Mains electricity is the term used to refer to the electricity supply from power stations to households. Mains electricity is supplied as alternating current (a.c.) Alternating current can easily be converted to higher and lower voltages by a transformer. By transporting the electrical energy from a power station at a high voltage and low current is more efficient as if a high current and low voltage was to be used most of the energy would be wasted as heat due to the resistance in the power lines. Mains electricity (electricity from the power station) enters the house via the Live wire. The live wire carries the incoming electricity and is therefore at 230V and so very dangerous. Mains voltage is more than enough to kill somebody. The neutral wire is also supplied from the power station and is used to complete the circuit. it is earthed back to the power station. Therefore once the electricity from the live wire has given its energy to the appliances in the household the current travels back out of the house via the neutral wire – hence the neutral wire has a lower voltage than the live wire. The earth wire is used for safety purposes and carries the current away when there is a fault.

1. MODULE 2
Electrical Services - Internal Electrical
distribution systems and Renewable
Energy Systems
Residential & Commercial Building internal electrical Distribution
system:
• Rising Mains,
• Sub-Mains,
• UPS requirements,
• Wiring Systems,
• Wiring Installation systems.
• Circuit-Mains,
• Server power requirements,
• Point Wiring,
• Point Matrix,

2. CIRCUIT-MAINS
Mains electricity is the term used to refer to the electricity supply from
power stations to households.
Mains electricity is supplied as alternating current (a.c.)
Alternating current can easily be converted to higher and lower
voltages by a transformer.
By transporting the electrical energy from a power station at a high
voltage and low current is more efficient as if a high current and low
voltage was to be used most of the energy would be wasted as heat due
to the resistance in the power lines.
Mains electricity (electricity from the power station) enters the house via
the Live wire. The live wire carries the incoming electricity and is therefore
at 230V and so very dangerous. Mains voltage is more than enough to kill
somebody.
The neutral wire is also supplied from the power station and is used to
complete the circuit. it is earthed back to the power station. Therefore once
the electricity from the live wire has given its energy to the appliances in the
household the current travels back out of the house via the neutral wire –
hence the neutral wire has a lower voltage than the live wire.
The earth wire is used for safety purposes and carries the current away
when

5. POINT WIRING

6. POINT MATRIX
The term matrix describes the arrangement of individual elements in an orderly,
regular shape.
Switching matrix stands for the entirety of all test points ( It is a pin / connector point
in the
outlet plug of a front plate module ) .
Single Point Matrix
A single point matrix is an available option of the switching matrix.
In a single point matrix one relay / transistor controls one contact / test point. This way,
each test point can be interconnected with high and/or low value of the test voltage—
independently from any other test point.
This single point control allows for more flexibility when developing the test algorithm ,
since each test point can be separately controlled and individually connected with any
other test point, the generator and the measurement units.
In the Dual Point Matrix, always two test points are controlled by one relay. This leads
to limitations when developing test programs in the editor, especially when bundles of
wires need to be tested together in one test step.
A switching matrix is a multiplexer designed to automate a test process. It allows
you to simultaneously test several devices or several points on the circuit of a device.
Matrixes are organised into modules (typically with 4 test points) in order to provide
greater flexibility.
When several high voltage or ground bond test points are needed, fully automated
solutions will let you save time and improve testing quality and traceability.

7. A server without electricity is just a heap of metal parts, useless for
anything
other than anchoring boats.
What kind of electricity does it take to keep a data centre going?
A power supply is used to convert wall/line AC power to DC power,
which can be distributed and used to power various components in a
server, such as the motherboard and the hard drives.
This conversion process has some overhead, which comes in the
form of heat, and which reduces the overall efficiency of the power
supply.
The more efficient the power supply, the less heat that is generated. In
simplistic terms, the efficiency of the power supply is the amount of
energy that makes its way to the components needing the power. The
remainder of the energy is given off as heat.
Many single-use servers are overbuilt to handle potential demand
peaks. This means that these servers often run at well below their
specs and never make their way into the higher efficiency ranges on
the power supply due to the fact that the power supplies are never
pushed to their limits.
SERVER POWER REQUIREMENTS

8. UTILITY LOADS
Load management, also known as demand side management (DSM), is
the process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the
electrical load by adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power
station output.
This can be achieved by direct intervention of the utility in real time, by
the use of frequency sensitive relays triggering the circuit breakers (ripple
control), by time clocks, or by using special tariffs to influence consumer
behavior. Load management allows utilities to reduce demand for
electricity during peak usage times (peak shaving), which can, in turn,
reduce costs by eliminating the need for peaking power plants

9. NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS ( NZEB )
An increasingly popular goal for green building is achieving Net Zero
Energy - when your building is energy efficient and generates enough
energy on-site to equal its annual energy needs.
Net zero energy buildings are highly energy-efficient and will use, over
the course of a year, renewable technology to produce as much energy
as they consume from the grid.
Designing Net Zero Energy Buildings
The key to designing net zero energy buildings is first reducing energy
demand as much as possible, and then choosing good energy sources.
Here’s a simple “order of operations”...
1. Reduce energy loads
2. Optimize design for passive strategies
3. Optimize design of active systems
4. Recover energy
5. Generate energy on-site
6. Buy energy/carbon offsets

10. Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) Certification is awarded by the
International Living Future Institute and is based around one central
requirement:
100 percent of the project’s energy needs must be supplied by on-site
renewable
energy on a net annual basis, without the use of on-site combustion.
Buildings must also meet an additional list of rigorous performance
standards over a minimum of 12 months of continuous occupancy. Net zero
buildings consequently contribute less greenhouse gas to the atmosphere
than non-NZE buildings.

12. RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems (On-Site and Off-Site):
• Solar,
• Wind,
• Bio-Mass,
• Achieving Net Zero Building design through utilization of above natural
resources;
• Energy Conservation techniques in Electrical systems.

13. What is renewable energy?
Renewable energy is an energy source which can be replenished naturally
and
indefinitely and thus is not going to run out.
Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources which are
continually replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and
geothermal heat.
About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewable
resources, with 10% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for
heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity.
Forms of renewable energy:
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Bio energy
• Hydropower
• Ocean Energy

14.  Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
Systems
 Solar Thermal
Solutions
 Wind Turbine
 Bio-gas for cooking & electricity
generation
RENEWABLE ENERGY : An Overview

15. Alternate Source of Energy is the need of the hour and would provide the
means to :
• Combat rising energy prices by harnessing Perpetual sources
of Energy - Wind, Solar, Water and Geo-Thermal Energy.
• Virtual ZERO Global Warming.
• Achieve Freedom and Insulation from Crude Oil Price
fluctuations.
• Self Reliance, since Renewable Energy Generation can be set
up at point
of usage, thereby reducing Transmission Losses and
Pilferage.
• Increase bottom lines due to guarantee in meeting production
schedules,
minimal loss of productive time and fixed price of energy.
Why Renewable Energy

16. SOLAR ENERGY
• Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun.
• Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting
homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water
heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
• Problem: Variable amounts of sunshine.
Major uses of Solar Energy
 Heating Water
 Space Heating
 Generating Electrical Energy

17. • In Photovoltaic (solar) systems light energy is converted
into
electricity.
• A Solar Cell is the basic element of each photovoltaic
system.
• Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light,
which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a
battery .
• The first practical application of photovoltaics was to
power
orbiting satellites and other spacecraft.
What is Photovoltaics

18. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
• Photovoltaic is a solid-state device that converts
sunlight into electricity.
• Silicon is a material known as a
‘semiconductor’ as it conducts electricity and it
is the main material for photovoltaic cells.
PHOTOVOLTAIC COMPONENTS
 PV Cells
 Modules
 Arrays

19. SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
• Day lighting
• Passive Solar
Heating
•Concentrating
Solar Thermal
•Photovoltaic's (PV)

20. Power Tower

21. Typical Off-grid Solar PV Systems

22. Clean
Sustainable (can be used for longer duration)
Free of cost
Provide Electricity to Remote Places
DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY
Inefficient – maximum efficiency up to 30%.
Costly equipment.
Part Time.
High maintenance cost.
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

23. Photovoltaic Array Fields

24. WIND ENERGY
• The wind is used as the prime mover that turns the wind turbines
(wind mill) that is connected to the shaft of the generator producing the
mechanical energy that is later converted to electrical energy.
•Problems: large, remote, windy sites are needed. Winds are variable.
Wind power:
• Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind
turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although
turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most
common for commercial use; the power available from the wind is a
function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases,
power output increases dramatically up to the maximum output for the
particular turbine.
• Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore
and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.
• Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed
to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times
current electricity demand. This could require wind turbines to be
installed over large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind

25. • The Electrical energy that is obtained from harnessing
the wind with wind mills or wind turbines is called Wind
Energy.
• Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere
by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth.
• Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.
• Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual
wind turbines which are connected to the electric
power transmission network.

27. Winds are caused by the uneven heating
of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth.
The terms "wind energy" or "wind
power" describe the process by which
the wind is used to generate
mechanical power or electricity

28. Common Wind Turbine Construction
Rotor
• Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft
• Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed (40
to 400
revolutions per minute typical speed range)
• Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator

29. Location of wind
farms
o Mountains or hilly
areas
o It can be build even
on
sea sides or oceans

30. Sizes and Applications
Small (10 kW)
• Homes
• Farms
• Remote
Application
Intermediat
e
(10-250 kW)
• Village
Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed
Power
Large (660 kW - 2+MW)
• Central Station Wind
Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind

31. ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER
1. No by-product is produced
2. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small
plot of land.
3. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid
can
use wind turbines to produce their own supply.
4. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast
range of people and businesses can use them.
DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:
5. Not uniform
6. Wind turbines are noisy. (About 70 mph).
7. Capacity of wind turbines is less.
8. Less efficiency (About 30%)

32. BIO ENERGY
• Bio energy is the energy from organic matter. Bio energy is energy derived
from the conversion of biomass where biomass may be used directly as fuel, or
processed into liquids and gases.
Biomass is fuel that is developed from organic materials, a renewable and
sustainable
source of energy used to create electricity or other forms of power.
Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it
contains comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants
capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burnt, they release the sun's
energy they contain.
• In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar
energy. As long as biomass is produced sustainably, with only as much used
as is grown, the battery will last indefinitely.
• In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy
production: growing plants specifically for energy use (known as first and
third-generation biomass), and using the residues (known as second-
generation biomass) from plants that are used for other things.
• The best approaches vary from region to region according to climate, soils
and geography.
• Biomass is expected to be about twice as expensive as natural gas,
slightly more
expensive than nuclear power, and much less expensive than solar panels.

34. OVERVIEW
• Biomass is a renewable energy source that is derived from living or
recently living organisms.
• Biomass includes biological material, not organic material like coal.
• Energy derived from biomass is mostly used to generate
electricity or to produce heat.
• Thermal energy is extracted by means of combustion and
gasification.
• Biomass can be chemically and biochemically treated to
convert it to a energy-rich fuel.

35. Converting biomass to other forms of energy
Burning is only one way to release the energy in biomass. Biomass can be
converted to other useable forms of energy such as methane gas or transportation
fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.
Methane gas is a component of landfill gas or biogas that forms when garbage,
agricultural waste, and human waste decompose in landfills or in special containers
called digesters.
Crops such as corn and sugar cane are fermented to produce fuel ethanol for use in
vehicles. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, is produced from vegetable oils and
animal fats.
BIOFUEL
• Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The
term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Liquid biofuels
include bioalcohols, such as Bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous
biofuels include biogas, landfill gas and synthetic gas.
• Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant
materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced
technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are
also used as feed stocks for ethanol production
• Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually
used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. However, according to the

38. BIOMASS ENERGY
Carbon neutral
CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is freshly captured
and so ideally does not change total atmospheric levels
Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels
Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels

39. CONTRIBUTION OF BIO-ENERGY
• Bio energy plays a role in all three main energy-use sectors: heat
(and
cooling), electricity and transport.
• The contribution of bio energy to final energy demand for heat
(traditional and modern) far outweighs its use in either electricity or
transport.
ADVANTAGES
• Renewable resource
• Dependency on Fossil Fuels is Reduced
•Carbon Neutral
•Widely Available
• Reduces landfills
• Protects clean water supplies
•Reduces acid rain and smog
• Reduces greenhouse gases – Carbon dioxide – Methane
DISADVANTAGES
• Not totally clean when burned
• Can lead to deforestation
•Biodiesel product are inefficient as compared to gasoline.
•Requires lot of space
•Expensive process

40. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY RESOURCES
• This employs the use of a generator that uses falling water as the prime
mover to turn the generator shaft that provides the mechanical energy
which is later converted to electrical energy.
•Problems: Expensive to build. Few areas of the world are suitable.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• This form of energy uses the steam from underground springs or
steams that are produced from water that is pumped down to hot rocks
deep underground as a prime mover that turns a steam turbine
connected to the shaft of a Generator.
• Problems: drilling is expensive and difficult.

41. Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES)
in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was
established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister.
The range of its activities cover
1. Promotion of renewable energy technologies,
2. Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy
technologies,
3.Create an environment conducive for their commercialization,
4.Renewable energy resource assessment,
5.Research and development,
6.Demonstration,
7.Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar
photovoltaics, cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower
units.
Renewable energy scenario in
India

42. THE ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
i. It is sustainable and so will never run out.
ii. Renewable energy facilities generally require less
maintenance than traditional generators.
iii. Renewable energy technologies are clean sources
of energy that have a much lower environmental
impact than conventional energy technologies .
iv. Produces little or no waste products such as
carbon
dioxide or other chemical pollutants.
v. Cost effective.

43. THE DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
I. Difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as
those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators.
II. Renewable energy often relies on the weather for its source of power.
CHALLENGES OF NET-ZERO BUILDINGS
1 Net-zero is very difficult for buildings of more than four stories.
2 PV system is too expensive especially in undeveloped countries.
3 Best orientation can save up to 50% of heating and cooling energy.
Net-zero energy is an ambitious goal for any building—one that can’t
be achieved without thorough attention to every aspect of a building’s
design, construction, and operation. Like the related goal of creating
a carbon-neutral building, any net-zero building has to first achieve
significant load reductions and system efficiencies, and then meet
the remaining loads with onsite energy generation.

44.  It is extremely important to understand that NO single
Renewable Source of Energy can fulfil the complete
annual requirements of an end user
 It is essential to study the customer's requirement, the
availability of renewable resources in the specific
location
 Requirement of customized solutions based on specific
needs
 The key to making Renewable Energy Solutions
effective, is in providing Integration of the various
Renewable Energy Resources
Conclusion

46. Energy Conservation In Electrical Field
Energy is the primary and the most universal measures of all kinds of work by
human being and nature. Electrical energy is proved to be an ideal energy in all
sorts of energy available in nature.
Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a
modern
economy.
Future economic growth crucially depends on the long term availability of
energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly.
Energy Scenario:
Energy is prime factor for national economic development. India ranks sixth in the
world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerate the development of the
sector to meet its growth aspirations.
Per capita energy is use in India is much below compared to many
countries. Installed capacity of India: 110,000MW
Installed capacity of Maharastra:
20,289.5MW Available power: 13,375MW
Peak demand: 18,049MW
Power shortage: 4,774MW
Limited Fossil fuel stock up to 50 to 100
years only
3.0 Need of energy conservation: