Classical Genetics : Genetics Terminologies
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Genetics is a branch of biology that study gene and heredity in living organisms . Gene - made of DNA , which describe traits . Allele - Different forms of the same gene . Dominant Allele - Express in both Homozygous and Heterozygous forms . Denoted by capital letter . Recessive Allele - express only in Homozygous form . Denoted by small letter .
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R
R'
R
RR RR'
R'
RR' R'R'
Maternal alleles
A
A
a
Aa
Aa
Paternal
Alleles
a
Aa
Aa
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genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an
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per trait. For example: B or b
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produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the
makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will
possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would
be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce
only b gametes.
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Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems
Introduction
Although the science of genetics has become a highly sophisticated discipline dealing
with the interactions of hereditary factors at the molecular level, it has its roots in the
basic laws of heredity initially discovered and presented by Gregor Mendel more than
one hundred years ago. Mendel's success in discovering these laws was due largely to his
application of the simple rules of mathematical probability - the laws of chance - to his
observations concerning the inheritance of certain characteristics in the garden pea plant.
Reginald Punnett and the Punnett Square
The Punnett square is a diagram used by biologists to determine genotypic probability
within the offspring from a particular genetic cross. The Punnett square shows every
possible genotypic combination of maternal alleles with the paternal alleles for a genetic
cross. Punnett squares only give probabilities for genotypes, not phenotypes. The square
diagram was designed by the British geneticist, Reginald Punnett (1865-1967) and first
presented to the science community in 1905. Punnett’s Mendelism (1905) is considered
the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Solving Genetic Problems
R
R'
R
RR RR'
R'
RR' R'R'
Maternal alleles
A
A
a
Aa
Aa
Paternal
Alleles
a
Aa
Aa
The first step in solving a genetic problem is to establish the genetic symbols you will use
in your problem solution. Stay consistent by using these same symbols throughout the
problem solving process.
Represent dominant and recessive alleles (different forms of a gene) using traditional
genetic symbols. Dominant alleles should be represented with the capital version of an
alphabetic letter while using the lower case version to show recessiveness. For example:
B = black color, b = white color.
Each individual gene or trait is diploid (2n) in nature and therefore, must be represented
with two alleles. Continuing with the alleles mentioned previously, an individual may
have the genetic makeup BB, Bb, or bb when using those alleles.
Remember that gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid (n) and can only provide one allele
per trait. For example: B or b
An individual’s genotype contains the possible gametes that can be expected to be
produced by that individual. Much of genetics revolves around the probability of the
makeup of gametes. If the individual is homozygous, all of the gametes produced will
possess the same kind of allele. For example, an individual with the genotype BB would
be expected to produce only B gametes and individuals with genotype bb would produce
only b gametes.
If the individual is heterozygous, that is the individual’s genotype contains one dominant
allele and one recessive allele (Bb), the gametes produced will possess one or the other of
the two forms of the gene – B or b. ...
AP Biology Inheritance and chromosomal mutations
This document provides information about Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of classical genetics and heredity. It discusses Mendel's work with traits controlled by single genes, including his discovery of dominant and recessive alleles and his laws of segregation and independent assortment. It also describes more complex patterns of inheritance beyond simple Mendelian genetics, including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, epistasis, pleiotropy, and polygenic and sex-linked traits. The document uses examples like coat color in cats and human genetic disorders to illustrate these concepts.
07_Notes_Dihybrid_Crosses.ppt
The document discusses inheritance of multiple traits from parents to offspring. It explains that the chances of inheriting two traits can be determined using a Punnett square. The document provides an example of crossing a homozygous black pacer horse with a chestnut heterozygous trotter horse. The offspring genotypes and phenotypes are determined using a Punnett square based on the parents' genotypes for coat color and gait traits. The document also gives an example of Mendel's experiment showing that traits like shape and color in peas are inherited independently.
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Biology 103 Laboratory Exercise – Genetic Problems .docx
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Classical Genetics : Genetics Terminologies
- 1. Part 1 – Introduction to Genetics Genetic Terminology Father of genetics: Mendel Part 2 – Law of segregation Monohybrid Cross Law of independent assortment Dihybrid Cross
- 3. Gene Allele Made of DNA, which describe Traits. Present on chromosome. Different forms of the same Gene. Example- Hair Color Example- Brown Hair Red Hair
- 4. Gene has two Alleles. We get one from each parent. mom dad brown hair red hair BB Homozygous dominant for brown hair color gene = BB Homozygous recessive for red hair color gene = bb Genotype= Bb 100% Phenotype= brown hair (Hybrid) bb Bb (Hybrid) You Brown hair due to Dominant B Allele Bb Bb Bb b b B B Bb
- 5. Dominant Allele Recessive Allele Express in both homozygous and heterozygous form. Eg- TT, Tt Express only when present in homozygous form. Eg- tt Denoted by capital letter, Eg- T, A Denoted by small letter, Eg- t, a
- 6. Homozygous- pure trait(dominant TT)(recessive tt) Homo = Two of the same allele. Heterozygous- seldom pure trait(hybrid)(Tt) Hetero = Two different alleles.
- 7. • Genotype- genetic constitution of individual. Eg- TT, Tt, tt • Phenotype- physical appearance of individual. Eg- tall, short
- 8. Classical Genetics : Mendel’s Principles • Father of genetics – Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) • Austrian Monk • Paper- Experiments on Plant Hybrids • Book- The proceeding of the Brunn society of natural history • Three Mendel’s laws- • 1. Law of Dominance • 2. Law of Segregation • 3. Law of Independent Assortment
- 9. Mendel’s Experiment plant : Pisum sativum • Pure breed , BISEXUAL flowers, Easy hybridization, Short life cycle