Claims
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There are three types of claims that serve different argumentative purposes: claims of fact, which assert something quantifiable exists or will exist; claims of value, which make qualitative judgments about people, events, or things; and claims of policy, which assert something should or should not be done. Arguments have burdens of proof assigned to different participants, and if the participant with the burden fails to meet it, their argument is dismissed. Claims are statements, not questions, and represent the focus and conclusion of an argument.
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Claims
This document discusses different types of argumentative claims: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. It provides examples and definitions for each. The key differences are: claims of fact make assertions about objective truths and realities, claims of value make judgments about what is good or bad, and claims of policy propose actions that should or ought to be taken. Formulating strong arguments requires understanding these distinctions and using evidence and reasoning appropriate to the type of claim.
READING & WRITING 11 module 3.pptx
This document discusses defining claims and critical reading. It defines a claim as the central argument or thesis of a text that a writer is trying to persuade the reader of. There are three main types of claims: claims of fact which are verifiable statements, claims of value which make judgments about what is good/bad, and claims of policy which suggest actions to solve problems. Critical reading involves engaging with what an author is trying to say by asking questions about the main argument and thinking within and beyond the text. Effective readers form evaluative statements by making assertions about a text's content/properties and counterclaims that respond to the author's claims.
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The document provides examples to distinguish between diary and dairy, except and accept, deceased and diseased, and implicit and explicit claims. It discusses types of claims including claims of fact, judgment, and policy. It provides examples of statements showing different types of claims and has students analyze statements to identify the type of claim. The document aims to help students understand the difference between explicit and implicit meaning and identify different types of claims in texts.
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This document discusses different types of claims: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy.
Claims of fact make assertions about things that are provable or disprovable with evidence. Claims of value present assertions about whether something is good or bad. Claims of policy support or oppose a particular action being taken to address an issue.
The document provides examples to illustrate each type of claim and analyzes statements to determine if they are claims of fact, value, or policy. It also instructs the reader to analyze an editorial cartoon by generating examples of each type of claim related to its theme.
Technical Definition 2
Technical definitions aim to precisely name and categorize concepts. They do so by providing context about what something is as well as what it is not. However, definitions are complicated because meaning depends on social, political, economic and cultural contexts. When writing definitions, authors must consider their audience and purpose in order to determine how much contextual information to provide. Common types of definitions include parenthetical, sentence-level, operational, and extended definitions, with extended providing the most context.
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There are 3 types of claims: claims of fact, which assert something exists/existed/will exist and can be proven true or false; claims of value, which make judgments about whether something is good/bad; and claims of policy, which assert what should/should not be done. Claims state positions, not questions, and are made against the status quo. The type of claim determines the focus and structure of the argument.
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Claims
This document discusses different types of argumentative claims: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. It provides examples and definitions for each. The key differences are: claims of fact make assertions about objective truths and realities, claims of value make judgments about what is good or bad, and claims of policy propose actions that should or ought to be taken. Formulating strong arguments requires understanding these distinctions and using evidence and reasoning appropriate to the type of claim.
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This document discusses defining claims and critical reading. It defines a claim as the central argument or thesis of a text that a writer is trying to persuade the reader of. There are three main types of claims: claims of fact which are verifiable statements, claims of value which make judgments about what is good/bad, and claims of policy which suggest actions to solve problems. Critical reading involves engaging with what an author is trying to say by asking questions about the main argument and thinking within and beyond the text. Effective readers form evaluative statements by making assertions about a text's content/properties and counterclaims that respond to the author's claims.
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2. A claim of fact can be verified with evidence and debates whether the statement is true or false. Claims of value express opinions, while claims of policy recommend courses of action to change the status quo.
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This document defines key terms used in forming arguments and analyzing claims, including:
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- Evidence: Facts, data, examples, expert opinions, etc. used to validate claims
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rationale underlying it ---- that is, how the judges arrived at their decision ---- is essential to
the study of law. The case brief serves as a very useful vehicle by means of which to analyze
and understand judicial decisions.
A case brie
aspects of a case. A case brief is not an invitation to re-write the opinion or to paste together
ed on your
understanding of the case. Of cour words can be useful, if used
sparingly. A case brief should be concise; it should be no more than 1-2 pages. There are at least
several different methods or models for writing the case brief; these are based on personal
preferences. In the Legal Studies Program, however, the format described here will be used for
all of the case briefs which you are required to write in your courses. By using this uniform
format, you will gain familiarity with the case analysis and brief writing process.
opinion, rather than a mere summary. Therefore, the first step in the brief writing process is
always to thoroughly read the entire case. This includes reading any concurring and dissenting
opinions of members of the court. In this regard, be very sure that you are reading the entire
opinion! In some internet based sources, the Syllabus (headnotes/summary) of the opinion is
presented at one link, the majority opinion is presented at another link, etc. You need to read all
portions of the opinion as all of them are relevant to your analysis of the case. For example, if
there are strong dissenting opinions based on key legal points, this could predict what the court
might decide in the future on similar issues.
1. Case Name and C itation: As a header on the first page of your brief, you should state
citation to the case. (See Bluebook resources in the APUS library for more information about
Bluebook format.) It is essential that the reader of your case brief know who initiated the
litigation and who appealed. For example, in the sample case brief of the Delahanty case (see
accompanying materials), Thomas and Jean Delahanty are clearly identified as the plaintiffs
(parties who initiated the litigation) and as appellants (parties who sought appellate review of the
2
legal reporter in which the opinion is found, the volume and page on which the case appears, and
the year in which the case was decided.
2. Facts ...
1 How to B rief a Case Prepared for the L eg.docx
The document provides instructions for writing a case brief, which is a concise summary of a legal case. It explains that a case brief should include: 1) the case name and citation, 2) the facts, 3) the procedural history, 4) the issue(s) before the court, 5) the court's holding on each issue, 6) the court's reasoning, 7) the decision, and 8) any additional comments. The document provides an example case brief analyzing whether gun manufacturers can be held strictly liable for injuries from criminal use of their guns.
Argumentative essay
The argumentative essay allows writers to express their opinion on a topic and support that opinion with strong logic and evidence.
Claims 5 types Abridged.ppt
This document outlines five types of claims that arguments can be categorized into: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. Claims of fact aim to establish what is true or existed. Claims of value determine what is good or bad based on criteria. Claims of policy suggest solutions to problems by proposing courses of action. Arguments may contain mixed claims where one type predominates with others in supporting roles. Identifying the dominant claim helps establish the main purpose of the argument.
Claims 3 types.pptx
This document outlines five types of claims that arguments can be categorized into: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. Claims of fact argue whether something is true or exists. Claims of value argue whether something is good or bad based on criteria. Claims of policy argue what actions should be taken to solve a problem. Arguments may contain mixed claims where one type predominates with other types as supporting claims. Identifying the predominant claim helps establish the main purpose of the argument.
Styles-of-Debate-PowerPoint Presentation
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Types of Claims G11(2nd Semester- 4th Quarter)
This document provides information about explicit and implicit claims in a text. It defines explicit information as information that is clearly stated in the text without needing further explanation. Implicit information refers to information that is implied rather than directly stated, and readers must analyze clues to understand it. The document also defines a claim as a statement that asserts something to be true, and can be a claim of fact, value, or policy. It provides examples of each type of claim and questions to test the reader's understanding of these concepts.
CLAIMS (2).pptx
This document provides information about different types of claims that can be made in arguments: claims of fact, value, and policy. It defines each type of claim and provides examples. Claims of fact assert empirical truths and can be proven true or false. Claims of value make judgments based on preferences and priorities that may reasonably be disagreed on. Claims of policy advocate for specific actions, policies, or solutions based on defined problems. The document guides readers in formulating each type of claim by considering relevant questions for facts, values, or recommended policies.
Senior High School Reading and Writing Skills
The document discusses five types of claims that are commonly used in arguments: claims of fact, definition, cause, value, and policy. It provides examples and descriptions of each type of claim. Claims of fact address whether something happened or is true. Definition claims focus on how something should be defined. Cause claims examine what caused something or what the effects will be. Value claims establish whether something is good or bad. Policy claims suggest solutions to problems or future courses of action. Arguments can contain a mix of these different claim types, but usually one type will predominate. Identifying the predominant claim helps determine the main purpose of the argument.
1 Running head FLAG BURNING To Burn or Not to Burn .docx
1
Running head: FLAG BURNING
To Burn or Not to Burn:
Should Flag Burning be Legal?
Ashford Student
ENG 122
Dr. St. Clare
August 17, 2010
2
FLAG BURNING
To Burn or Not to Burn:
Should Flag Burning be Legal?
Freedom of speech and expression is a right given to all Americans in the First
Amendment of the Constitution. It is a difficult concept to embrace when individuals are faced
with ideas they oppose. In this kind of situation, the protection guaranteed to American citizens
becomes even more important. The First Amendment was designed not only to protect the
freedom to express ideas and sentiments with which one agrees but also the ideas and sentiments
with which one disagrees. It is for precisely this reason that the government should maintain the
right of individuals to express their dissatisfaction with the policies of the government through
the act of flag burning and not amend the Constitution to make such an act illegal.
The first reason why the government should not ban flag burning is that it is a form of
expression that is covered by the right to free speech. The First Amendment to the US
Constitution states: “Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances” (Legal Information Institute, 1992a). This amendment guarantees
American citizens the right to express their dissatisfaction with the policies of the government
without fear of consequences, including arrest, so long as the demonstration does not violate
laws. The act of flag burning is a means to express this kind of dissatisfaction. To make a law
prohibiting this means of expressing grievances would not only inhibit free speech but take away
a means of petitioning the government to address grievances.
Another reason why flag burning should be allowed is that the counter-argument that flag
burning somehow constitutes treason is groundless. Some may argue that flag burning should not
be protected speech, that such an offense should be considered treasonous. They feel that the
3
FLAG BURNING
American flag is a symbol of this country that should be maintained and protected. It is true that
the flag is a symbol of this nation; it is because of its status as a national symbol that the burning
of the flag holds so much power in representing dissatisfaction with the nation’s policies.
However, should such an act be considered treason? According to the Constitution, treason is
defined as consisting “only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving
them aid or comfort” (Legal Information Institute, 1992b). Simply by applying this definition of
treason to the act of flag burning, unless an amendment were added to the Constitution to
redefine treason, flag burning would not qualify as a treasonous act and should t ...
6 STEPS IN A PERSONAL INJURY LAWSUIT
A personal injury lawsuit begins when a plaintiff files a complaint against another person (defendant).
Dying Declaration
The Declaration of Sentiments argued for equal rights and treatment of women based on the principle that all people are created equal. It demanded civil liberties for women, such as giving women the right to vote, own property, and have equal rights within marriage. This document was influential as it showed women openly challenging social barriers and advocating for their rights at the first women's rights convention.
Negotiating tactics
1. The document provides various negotiation tactics and techniques for achieving favorable outcomes, such as not making assumptions, disclosing priorities carefully, conceding on less important issues, using specific proposals, and creating additional negotiation variables.
2. It recommends listening skills like summarizing, pausing before responding, and maintaining eye contact to understand other parties' positions.
3. The tactics also include making demands sequentially but stating priorities, putting a price on unreasonable demands, using deadlocks carefully, and getting leverage through understanding one's own power position rather than relying on market forces.
Civil Procedure and Art of Cross examination
The document discusses the differences between direct examination and cross-examination of witnesses in civil proceedings. It notes that witnesses can be classified as either a plaintiff's witness or defendant's witness based on which party calls them to testify. During direct examination, a party examines their own witnesses and leading questions are forbidden. However, in cross-examination, the opposing party is allowed to ask leading questions to test the witness's credibility and find inconsistencies in their testimony. Cross-examination aims to poke as many holes in the witness's story as possible through yes or no questions. While cross-examination can be an impactful lawyering tactic, winning a case usually depends more on presenting a strong direct examination of one's
Starter
The document provides an overview of the criminal appeals process in England and Wales. It begins by asking questions to assess the reader's existing knowledge of appeals. It then explains some of the key concepts and procedures around appeals, such as the grounds for appeal, courts that hear appeals, and the powers of appellate courts. The document concludes by asking the reader to apply their understanding of appeals to specific legal cases and demonstrate their knowledge of the correct terminology.
Argumentative essays writing
An argumentative essay presents a claim and supports it with evidence from sources. It should take a clear stance on an issue that can be supported, such as whether selling marijuana in public places should be illegal. The essay includes an explanation of the issue, a thesis statement stating the stance, a summary of opposing arguments, rebuttals to those arguments, and arguments supporting the stance. Key elements are explaining the issue, a clear thesis, summarizing opposing views, rebutting them, and making your own argument.
Evaluate Your Argument on the IssueIn this chapter you will lear.docx
Evaluate Your Argument on the Issue
In this chapter you will learn how to identify and overcome errors in reasoning. This is a special step that applies only to issues because resolving issues involves finding the most reasonable belief.
Two broad kinds of errors are examined—errors affecting the truth of your ideas and errors affecting the quality of your reasoning. A step-by-step approach to evaluate arguments is also included.
Because your main objective in addressing an issue is not to find the most effective action but to determine the most reasonable belief, your main task in refining an issue is to evaluate your argument to be sure that it is free of error. Two broad kinds of error must be considered. The first affects the truth of the argument’s premises or assertions. The second affects the argument’s validity—that is, the legitimacy of the reasoning by which the conclusion was reached. A sound argument is both true and valid.
Errors Affecting Truth
Errors affecting truth are found by testing the accuracy of the premises and the conclusion as individual statements. The first and most common error in this category is simple factual inaccuracy. If we have investigated the issue properly and have taken care to verify our evidence whenever possible, such errors should not be present. We will therefore limit our consideration to the more subtle and common errors:
· Either/or thinking
· Avoiding the issue
· Overgeneralizing
· Oversimplifying
· Double standard
· Shifting the burden of proof
· Irrational appeal
Either/Or Thinking
This error consists of believing that only two choices are possible in situations in which there are actually more than two choices. A common example of either/or thinking occurs in the creationism-versus-evolution debate. Both sides are often guilty of the error. “The biblical story of creation and scientific evolution cannot both be right,” they say. “It must be either one or the other.” They are mistaken. There is a third possibility: that there is a God who created everything but did so through evolution. Whether this position is the best one may, of course, be disputed. But it is an error to ignore its existence.
Either/or thinking undoubtedly occurs because, in controversy, the spotlight is usually on the most obvious positions, those most clearly in conflict. Any other position, especially a subtle one, is ignored. Such thinking is best overcome by conscientiously searching out all possible views before choosing one. If you find either/or thinking in your position on an issue, ask yourself, “Why must it be one view or the other? Why not both or neither?”
Avoiding the Issue
The attorney was just beginning to try the case in court when her associate learned that their key witness had changed his mind about testifying. The associate handed the attorney this note: “Have no case. Abuse the other side.” That is the form avoiding the issue often takes: deliberately attacking the person with the opposing view i ...
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Claims
- 2. CLAIMS 1. There are three types of claim. Each type of claim have a unique purpose and explores a different argumentative topic. 2. Each person in an argument has distinct responsibilities in an argument known as burdens. If you know what burden you have in an argument then others' can't take advantage of you. When you go to court for a traffic ticket. What happens when the police officer who issued you the ticket does not show up? That's right, the case is dismissed. Why? The burden of proof was not met. You never had to prove you were innocent. The State failed to fulfill their burden.
- 3. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS A claim is a statement not a question. A questions is the focus of a discussion. A claim is a statement not a question. The claim is the focus of the argument. It is the conclusion the arguer is trying to convince his or her audience to believe.
- 6. A claim is any single statement of controversy advanced for the purpose of argument. Both pro and the con in a debate should be arguing over the same claim. Claims represent both the starting and the ending of an argument. REMEMBER
- 7. TYPES OF CLAIMS Each type of claim argues something different.
- 8. A CLAIM OF FACT Asserts that something quantifiable has existed, does exist, or will exist.
- 9. Asserts qualitative judgments along a good to bad continuum relating to person’s, event’s, and things in one’s environment. A CLAIM OF VALUE
- 10. Asserts that something should or should not be done by someone about something. A CLAIM OF POLICY
- 11. The "facts" we accept today can be replaced with new "facts" tomorrow. Therefore, never think of a "fact" as a "Truth." REMEMBER
- 12. NOT A QUESTION