Ways of expressing contrast and purpose, clauses and adverbs

1. CLAUSES OF CONTRAST AND
PURPOSE
Upper-intermediate

2. CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
 ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH (emphatic), THOUGH (informal, only used in the
middle of the clause)+CLAUSE:
Ex.: Although/even though our teacher is very boring, we still love English.
Ex.: We still love English although/even though/ though/ our teacher is very
boring.
 BUT SOMETIMES, though goes at the end as a comment adverb:
Ex.: The teacher is nice- a bit boring, though.
 IN SPITE OF, DESPITE +NOUN PHRASE/ V-ing:
Ex.: In spite of/despite our terrible teacher, we still love English.
Ex.: In spite of having a terrible teacher, we still love English.
 OR IN SPITE OF, DESPITE+THE FACT THAT+subject+verb:
Ex.: Despite the fact we have a terrible teacher, we still love English.

3. Other ways of expressing contrast
 BUT usually preceded by a comma:
Ex.: We like English, but our teacher is boring.
 HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS (more formal), at the
beginning of the sentence, followed by a comma:
Ex.: The teacher seemed nice. Nevertheless, there
was something in him she didn’t trust.

4. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
 To: Ex.: I’m doing this course to improve my English.
 in order to, so as to+ infinitive (more formal): in order to/so as to improve my
English
 NEGATIVES: in order not to, so as not to:
Ex.:The company is making workers redundant in order not to go bankrupt.
 So (that)+can/could or will/would: OBLIGATORY when the subject is different in the
two clauses:
Ex.: The teacher has prepared this presentation so that the students can learn
better.
 Also: when the subject is different:
in order for +object+infinitive with to:
Ex. The teacher has prepared this presentation in order for the students to learn
better.

5. Other ways of expressing purpose
 For+noun:
Ex.: We went out for dinner.
 For+V-ing: only when the exact purpose of a
thing:
Ex.: This knife is for cutting cheese

6. Other ways of expressing purpose
 For+noun:
Ex.: We went out for dinner.
 For+V-ing: only when the exact purpose of a
thing:
Ex.: This knife is for cutting cheese