute.org.au/global-climate-leadership-review-2013.html.
This presentation explores the human impacts, including stress, anxiety and mental illness that arise or are exacerbated by extreme weather events. For more information visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/explore-climate-change.html
This presentation summarises the results from world’s first global climate investment index showing how the world’s biggest investors, including superannuation funds, are managing climate risk.
For more information visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/articles/publications/aodp-global-climate-index-2012-results.html
2. Climate Action in China
October 2012
“China in the last five years has very consciously moved to slow the rate of its
greenhouse gas emission growth by curbing its energy intensity, becoming a
world leader in renewable energy, and most recently establishing carbon trading
systems in its largest provinces. These actions are driven by self-interest, not
only regarding concern for climate impacts, but for strengthening energy security,
developing a low carbon economy with export opportunities and showing
international leadership.”
John Connor, CEO of The Climate Institute
This presentation provides a summary of the Climate Bridge report Carbon Markets and Climate Policy in China: China’s
pursuit of a clean energy future. Climate Bridge is an international carbon project developer with a portfolio of more than
180 emission reduction projects which has been active in the carbon market in China since 2006.
Cover image: Michael Hall
All others courtesy of Climate Bridge
2
3. Key Points
• For self-interested reasons, China has moved to slow the growth rate of its greenhouse
emissions. China has already reduced its energy intensity, become a world leader in renewable
energy, and is rapidly establishing carbon trading systems. These actions not only have positive
impact on the climate, they also drive economic growth, reduce fuel dependency and create
export opportunities.
• China’s main exposure to the carbon market has been through the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM). This positive experience with carbon markets has built
capabilities in carbon measurement and auditing and contributed to China choosing to establish its
own domestic carbon trading scheme.
• China’s ambitious emissions trading pilot schemes collectively represent the world’s second
largest emission trading scheme and are expected to lead to a nationwide system in 2015-2016.
• China’s scheme dovetails with other global schemes, paving the way for a global climate change
agreement coming into force in 2020.
3
4. China’s Recent Climate Policy
China’s proactive climate change policy has been driven by high-level, often self-
interested motivations.
Motivations for action:
• Strengthening energy security by reducing
dependency on foreign fossil fuels
• Developing the low carbon economy, growing
related exports and creating jobs
• Avoiding dangerous climate change. China is
particularly vulnerable with 22% of the world’s
population and only 7% of its arable land.
• Showing international leadership and
strengthening international negotiating position
4
5. China’s Recent Climate Policy
Historically, China’s climate policy has relied upon predominantly command-and-control
mechanisms.
Policies:
• 1000 enterprises programme – Starting in 2004,
targets were set for China’s largest polluting enterprises
(who account for 33% of China’s national energy use).
• Support for renewable energy – Since 2006, relatively
high feed-in tariffs for renewable energy have been in
place. Tax holidays and other fiscal incentives are
offered to developers.
• Restrictions on fossil fuel use – Since 2010, increased resource taxes have been set on
fossil fuels. In 2015 there will be a cap placed on coal production.
• Backing for strategic emerging new industries – The national Energy Agency has
established a development plan that requires direct investment of 5 Trillion RMB ($750BN) in
low-carbon projects.
5
6. China’s Recent Climate Policy
Historically, China’s climate policy has relied upon predominantly command-and-control
mechanisms.
Achievements to date:
• China reduced energy intensity of GDP by 19% between 2005 and 2010. Energy efficiency
improvements in key industries were vital to achieving this target.
• 72.1GW worth of small, inefficient coal-fired power plants were closed from 2006-2010. That’s
more than the entire capacity of the Australian grid (~50GW).
• Renewable energy has had exponential growth over the last 5 years. From having virtually no
industry in 2005, China now has the largest installed capacity of wind power in the world and
is the world’s largest producer of solar modules. China also leads the world in hydropower
installations.
• China has become a major exporter of clean technology, selling to both developed and
developing countries. In solar energy alone, China exports $35.8 billion worth of products per
year, similar to the total value of shoes China exported ($39bn) in 2011.
6
7. History of Carbon Markets in China
China’s main exposure to the carbon market has been through the Kyoto Protocol’s
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This positive experience with carbon markets
has contributed to China choosing to establish its own domestic carbon trading scheme.
• More than 2,000 of the 4,200 projects registered under the CDM are situated in China
• The CDM has driven spectacular growth in renewable energy. More than 40GW of wind power and
30GW of hydropower capacity have been registered under the Clean Development Mechanism,
which combined is larger than the entire Australian national grid.
• Emissions from highly potent industrial gases, such as HFC and N20, have been dramatically
reduced with CDM finance, representing emission reductions of millions of tonnes of carbon
dioxide.
• Other innovative technologies have also been supported by the CDM, including ground-breaking
coal mine methane, biogas and waste management technologies.
• China has established the administrative capability to review and approve carbon offset projects.
The Chinese authorities have developed essential tools for operating an emissions trading scheme.
7
8. China’s Carbon Market Future
In December 2009, China set a target to reduce carbon intensity of its economy by 40-45%
by 2020, with one ambitious objective being the gradual establishment of a domestic a
carbon market.
• Pilot schemes will begin in seven of the
country’s most important cities and provinces
• Rules will differ between the pilot schemes to
allow China to experiment with different
emission trading scheme designs
• It is estimated that the programme will cover
approximately 700 million tonnes of CO2e
emissions
• There are likely to be price controls such as a
floor price in the pilot schemes
5 cities and 2 provinces have been • China is still considering a form of carbon tax, in
chosen to host pilot emission trading
schemes starting in 2013-14. addition to the emissions trading scheme.
Measured by emissions covered, China’s pilot emissions trading schemes will represent
the second largest carbon trading effort on Earth by 2014.
8
9. China’s Carbon Market Future
Pilot Scheme Overview
Location Carbon Expected Emissions threshold Approx no. of Offsets accepted?
intensity Start Date for entry firms covered
target
Beijing 18% 2013 10,000 tonnes of CO2e 600 CCERs (issued by NDRC) set to
annually be allowed
Shanghai 19% 2013 10,000 tonnes of CO2e 200 CCERs, and a local offset
annually standard yet to be decided
Tianjin 19% 2013 10,000 tons of standard 120 Under consideration
coal equivalent
Chongqing 17% 2013 Six most energy-intensive Unknown Forest-based offsets may be
industries. eligible
Shenzhen Unknown 2013 Design still to be 800 Under consideration
determined. Five
alternative plans drafted
Guangdong 19.5% 2014 20,000 tonnes of CO2e ~820 Forestry offsets and CCERs
annually
Hubei 17% 2014 To include power stations ~100 CCERs likely to be accepted up to
and heavy industry 15% of cap
Australia (for N/A 2012: tax 25,000 tonnes of CO2e 315 UN registered CERs up to 12.5%
comparison) 2015: trading annually of total ETS coverage will be
accepted. No industrial gas credits
Source: Point Carbon
9
10. The Global Perspective
The introduction of China’s scheme is in line with other efforts in the Asia-Pacific.
• China’s pilot schemes are scheduled to be
launched in 2013-14, with a nationwide ETS is
expected to emerge in 2015-16. Australia’s
emissions trading scheme will begin in 2015,
similar to China’s.
• South Korea have legislated for a nationwide
trading scheme in 2015, whilst Sao Paolo and
Rio De Janeiro will begin regional pilot schemes
in 2013.
• The United Nations framework on climate change (UNFCCC) process aims to finish negotiation
on a global agreement by 2015, which would come into force in 2020.
• China’s emissions trading system should eventually link with other schemes, though not until
after 2020.
10
11. Global Climate Action Map
All major emitting countries are implementing policies to reduce emissions, drive clean
energy investment and improve energy efficiency.
The Climate Institute has launched a new,
interactive map to provide a top line summary of
national actions on climate change.
The map enables users to see what actions
countries have already taken, as well as those that
are under development. Users can look up and
compare up to three countries at a time, assessing
national actions ranging from emissions trading
and emissions standards to energy efficiency and
land sector policies.
Explore the map:
www.climateinstitute.org.au/global-climate-
action-map.html
11
12. Global Climate Action Map
“This map very clearly shows that there is significant if as yet insufficient action on climate change and clean energy
policies around the world. Countries have chosen different paths, targeting different industries, depending on their
economic makeup and what they perceive as an opportunity for gaining a competitive edge in an increasingly global low
carbon economy.”
John Connor, CEO of The Climate Institute
www.climateinstitute.org.au/global-climate-action-map.html
12
13. Conclusion
"Reducing emissions in China is critical to preventing global climate change, so it is extremely
encouraging to witness the Chinese authorities setting such ambitious renewable targets. Indeed,
China's pilot emissions trading schemes will cover twice the emissions of Australia's scheme in
2014. Business and politicians that assume inaction from China are taking a huge gamble on a high
carbon status quo."
Alex Wyatt, CEO of Climate Bridge
While China’s greenhouse emissions gases rose rapidly over the last decade, it has also been
implementing ambitious policies to slow the growth of these emissions with a 19.1% emissions
intensity reduction between 2005 and 2010. China has also been positioning itself to be a future
leader in clean technology, and is already the world’s largest producer of renewable energy.
The establishment of an emissions trading scheme in China should be viewed in the broader context
of developments in the Asia-Pacific and globally. China’s scheme aligns with other global schemes,
paving the way for a global climate change agreement coming into force in 2020.
13
14. More information
Visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/global-climate-action-map.html
Or connect with us on Facebook or Twitter for the latest news on global climate action…
www.facebook.com/theclimateinstitute
www.twitter.com/climateinstitut
14