Civil Engineering Practicum Report

i
Study on Super Structural Construction Work Process of a
Ten Storied Residential Building
Practicum Report
By
Md. Abdullah Al Baki
ID# 15106040
Program: BSCE
IUBAT— International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector-10 Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230
20th
December, 2018

ii
Study on Super Structural Construction Work Process of a
Ten Storied Residential Building
Practicum Report
by
ID No # 15106040
Program: BSCE
Examination Committee
Position Name Signature
Chair, Dept. of Civil Eng. Professor Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Supervisor Asif Ahmed
Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering & Technology (CEAT)
IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
This practicum report is done for the partial fulfillment of requirements for the Bachelor of
Science degree at the IUBAT ̶ International University of Business Agriculture and
Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh
20th
December, 2018

iii
Letter of Transmittal
20th
December 2018
Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam
Chair, Department of Civil Engineering
IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230
Subject: Submission of practicum report.
Dear Sir,
With due respect, I would like to approach you that it is a great opportunity as well as great
pleasure for me to submit this practicum report titled “Study on Super Structural
Construction Work Process of a Ten Storied Residential Building” for the partial
fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelor of Science & Civil Engineering degree. I have
tried at my level of best to prepare this report according to the required standard. It was certainly
a great opportunity for me to work on this report to actualize my theoretical knowledge in the
practical field.
I express my heart full gratitude to you to go through this report and make your valuable
comments. It would be very kind of you, if you please evaluate my performance regarding this
report.
Thanking you
Yours Faithfully,
_________________
ID# 15106040

v
Student’s Declaration
I am Md. Abdullah Al Baki, a student of IUBAT - International University of Business
Agriculture and Technology, ID# 15106040 declaring that this internship report on “Study on
Super Structural Construction Work Process of a Ten Storied Residential Building” has
only been prepared for the partial fulfilment of the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering (BSCE) but not for any other purposes. Rather, it will not be used with the interest
of any other competitors without the proper acclamation of the writer.
_________________
ID# 15106040
IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Techno

vi
Acknowledgements
All Praise and thanks to Almighty Allah who helped me to complete the research work and the
practicum report, leading to Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering. In the process of
completion of my practicum and preparing this practicum report. I would like to pay my
gratitude to some person for their immense help and enormous cooperation.
First of all, I would like to pay my gratitude to the University authority to permit me for doing
my practicum. In this respect, I would like to mention the name of our respected Chair,
Department of Civil Engineering, Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam for his supervision, helpful
guidance and continuous encouragement to take the necessary activities throughout the period of
this report.
Then I would like to thank to Basic Builders Ltd for giving the opportunity of doing practicum
and generous gratitude to Project Engineer Md. Hasanuzzaman, Assistant Manager Md.
Abdullah Al Mamun and Senior Manager Md. Humayon Kabir at Basic Builders Ltd for
their continuous support at the project site.
Especially, I would like to thank to our honorable teacher Asif Ahmed, Faculty, Department of
Civil Engineering, IUBAT, for his valuable and patient advice, sympathetic assistance,
cooperation, and contribution of new idea which helped me a lot to prepare this report
successfully.
In fine, I am, indeed, grateful to all those from whom I got sincere co-operation and help for the
preparation of this report.
_________________
ID# 15106040

vii
Executive Summary
This report named “Study on Super Structural Construction Work Process of a Ten Storied
Residential Building” is made based on my three months practicum at the ongoing project
named ‘Basic Korobi’ under ‘Basic Builders ltd’. It is a ten storied residential building and
located at Mirpur, Dhaka. I have split this report into some chapters and described them
sequentially. The first chapter of this report is introductory part where I have discussed about the
main objectives of this report. In the second chapter I have discussed about the Company profile
and its mission, vision and Company Organogram. In chapter three I have described about my
project details and the design specifications. In the chapter four I have discussed about the
materials and equipments that used in my project. In chapter five, six, seven I have described
about the construction process of column, beam, slab and stair. I have fully described about the
shuttering works, shuttering estimation, reinforcement estimation, reinforcement placement
works, casting and curing works of those components. Chapter eight is the last chapter of this
report. In this chapter I have discussed about conclusion of report. Things I have learned from
three months of my internship I also discussed about it in chapter eight.

viii
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction..................................................................................... 1
1.1 General..............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Scope of the Study.............................................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives of the Study......................................................................................................2
1.4 Responsibilities..................................................................................................................2
1.5 Limitation of the Study ......................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO: Company Profile ............................................................................ 3
2.1 Company Name and Address.............................................................................................3
2.2 Background .......................................................................................................................3
2.3 Company Mission & Vision...............................................................................................4
2.3.1 Mission .......................................................................................................................4
2.3.2 Vision .........................................................................................................................4
2.3.3 Values .........................................................................................................................4
2.3.4 Think...........................................................................................................................4
2.4 Company Organogram.......................................................................................................5
2.5 Requisition Slip .................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER THREE: Project Details & Design Specification ..................................... 7
3.1 Project Details ...................................................................................................................7
3.2 Location of the Project.......................................................................................................8
3.3 Ground Floor Plan of my Project .......................................................................................9
3.4 Typical Floor Plan of my Project .....................................................................................10
3.5 Design Specification........................................................................................................11
3.6 Clear Cover .....................................................................................................................11
3.7 Lap Location....................................................................................................................12
3.8 Required lap Length.........................................................................................................12
3.9 Details about Beam and Columns Tie Bar & Stirrups.......................................................13
CHAPTER FOUR: Construction Materials & Equipments ..................................... 14
4.1 General............................................................................................................................14
4.2 Cement ............................................................................................................................14
4.2.1 Ingredients of Cement ...............................................................................................15
4.2.2 Checking Manufacture Date ......................................................................................15
4.3 Field Test of Cement........................................................................................................16
4.3.1 Color Test .................................................................................................................16
4.3.2 Floating Test .............................................................................................................16
4.3.3 Temperature Test.......................................................................................................17
4.3.4 Adulteration Test.......................................................................................................17
4.4 Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests ......................................................18

ix
4.5 Bricks ..............................................................................................................................18
4.5.1 Bricks Dimension Check ...........................................................................................19
4.6 Field Test of Brick ...........................................................................................................19
4.6.1 T-Test .......................................................................................................................20
4.6.2 Hardness Test............................................................................................................20
4.6.3 Sound Test ................................................................................................................21
4.7 Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests ......................................................21
4.8 Fine Aggregates...............................................................................................................22
4.9 Field Test of Fine Aggregate............................................................................................22
4.9.1 Clay Test...................................................................................................................23
4.9.2 Silt Test.....................................................................................................................23
4.10 Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests ....................................................24
4.11 Laboratory Test of Fine Aggregate.................................................................................24
4.11.1 Sieve Analysis of Sylhet Sand .................................................................................24
4.11.2 Sieve Analysis of Local Sand ..................................................................................26
4.12 Comparison between Required value with Test Value....................................................28
4.13 Coarse Aggregate...........................................................................................................28
4.13.1 Stone Chips .............................................................................................................29
4.13.2 Brick Chips .............................................................................................................29
4.14 Laboratory Test of Coarse Aggregate.............................................................................30
4.14.1 Sieve Analysis of Stone Chips .................................................................................30
4.14.2 Sieve Analysis of Brick Chips .................................................................................32
4.15 Comparison between Required value with Test Value....................................................34
4.16 Concrete ........................................................................................................................35
4.17 Concrete Compressive Strength Test..............................................................................35
4.17.1 Concrete Cylinder Crushing (Beam, Slab & Stair) ...................................................36
4.17.2 Concrete Cylinder Crushing (Column).....................................................................38
4.18 Reinforcement Bars .......................................................................................................40
4.19 Field Test of Reinforcement Bars...................................................................................40
4.19.1 Surface checking .....................................................................................................40
4.19.2 Bending Test ...........................................................................................................41
4.19.3 Color Checking .......................................................................................................41
4.20 Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests ....................................................42
4.21 Water.............................................................................................................................42
4.22 Block Making ................................................................................................................43
4.23 Formwork Materials.......................................................................................................44
4.23.1 Wooden Planks........................................................................................................44
4.23.2 Wooden Runner ......................................................................................................45
4.23.3 Bamboo Props.........................................................................................................46
4.23.4 Steel Forms .............................................................................................................48

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4.23.5 Nut Bolt & Turn Bolt ..............................................................................................48
4.23.6 Plain Sheet ..............................................................................................................49
4.24 Construction Equipments ...............................................................................................50
4.24.1 Mixture Machine.....................................................................................................50
4.24.2 Vibrator Machine ....................................................................................................50
4.24.3 Roof Hoist...............................................................................................................51
4.24.4 Reinforcement Bar Cutter........................................................................................51
CHAPTER FIVE: Construction of Column............................................................... 52
5.1 General............................................................................................................................52
5.2 About Column .................................................................................................................52
5.3 Column Layout Plan ........................................................................................................52
5.4 Column Schedule.............................................................................................................53
5.5 Construction Work of Column .........................................................................................54
5.6 Column Kicker Work.......................................................................................................54
5.7 Column reinforcement Placing.........................................................................................57
5.7.1 Estimation of Column Reinforcement........................................................................60
5.7.2 Comparison for Column Reinforcement Bars ............................................................63
5.8 Column Shuttering...........................................................................................................64
5.9 Column Casting ...............................................................................................................65
5.9.1 Estimation of Column Casting...................................................................................66
5.10 Column Curing ..............................................................................................................68
5.11 Work Schedule for Column............................................................................................68
CHAPTER SIX: Construction of Beam & Slab......................................................... 69
6.1 General............................................................................................................................69
6.2 About Beam & Slab.........................................................................................................69
6.3 Beam Layout plan............................................................................................................69
6.4 Beam Schedule ................................................................................................................70
6.5 Reinforcement Details for Slab ........................................................................................72
6.6 Construction Work of Beam & Slab.................................................................................73
6.7 Beam and slab shuttering work ........................................................................................73
6.8 Estimation of Shuttering ..................................................................................................75
6.8.1 Estimation of Wooden Planks for Beam ....................................................................75
6.8.2 Estimation of Wooden Runners for Beam..................................................................77
6.8.3 Estimation of Bamboos for Beam..............................................................................79
6.8.4 Estimation of Wooden Planks for Slab ......................................................................80
6.8.5 Estimation of Wooden Runners for Slab....................................................................80
6.8.6 Estimation of Bamboos for Slab ................................................................................81
6.8.7 Estimation of Plain Sheet for Slab .............................................................................82
6.9 Beam & Slab Reinforcement Placing ...............................................................................83
6.9.1 Reinforcement placing of Beam.................................................................................83

xi
6.9.2 Estimation of Beam Reinforcement ...........................................................................86
6.9.3 Comparison for Beam Reinforcement Bars................................................................92
6.9.4 Reinforcement placing of Slab...................................................................................93
6.9.5 Estimation of Slab Reinforcement .............................................................................95
6.9.6 Comparison for Slab Reinforcement Bars..................................................................99
6.10 Beam & Slab Casting...................................................................................................100
6.10.1 Estimation of Beam & Slab Casting.......................................................................102
6.11 Slab Curing Work........................................................................................................105
6.12 Beam & Slab De-Shuttering.........................................................................................105
6.13 Work Schedule for Beam & Slab .................................................................................106
CHAPTER SEVEN: Construction of Stair .............................................................. 107
7.1 General..........................................................................................................................107
7.2 About Stair ....................................................................................................................107
7.3 Stair Layout Plan ...........................................................................................................107
7.4 Stair Reinforcement Details ...........................................................................................108
7.5 Construction Work of Stair ............................................................................................109
7.6 Stair shuttering work......................................................................................................109
7.7 Estimation of Shuttering ................................................................................................110
7.7.1 Estimation of Wooden Planks for Stair ....................................................................110
7.7.2 Estimation of Wooden Runners for Stair .................................................................111
7.7.3 Estimation of Bamboos for Stair..............................................................................112
7.8 Stair Reinforcement Placing...........................................................................................112
7.9 Tread & Riser Placing....................................................................................................114
7.10 Stair Casting ................................................................................................................115
7.10.1 Estimation of Stair Casting ....................................................................................116
7.11 Stair Curing Work........................................................................................................119
7.12 Work Schedule for Stair...............................................................................................119
CHAPTER EIGHT: Conclusion............................................................................... 120
8.1 General..........................................................................................................................120
8.2 Knowledge Development...............................................................................................120
8.3 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................120
8.4 References .....................................................................................................................121

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List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Company Logo..........................................................................................................3
Figure 2.2: Company Organogram ..............................................................................................5
Figure 2.3: Requisition Slip.........................................................................................................6
Figure 3.1: 3D View of the Building ...........................................................................................7
Figure 3.2: Project Location ........................................................................................................8
Figure 3.3: Map...........................................................................................................................8
Figure 3.4: Ground Floor Plan.....................................................................................................9
Figure 3.5: Typical Floor Plan...................................................................................................10
Figure 3.6: Tie & Stirrup of Beam & Column ...........................................................................13
Figure 4.1: Shah Cement...........................................................................................................14
Figure 4.2: Percentage of Cement..............................................................................................15
Figure 4.3: Manufacture Date of Cement...................................................................................15
Figure 4.4: Color Test of Cement ..............................................................................................16
Figure 4.5: Floating Test of Cement ..........................................................................................16
Figure 4.6: Temperature Test of Cement ...................................................................................17
Figure 4.7: Adulteration Test of Cement....................................................................................17
Figure 4.8: Brick .......................................................................................................................18
Figure 4.9: Measuring Brick size...............................................................................................19
Figure 4.10: T-Test of Brick......................................................................................................20
Figure 4.11: Hardness Test of Brick ..........................................................................................20
Figure 4.12: Sound Test of Brick...............................................................................................21
Figure 4.13: Sylhet Sand ...........................................................................................................22
Figure 4.14: Local Sand ............................................................................................................22
Figure 4.15: Clay Test of Cement..............................................................................................23
Figure 4.16: Silt Test of Cement................................................................................................23
Figure 4.17: Sieve Analysis of Sylhet Sand ...............................................................................24
Figure 4.18: Sieve Analysis graph of Sylhet Sand .....................................................................25
Figure 4.19: Sieve Analysis of Local Sand ................................................................................26
Figure 4.20: Sieve Analysis graph of Local Sand ......................................................................27
Figure 4 21: Stone Chips...........................................................................................................29
Figure 4.22: Brick Chips ...........................................................................................................29
Figure 4.23: Sieve Analysis of Stone Chips...............................................................................30
Figure 4.24: Sieve Analysis graph of Stone Chips .....................................................................32
Figure 4.25: Sieve Analysis of Brick Chips ...............................................................................32
Figure 4.26: Sieve Analysis graph of Brick Chips .....................................................................34
Figure 4.27: Making Cylinder Block .........................................................................................35
Figure 4.29: Concrete Compressive Test (Beam, Slab & Stair)..................................................36

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Figure 4.30: Concrete Compressive Test Result (Beam, Slab & Stair) .......................................36
Figure 4.31: Comparison Between Actual & Design Concrete Compressive Strength................37
Figure 4.32: Concrete Compressive Test (Column) ...................................................................38
Figure 4.33: Concrete Compressive Test Result (Column).........................................................38
Figure 4.34: Comparison Between Actual & Design Concrete Compressive Strength................39
Figure 4.35: Reinforcement Bars...............................................................................................40
Figure 4.36: Surface of the Bar..................................................................................................40
Figure 4.37: Bending a Bar .......................................................................................................41
Figure 4.38: Checking Fragment of Bar.....................................................................................41
Figure 4.39: Bar Color Checking...............................................................................................41
Figure 4.40: Water ....................................................................................................................42
Figure 4.41: Block Casting........................................................................................................43
Figure 4.42: The Blocks ............................................................................................................43
Figure 4.43: Measuring Blocks..................................................................................................43
Figure 4.44: Wooden Planks .....................................................................................................44
Figure 4.45: Wooden Planks Width...........................................................................................44
Figure 4.46: Wooden Planks Thickness.....................................................................................44
Figure 4.47: Wooden Runners...................................................................................................45
Figure 4.48: Wooden Runner Width..........................................................................................45
Figure 4.49: Wooden Runner Thickness....................................................................................45
Figure 4.50: Bamboo Props.......................................................................................................46
Figure 4.51: Measuring Bamboo Props......................................................................................46
Figure 4.52: Steel Forms ...........................................................................................................48
Figure 4.53: Nut Bolt ................................................................................................................48
Figure 4.54: Turn Bolt...............................................................................................................48
Figure 4.55: Plain Sheet ............................................................................................................49
Figure 4.56: Measuring Plain Sheet...........................................................................................49
Figure 4.57: Mixture Machine...................................................................................................50
Figure 4.58: Vibrator Machine ..................................................................................................50
Figure 4.59: Roof Hoist.............................................................................................................51
Figure 4.60: Reinforcement Cutter ............................................................................................51
Figure 5.1: Layout of Column ...................................................................................................52
Figure 5.2: Column Schedule ....................................................................................................53
Figure 5.3: Making Shuttering for Column Kicker ....................................................................54
Figure 5.4: Measuring Column Kicker ......................................................................................55
Figure 5.5: Column Kicker Casting ...........................................................................................56
Figure 5.6: Checking Kicker Height ..........................................................................................56
Figure 5.7: Reinforcement Bars Placing ....................................................................................57
Figure 5.8: Binding Tie with Main Bar......................................................................................57
Figure 5.9: Checking Clear Cover of Column...........................................................................58

xiv
Figure 5.10: Checking Reinforcement Bar of Column ...............................................................58
Figure 5.11: Checking Spacing of tie Bars in Middle.................................................................59
Figure 5.12: Checking Spacing of tie Bars in bottom of Column ...............................................59
Figure 5.13: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) Used in Column .....................................63
Figure 5.14: Making column Shuttering ....................................................................................64
Figure 5.15: Column Casting.....................................................................................................65
Figure 5.16: Comparison of Casting Materials for Column........................................................67
Figure 5.17: Column Curing......................................................................................................68
Figure 5.18: Column Work Schedule.........................................................................................68
Figure 6.1: Layout of Beam.......................................................................................................69
Figure 6.2: Beam Schedule........................................................................................................71
Figure 6.3: Slab Reinforcement Details .....................................................................................72
Figure 6.4: Making Beam Shuttering.........................................................................................73
Figure 6.5: Beam Shuttering......................................................................................................74
Figure 6.6: Bamboo Props.........................................................................................................74
Figure 6.7: Slab Shuttering........................................................................................................74
Figure 6.8: Measuring Beams Size & Depth..............................................................................74
Figure 6.9: Comparison between Actual and estimated number of Bamboo for Beam ...............79
Figure 6.10: Comparison between Actual and estimated number of Bamboo for Slab................81
Figure 6.11: Reinforcement Bars of the Beam...........................................................................83
Figure 6.12: Workers are Placing Reinforcement of Beam ........................................................84
Figure 6.13: Measuring Lapping length of Beam.......................................................................84
Figure 6.14: Location of the Lapping Length.............................................................................84
Figure 6.15: Measuring Extra Top Bar of Beam ........................................................................85
Figure 6.16: Measuring Development Length & Stirrup Hook Length.......................................85
Figure 6.17: Measuring Stirrup Spacing in the middle & side of the Beam ................................85
Figure 6.18: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) Used in Column .....................................92
Figure 6.19: Placing Reinforcement of Slab ..............................................................................93
Figure 6.20: Reinforcement of Slab Placing Complete ..............................................................93
Figure 6.21: Measuring Crank Length.......................................................................................94
Figure 6.22: Measuring Spacing of Top Bars.............................................................................94
Figure 6.23: Measuring Spacing of Bottom Bars .......................................................................94
Figure 6.24: Number of Panel in Slab........................................................................................96
Figure 6.25: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) for Slab in Long Direction......................99
Figure 6.26: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) for Slab in Short Direction......................99
Figure 6.27: Slab & Beam Casting ..........................................................................................100
Figure 6.28: Mixer Machine Used for Mixing Concrete ..........................................................100
Figure 6.29: Using Vibrator for Compaction of Concrete ........................................................101
Figure 6.30: Concrete Leveling Process of Slab Surface..........................................................101
Figure 6.31: Using Roof Hoist.................................................................................................101

xv
Figure 6.32: Comparison of Casting Materials for Beam & Slab .............................................104
Figure 6.33: Curing Work of Slab ...........................................................................................105
Figure 6.34: De-Shuttering of Beam & Slab ............................................................................105
Figure 6.35: Beam & Slab Work Schedule ..............................................................................106
Figure 7.1: Stair Plan...............................................................................................................107
Figure 7.2: Stair Plan with Reinforcement Details ...................................................................108
Figure 7.3: Workers were Making Shuttering ..........................................................................109
Figure 7.4: Shuttering of Waist Slab........................................................................................109
Figure 7.5: Waist Slab Sides Wood .........................................................................................110
Figure 7.6: Bamboo Props Supporting Runners.......................................................................110
Figure 7.7: Placing reinforcement Bar of Stair.........................................................................112
Figure 7.8: Bar Details of Stair (Landing) ...............................................................................113
Figure 7.9: Bar Details of Stair (Waist Slab)............................................................................113
Figure 7.10: Steps of Stair.......................................................................................................114
Figure 7.11: Measuring Vertical & Horizontal Adjustment......................................................114
Figure 7.12: Checking Tread Height........................................................................................115
Figure 7.13: Checking Riser Width .........................................................................................115
Figure 7.14: Stair Casting........................................................................................................115
Figure 7.15: Comparison of Casting Materials for Stair...........................................................118
Figure 7.16: Curing Work of Stair...........................................................................................119
Figure 7.17: Stair Work Schedule............................................................................................119

xvi
List of Table
Table 3.1: My project Details ......................................................................................................7
Table 3.2: Lapping Length of Bars ............................................................................................12
Table 4.1: Percentage of Ingredients in Cement.........................................................................15
Table 4.2: Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests...............................................18
Table 4.3: Dimension of Bricks.................................................................................................19
Table 4.5: Materials Mixing Amount.........................................................................................22
Table 4.7: Sieve Analysis of Sylhet Sand ..................................................................................25
Table 4.8: Sieve Analysis of Local Sand ...................................................................................26
Table 4.9: Comparison between Required Values with Test Value ............................................28
Table 4.10: Materials Mixing Amount.......................................................................................28
Table 4.11: Sieve Analysis of Stone Chips ................................................................................31
Table 4.12: Sieve Analysis of Brick Chips ................................................................................33
Table 4.13: Comparison between Required Values with Test Value ..........................................34
Table 4.14: Data of Actual and Design Concrete Compressive Strength ....................................37
Table 4.15: Data of Actual and Design Concrete Compressive Strength ....................................39
Table 4.16: Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests.............................................42
Table 4.17: Bamboos Diameter .................................................................................................47
Table 5.1: Column Design Specifications..................................................................................53
Table 5.2: Shuttering of Column Kicker....................................................................................55
Table 5.3: Estimation of Column Reinforcement According to the Drawing..............................61
Table 5.4: Estimation of Column Reinforcement that Used in the Field.....................................62
Table 5.5: Comparison of Column Reinforcement.....................................................................63
Table 5.6: Estimation of Steel Shuttering of Column.................................................................64
Table 5.7: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Column.........................................................66
Table 5.8: Comparison of Casting Materials for Column...........................................................67
Table 6.1: Estimation of Beams Bottom Wooden Plank ............................................................75
Table 6.2: Estimation of Beams sides Wooden Plank ................................................................76
Table 6.3: Estimation of Beams sides Wooden Runners ............................................................77
Table 6.4: Estimation of Beams Bottom Wooden Runners ........................................................78
Table 6.5: Estimation of Bamboos for Beams............................................................................79
Table 6.6: Estimation of Slab Wooden Planks ...........................................................................80
Table 6.7: Estimation of Slab Wooden Runners.........................................................................80
Table 6.8: Estimation of Bamboos for Slab ...............................................................................81
Table 6.9: Adding Lap length with Beams Main Bar .................................................................86
Table 6.10: Estimation of Beam Reinforcement According to the Drawing ...............................89

xvii
Table 6.11: Estimation of Beam that Used in the Field ..............................................................91
Table 6.12: Comparison of Beam Reinforcement ......................................................................92
Table 6.13: Estimation of Beam Reinforcement in Short Direction............................................97
Table 6.14: Estimation of Beam Reinforcement in Long Direction............................................98
Table 6.15: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Slab ..........................................................102
Table 6.16: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Beam ........................................................103
Table 6.17: Comparison of Casting Materials for Beam & Slab...............................................104
Table 7.1: Estimation of Stair Flight sides Wooden Planks......................................................110
Table 7.2: Estimation of Stair Flight Bottoms (Waist Slab) Wooden Planks ............................110
Table 7.3: Estimation of Stair Landing Wooden Planks...........................................................111
Table 7.4: Estimation of Stair Flight sides Wooden Runners ...................................................111
Table 7.5: Estimation of Stair Flight Bottoms & Landing Wooden Planks...............................111
Table 7.6: Estimation of Stairs Bamboo Props.........................................................................112
Table 7.7: Estimation of Reinforcement of Waist Slab for Stair...............................................113
Table 7.8: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Stair............................................................117
Table 7.9: Comparison of Casting Materials for Stair ..............................................................118

1
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
1.1 General
Each and every students need to learn practical knowledge about his expert department. It is also
required to know theoretical knowledge about his expert fields. The internship is the bridge
between the theoretical knowledge and the practical knowledge at the field of civil engineering
work. And a practicum report is the storage of information which one did during of his training
period at the particular project. In my practicum period I got the chance to observe a super
structural construction project which is a 10th storied residential building under the Basic
Builders Ltd. As a civil engineering student it was a great opportunity for me to work in a
construction project. As a trainee engineer, I joined there. In that time I learned about
construction process and structural components of a residential building. I worked there around
three months. In that period I learned about many things. Such as, there I learned about
construction components like beam, column, slab and stair etc. I also learned about construction
process of those components also I got know about construction materials and their properties. I
also learned about design speciation, estimation of materials and detailed drawing in the field. I
am going to describe about all of those things in this report.
1.2 Scope of the Study
For me it is a great opportunity that I was doing my internship in a leading developer company
like Basic Builders Ltd. As a trainee engineer, I joined there. In the practical field I got the
chance to monitor a super structural construction work process. On my practicum time I tried to
apply my theoretical knowledge in practical field which I have acquired from my University. I
have got lots of knowledge about construction materials and equipments from there which before
I did not know. In my project I worked with the engineer, contractor, labors and collect
information on building construction which will be effective for my future career.

2
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of my internship was to understand the construction work which was done in
practical field. Some specifics objectives are follows:
– To understand the structural drawing and its application
– To learn about structural elements and its construction process
– To know about project engineer’s task
– To compare the actual data with practical data according to the drawing
– To learn how to deal with supervisor, engineer, contractor and labours
– To learn how to manage the construction work
– To collect practical knowledge of construction work
1.4 Responsibilities
As a trainee engineer, I have some responsibilities. The responsibilities are as follow:
– Monitoring the construction work at the site
– Ensuring the safety matters for labours
– Monitoring the casting and curing work
– Catching the instant mistakes of workers
– Oversee the whole construction work
– Gaining proper knowledge to solve problem
– Ensuring the mixture ratio according to the design
– Checking the spacing, clear cover of beam, column
1.5 Limitation of the Study
In my site I got only the super structural work. I did not get the work of sub structural work like
as soil taste, pile cap, mat, retaining wall and grade beam. That’s why I could not include those
parts in my report. There was also no work schedule or bar chat in the construction site. In my
internship I only got three months and it is not possible to gather all things about building
construction in three month months.

3
CHAPTER TWO:
Company Profile
2.1 Company Name and Address
Figure 2.1: Company Logo
Name of the Firm : Basic Builders Ltd.
Address : House- 06, Road-16/A, Gulshan-1, Dhaka
Phone : +880-8833249, 9859218, Ext-108
Fax : +880-9849246, Ext-107
E-mail : sales@basicbuildersltd.com
Industry : Real Estate/Developers
Website : http://www.basicbuildersltd.com
2.2 Background
Basic Builders Limited started its journey 2005,vits date of inception 28.12.2005, Founder
Managing Director Engr. Abdul Latif B.Sc.Engg. (Civil) & Chairman Farhana Yasmin and its
maiden company Best Builders & Designer. Basic Builders Limited is a fast growing
organization in the Real Estate development sector. It has vast and excellent working experience
in exclusive apartment projects at prime location of Dhaka City. Their main view is to construct
and develop high quality residential buildings.
They have 36 nos ongoing project, 60 nos completed project & 12 nos upcoming Project in
different prime location of Dhaka city. Also the 100 plus professional human resources in their
different working team for maintaining their quality and customer satisfaction which is the core
strength in their organization.

4
2.3 Company Mission & Vision
2.3.1 Mission
 Best Product
 Best commitment
 Best Service
 Best Friendship
 Best partnership
2.3.2 Vision
To have the reputation to be the contractor of choice committed to achieving the highest level of
quality and performance through dedication and become the most successful and respected
construction company in Bangladesh through hard work, ethical business Practices and
philanthropic endeavors. Client's need and our design and the relationship between them are
fundamental and the establishment of a professional and trusting relationship between the two is
the bedrock of every successful projects. The commercial sector demands buildings that are rapid
to construct, of high quality, flexible and adaptable in application, and energy efficient in use.
2.3.3 Values
They are working in Real Estate Development sector more than 10 years successfully and
gathered customer confidence by our sound ethics in our professional work of business.
2.3.4 Think
They are always committed to update their policy to fulfill customer needs, demand and
satisfaction by our activities in the future Real Estate Market of Bangladesh.

5
2.4 Company Organogram
Figure 2.2: Company Organogram
Chairman
Managing
Director
Director
Marketing
Manager
Marketing
Marketing
Executive
Manager
Procurement
Procurement
Executive
Director Finanace
& Administration
Manager
Accounts
Executive
Accounts
Administrative
Officer
Office
Executive
Director
Technical
Chief
Engineer
Project
Coordinator
Project
Engineer
Deputy
Project
Engineer
Junior
Project
Engineer
Trainee
EngineerMy Position

6
2.5 Requisition Slip
Figure 2.3: Requisition Slip

7
CHAPTER THREE:
Project Details & Design Specification
3.1 Project Details
Project
Name:
Basic Korobi 3D View
Address: Plot #02, Block #A, Avenue-
2, Section #11, Pallabi,
Mirpur, Dhaka
Building
Storied:
(G+9) = 10 Storied
Apartment
Size:
1250 sft
Building
Facings:
North facing
Apartment
Details:
Each floor of the building
will be two flats and each
flat have 3 bad, living,
dining kitchen, 3 bathroom,
and varandahs.
Ground
Floor
Details:
Guard room, drivers waiting
room, power room, generator
room, wash room, 14 nos car
parking etc
Engineer: Md. Ali Ahmed Mondol
B.Sc. Engg. (Civil) MIEB
Handover
Date
May 2020
Table 3.1: My project Details
Figure 3.1: 3D View of the Building

8
3.2 Location of the Project
Figure 3.2: Project Location
Figure 3.3: Map
Project location

9
3.3 Ground Floor Plan of my Project
Figure 3.4: Ground Floor Plan

10
3.4 Typical Floor Plan of my Project
Figure 3.5: Typical Floor Plan

11
3.5 Design Specification
1. Foundation has been design ass per soil test report.
2. M.S deformed bar (BILLET) with yield strength fy = 72,500 psi (500 grade) should be
used & should be confirmed by laboratory test.
3. Concrete mix ratio should be 1:1.25:2.5 for column (ground floor) only.
4. Concrete mix ratio should be 1:1.5:3 to get concrete crushing strength (cylinder test) f’y
= 3500 psi beside it should be confirmed by mix design method in testing laboratory for
column (1st
to 9th
floor) only
5. Concrete mix ratio should be 1:2:4 to get concrete crushing strength (cylinder test) f’y =
3000 psi beside it should be confirmed by mix design method in testing laboratory for
footing / pile cap only.
6. Concrete mix ratio should be 1:2:4 to get concrete crushing strength (cylinder test) f’y =
2800 psi beside it should be confirmed by mix design method in testing laboratory for
other R.C.C works, where not mentioned.
7. Concrete mix ratio should be 1:2:3.5 to get concrete crushing strength (cylinder test) for
U.G.W.R & O.H.W.R only.
8. Stone chips should be used in column and footing / pile cap, best quality picked jhama
brick chips should be used in other R.C.C works including basement floor slab &
retaining wall.
9. Water / cement ratio should be 0.5 by weight of cement and slump value 2-3.
10. Coarse sand (Sylhet) & fine sand (Local) ratio should be 2:1.
11. Best quality local cement should be used.
12. No change of drawing should be made without concerned design Engineer & Architect.
3.6 Clear Cover
A. In Foundation
(1) Top & Bottom - 3″
(2) Side - 3″
B. In Grade Beam
(1) Top, Bottom & Side - 3″
C. In Column
(2) Above G.B – 1.5″
(3) Up to G.B – 3″
D. In Beams
(1) Top, Bottom & Side - 1.5″
E. In Slab, Stair & Sunshade
(2) Top – 0.75″
(3) Bottom - 1″

12
3.7 Lap Location
a) For beam bottom bar, lap not to be provided at middle third zone of the span.
b) For beam top bar, lap may be provided at middle third zone of the span.
c) Not more than 50%of the bars shall be spliced at one placed.
d) Lap splices are to be confined by hoops with maximum spacing or pitch of d/4 or 4″
where d is the effective depth of the beam.
3.8 Required lap Length
Unless otherwise mentioned in the drawing, lap length of bars shall be:
Bar Dia (mm)
Tension (in)
(beam, all types of slab, stair,
retaining wall etc bars)
Compression (in)
(column & shear wall bars)
10 ϕ 12 12
12 ϕ 16 14
16 ϕ 21 17
20 ϕ 25 22
22 ϕ 28 25
25 ϕ 32 27
Table 3.2: Lapping Length of Bars

13
3.9 Details about Beam and Columns Tie Bar & Stirrups
Figure 3.6: Tie & Stirrup of Beam & Column

14
CHAPTER FOUR:
Construction Materials & Equipments
4.1 General
In this project, I have observed different types of materials and equipments that used in
construction work. In this chapter I have discussed about those materials that used in
construction and field test and laboratory test of those materials. I have also discussed about
equipments that used in the construction.
4.2 Cement
Cement is commonly used as a binder that sets and hardens independently and can bind other
materials together. In my site Portland composite cement was used. The name of the cement that
used in my site is ‘Shah Cement’.
Figure 4.1: Shah Cement

15
4.2.1 Ingredients of Cement
Percentage of Ingredients in cement is given below by table:
SL Ingredients Percent of Ingredients
01 Clinker 65-79%
02 Slag, Fly Ash, Lime Stone 21-35%
03 Gypsum 0-5%
Table 4.1: Percentage of Ingredients in Cement
Figure 4.2: Percentage of Cement
4.2.2 Checking Manufacture Date
The manufacture date of the cement was October, 2018
Figure 4.3: Manufacture Date of Cement
October, 2018

16
4.3 Field Test of Cement
It is necessary to check the physical components of cement in every project. On my project I
checked the color test, floating test, temperature test and adulteration test.
4.3.1 Color Test
The color of cement should be uniform and grey color with a light greenish shade. I took some
amount of cement from the cement bag for checking the color it was uniform and grey. So we
can say that the cement was suitable for use.
Figure 4.4: Color Test of Cement
4.3.2 Floating Test
I took a bucket and filled water into it. Then I took some cement in my hand and thrown it into
the water. When I threw some amount of cement into the water it had taken some time to sink.
So we can say that the cement was good.
Figure 4.5: Floating Test of Cement

17
4.3.3 Temperature Test
For testing temperature of the cement I thrust my hand into the cement bag. I felt that the
temperature was cool. So the cement’s quality was good.
Figure 4.6: Temperature Test of Cement
4.3.4 Adulteration Test
For the adulteration test I took some amount of cement in between my figure and rubbed it. The
cement was smooth. So we can say that the cement was good.
Figure 4.7: Adulteration Test of Cement

18
4.4 Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests
Comparisons between standard tests with field tests of cement are given below:
SL Standard Result Field Test Result Remarks
01 Cement color should be grey with
a light greenish shade
The color was grey with a light
greenish shade
Good
02 Temperature should be cool Temperature was cool
03 Cement should be sinks into the
water for a while
It sank into the water for a while
04 Cement should be smooth Cement was smooth
Table 4.2: Comparison between Standard Tests with Field Tests
4.5 Bricks
In my site bricks were brought for making chips out of it by crushing. It was done by the
machine. Those bricks were irregular in shape. Bricks chips were used in beam, slab and stair
case casting as a material. In my site bricks were also used for partition wall which was regular
in shape and uniform in size.
Figure 4.8: Brick

19
4.5.1 Bricks Dimension Check
The standard size for bricks is 9.5" x 4.5" x 2.75". From my site I have collected 10 bricks for
checking its dimension.
Figure 4.9: Measuring Brick size
Those 10 bricks that I have measured in my site are given below:
SL Standard Size Actual Size Average Size Remarks
01.
9.5"×4.5"×2.75"
9.47"×4.5"×2.76"
9.49"×4.48"×2.74" OK
02. 9.5"×4.45"×2.7"
03. 9.48"×4.4"×2.72"
04. 9.5"×4.5"×2.76"
05. 9.5"×4.5"×2.75"
06. 9.5"×4.46"×2.75"
07. 9.5"×4.5"×2.75"
08. 9.45"×4.5"×2.76"
09. 9.5"×4.45"×2.73"
10. 9.45"×4.5"×2.73"
Table 4.3: Dimension of Bricks
4.6 Field Test of Brick
In my site I have done some field tests of bricks for checking its quality. I have done T-test,
hardness test and sound test of bricks. Descriptions are given below:

20
4.6.1 T-Test
Firstly I took two bricks from my site and formed those two bricks into T-shape. Then I dropped
that T-shape bricks into surface from 6 ft height. The brick was broke. So the bricks failed this
test.
Figure 4.10: T-Test of Brick
4.6.2 Hardness Test
I took a brick from my site and try to scratch on the surface of that brick by my nail. I have tried
many times but couldn’t do it. So it proved that the brick was good.
Figure 4.11: Hardness Test of Brick

21
4.6.3 Sound Test
From my site I took two bricks on my hand. Then I hit one brick with another and got metallic
sound. I also done this test with hammer and got metallic sound. This sound proved that the
bricks were good.
Figure 4.12: Sound Test of Brick
Comparisons between standard tests with field tests of bricks are given below:
01 Brick sound be metallic It produced metallic sound
Pass
02 Scratch should not be done on its
surface.
Couldn’t scratch on its surface
03 Brick should not be break Brick was broke Fail

22
4.8 Fine Aggregates
In our country most of the construction projects were used local and sylhet sand as a fine
aggregate. Find aggregates that used in my site are also sylhet sand and local sand.
Figure 4.13: Sylhet Sand Figure 4.14: Local Sand
During different RCC works, mixing amount of aggregates that used in my site are given below:
Item Fine Aggregate
Beam 66.6% Sylhet sand used 33.3% Local sand used
Slab 66.6% Sylhet sand used 33.3% Local sand used
Stair Case 66.6% Sylhet sand used 33.3% Local sand used
Column 100% Sylhet sand used Local sand not used
Shear Wall 100% Sylhet sand used Local sand not used
Table 4.5: Materials Mixing Amount
4.9 Field Test of Fine Aggregate
Sand is the fine aggregate which define that it will pass through a 4 no sieve. In my site I have
done mainly two test of sand and that were clay and silt test of sand. Field test was doing on
project which ensures the quality of sand.

23
4.9.1 Clay Test
I took some amount of sand from my site. Then I found a bucket with fresh water. I threw that
amount of sand into that bucket of water. Then I mixed the water with my hand. After some
while I did not get any color that represents clay. So we can say that the sand was good.
Figure 4.15: Clay Test of Cement
4.9.2 Silt Test
I took some sand on my hand and rubbed it and observed for some times to find silt in that sand.
I couldn’t see any silt. So we can say that the sand was suitable to use for any constructions.
Figure 4.16: Silt Test of Cement

24
Comparisons between standard tests with field tests of sand are given below:
01 Sand should be clay free It was clay free
Good
02 Sand should be silt free It was silt free
4.11 Laboratory Test of Fine Aggregate
The Fineness Modulus of the aggregates is found out by the sieve analysis. By doing sieve
analysis we can found the actual quality of fine aggregate. That’s why laboratory test is
important. I have collected the materials of fine aggregate both sylhet sand and Local sand from
my site and done sieve analysis test in our University Lab.
4.11.1 Sieve Analysis of Sylhet Sand
I took 1000 gm of dry Sylhet sand and measuring it by digital scale for doing the sieve analysis.
Then I organized the US standard sieve plate in ascending order. I kept the sample into the upper
sieve plate and shook it properly for few minutes. Then I took the measurements of the retained
sample. Lastly I calculated the fineness modulus of that sample.
Figure 4.17: Sieve Analysis of Sylhet Sand

25
Total Weight = 1000 gm Lose = 1 gm
Sieve No. Sieve Size
(mm)
Retained
Weight (gm)
% Retained Cumulative
% Retained
% Finer
#4 4.75 0 0 0 100
#8 2.38 41 4.1 4.1 95.9
#16 1.19 170 17.02 21.12 78.88
#30 0.595 366 36.64 57.35 42.65
#50 0.297 342 34.25 91.58 8.42
#100 0.149 56 5.61 97.19 2.81
Pan - 24 2.4 99.89 0.11
Total=999 gm
Table 4.7: Sieve Analysis of Sylhet Sand
FM = (∑Cumulative percent retained) / 100
FM = (0+4.1+21.12+57.35+91.58+97.19)/100
FM = 271.34/100
FM = 2.71
Comment:
After sieve analysis I got the value 2.71 and according to the design specification, F.M value of
fine aggregates must be minimum 2.5. So, it was ok.
Figure 4.18: Sieve Analysis graph of Sylhet Sand
100
95.9
78.88
42.65
8.422.81
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sieve Size (mm)
%Finer
particle size distribution Curve

26
4.11.2 Sieve Analysis of Local Sand
For doing sieve analysis of local sand I follow same procedure. First I took 1000 gm of dry local
sand and measured it by digital scale. Then I organized the US standard sieve plate in ascending
order. I kept the sample into upper sieve and shook it properly for few minutes. Then I took the
measurements of the retained sample. Lastly I calculated the fineness modulus of that sample.
Figure 4.19: Sieve Analysis of Local Sand
Total Weight = 1000 gm Lose = 3 gm
(mm)
Retained
Weight (gm)
% Retained
% Finer
#4 4.75 0 0 0 100
#8 2.38 0 0 0 100
#16 1.19 0 0 0 100
#30 0.595 28 2.80 2.80 97.2
#50 0.297 784 78.63 81.43 18.57
#100 0.149 132 13.24 94.67 5.33
Pan - 53 5.33 100 0
Total=997 gm
Table 4.8: Sieve Analysis of Local Sand

27
FM = (0+0+0+2.80+81.43+94.67)/100
FM = 178.9/100
FM = 1.79
Comment:
After sieve analysis I got the value 1.79 and according to the design specification, F.M value of
fine aggregates must be minimum 2.5. But in my site, the project engineer told me that they used
67% of the sylhet sand and 33% of the local sand. That’s why we have to find combined FM of
both sands.
Figure 4.20: Sieve Analysis graph of Local Sand
Combined F.M calculation:
Fcom = ((1000 x 2.71) + (1000 x 1.79)) / (1000+1000)
= 2.25
Comment:
F.M values of fine aggregates must be minimum 2.5 in the design specification. But after the
combined FM calculation I got the result 2.36. So it is under the deign value.
100100100
97.2
18.57
5.33
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sieve Size (mm)
%Finer

28
4.12 Comparison between Required value with Test Value
Comparison between required values with test value of fine aggregate is given below:
SL Fine Aggregate Test Value Required Value
1. FM of sylhet sand I got the value 2.71
FM value must be
minimum 2.52. Combined FM calculation I got the value 2.36
Table 4.9: Comparison between Required Values with Test Value
4.13 Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregates materials that used in my site are also stone chips and brick chips.
During different RCC works, mixing amount of aggregates that used in my site are given below:
Item Coarse Aggregate
Beam Stone Chips not used Brick Chips not used
Slab Stone Chips not used Brick Chips used
Stair Case Stone Chips not used Brick Chips used
Column Stone Chips used Brick Chips not used
Shear Wall Stone Chips used Brick Chips not used
Table 4.10: Materials Mixing Amount

29
4.13.1 Stone Chips
Stone chips are commonly formed by the breaking of large stones into small particles. In my site
stone chips used for column, lift Shear wall, foundation and grade beam casting.
Figure 4 21: Stone Chips
4.13.2 Brick Chips
Brick chips were formed by breaking of bricks into smaller particles. In my site brick chips used
for beam, slab and stair casting.
Figure 4.22: Brick Chips

30
4.14 Laboratory Test of Coarse Aggregate
The fineness modulus test of coarse aggregate is as important as the fineness modulus test of fine
aggregate. To find the actual quality of coarse aggregate we have done sieve analysis test. I have
collected the materials of coarse aggregate both stone chips and brick chips from my site and
done sieve analysis test in our University Lab.
4.14.1 Sieve Analysis of Stone Chips
I took 2000 gm of stone chips sand and measuring it by digital scale. Then I organized the US
standard sieve plate in ascending order. I kept the sample into the upper sieve plate and shook it
properly for few minutes. Then I took the measurements and calculated fineness modulus.
Figure 4.23: Sieve Analysis of Stone Chips

31
Total Weight = 2000 gm
(mm)
Retained
Weight (gm)
% Retained
% Finer
1″ 25 129 6.45 6.45 93.55
3/4″ 19 647 32.35 38.8 61.2
1/2″ 12.5 866 43.3 82.1 17.9
3/8″ 10 179 8.95 91.05 8.95
#4 4.75 170 8.5 99.55 0.45
#8 2.38 0 0 99.55 0.45
#16 1.19 0 0 99.55 0.45
#30 0.595 0 0 99.55 0.45
#50 0.297 0 0 99.55 0.45
#100 0.149 0 0 99.55 0.45
pan - 9 0.45 100 0
Total=2000gm
Table 4.11: Sieve Analysis of Stone Chips
FM = (38.8+91.05+99.55+99.55+99.55+99.55+99.55+99.55)/100
FM = 727.15/100
FM = 7.27
Comment:
I got the value 7.27 and the FM value of coarse aggregate must be minimum 25 mm downgrade
in the design specification. So it was ok to use in the construction.

32
Figure 4.24: Sieve Analysis graph of Stone Chips
4.14.2 Sieve Analysis of Brick Chips
Again I follow the same procedure. I took 2000 gm of brick chips sand and measuring it by
digital scale. Then I organized the US standard sieve plate in ascending order. I kept the sample
into the upper sieve plate and shook it properly for few minutes. Then I took the measurements
of the retained sample and calculated the fineness modulus of that sample.
Figure 4.25: Sieve Analysis of Brick Chips
93.55
61.2
17.9
8.950.450.45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sieve Size (mm)
%Finer

33
Total Weight = 2000 gm
(mm)
Retained
Weight (gm)
% Retained
% Finer
1″ 25 397 19.85 19.85 80.15
3/4″ 19 836 41.8 61.65 38.35
1/2″ 12.5 635 31.75 93.4 6.60
3/8″ 10 65 3.25 96.65 3.35
#4 4.75 53 2.65 99.3 0.7
#8 2.38 0 0 99.3 0.7
#16 1.19 0 0 99.3 0.7
#30 0.595 0 0 99.3 0.7
#50 0.297 0 0 99.3 0.7
#100 0.149 0 0 99.3 0.7
Pan - 14 0.7 100 0
Total=2000gm
Table 4.12: Sieve Analysis of Brick Chips
FM = (61.65+96.65+99.3+99.3+99.3+99.3+99.3+99.3)/100
FM = 754.1/100
FM = 7.54
Comment:
The FM value of coarse aggregate must be minimum 25 mm downgrade in the design
specification. And I got the value 7.54 so it was ok to use in the construction.

34
Figure 4.26: Sieve Analysis graph of Brick Chips
4.15 Comparison between Required value with Test Value
Comparison between required values with test value of coarse aggregate is given below:
SL Coarse Aggregate Test Value Required Value
1. FM of stone chips I got the value 7.27
FM value must be minimum
20 mm downgrade2. FM of brick chips I got the value 7.54
Table 4.13: Comparison between Required Values with Test Value
80.15
38.35
6.6
3.35
0.70.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sieve Size (mm)
%Finer

35
4.16 Concrete
In my project for casting the beam, slab and stair they used brick chips as coarse aggregate,
sylhet sand and local sand as fine aggregate. The concrete mix ratio was 1:2:4. For casting the
column they used stone chips as coarse aggregate and sylhet sand as fine aggregate and the
concrete mix ratio was 1:1.5:3.
4.17 Concrete Compressive Strength Test
I have done cylinder test to get the actual compressive strength of concrete. In my project the
materials that used in the casting for beam, slab and stair was different with the materials that
used in the casting for column. The mixing ratio was also different for both casting. That’s why I
have done two cylinder tests- one for beam, slab and stair and another for column.
Procedure
I collected a cylinder for doing cylinder test from my varsity laboratory the day before slab
casting. During the slab casting I took some concrete from the site and inserted it into the
cylinder. Then I tamped 25 times into the cylinder with a 16 mm metal rod to filling all void
inside the cylinder. I kept the cylinder into cold weather for 24 hours. Then for curing I kept the
block in water tank for 28 days. I followed the same procedure for making second block during
column casting.
Figure 4.27: Making Cylinder Block

36
4.17.1 Concrete Cylinder Crushing (Beam, Slab & Stair)
From the crushing I got the value for this concrete 149.27 KN. So I converted this value into psi
for comparing with the design book. According to the design book the concrete crushing strength
for beam, slab and stair is 2800 psi.
Figure 4.28: Concrete Compressive Test (Beam, Slab & Stair)
Figure 4.29: Concrete Compressive Test Result (Beam, Slab & Stair)

37
Result:
Crushing value = 149.27 KN
= (149.27 x 1000) N
= 149270 N
= (149270 x 0.224) lb
= 33436.48 lb
= (33436.48/12.56) psi
= 2662.14 psi
So the compressive strength value is 2662.14 psi but in the design book the required value was
2800 psi. The failure that occurred in the cylinder block was combined failure. It means failure
will occurred both in mortar and aggregate.
Data of Actual and Design Concrete Compressive Strength values are given below:
Date of
Casting
Date of
Crushing
Time
Takes
Crushing
Value
(KN)
Actual
Reading
(psi)
Design
Reading
(psi)
Failure
18.10.2018 15.11.2018 28 days 149.27 2662.14 2800 Combined
Table 4.14: Data of Actual and Design Concrete Compressive Strength
Figure 4.30: Comparison Between Actual & Design Concrete Compressive Strength
Design Reading Actual Reading
psi 2800 2662.14
2550
2600
2650
2700
2750
2800
2850
Comparison between actual & design of
compressive strength

38
4.17.2 Concrete Cylinder Crushing (Column)
From the crushing I got the value for this concrete 157.90 KN. Now I converted this value into
psi for comparing with the design book. According to the design book the column concrete
crushing strength is 3500 psi.
Figure 4.31: Concrete Compressive Test (Column)
Figure 4.32: Concrete Compressive Test Result (Column)

39
Result:
Crushing value = 157.90 KN
= (157.90 x 1000) N
= 157900 N
= (157900 x 0.224) lb
= 35369.60 lb
= (35369.60/12.56) psi
= 2816.05 psi
So the compressive strength value is 2816.05 psi but in the design book the required value was
3500 psi. The failure that occurred in the cylinder block was mortar failure. It means failure will
occurred only in mortar.
Data of Actual and Design Concrete Compressive Strength values are given below:
Date of
Casting
Date of
Crushing
Time
Takes
Crushing
Value
(KN)
Actual
Reading
(psi)
Design
Reading
(psi)
Failure
31.10.2018 29.11.2018 29 days 157.90 2816.05 3500 Mortar
Table 4.15: Data of Actual and Design Concrete Compressive Strength
Figure 4.33: Comparison Between Actual & Design Concrete Compressive Strength
Design Reading Actual Reading
psi 3500 2816.05
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Comparison between actual & design of
compressive strength

40
4.18 Reinforcement Bars
The main purpose of the reinforcement bars is to provide tensile strength to the concrete
structure. The different diameter of reinforcement bars such as- 10mm ϕ, 12mm ϕ, 16mm ϕ,
20mm ϕ & 25mm ϕ was used in my site. 10mm and 12mm diameter of bars was used in Slab and
stair. 16mm, 20mm and 25mm diameter of bars was use in beam and column. Only 10mm
diameter of bar used for making tie and stirrups. In my site they used M.S deformed bar with
yield strength fy = 72500 psi (500 grade).
Figure 4.34: Reinforcement Bars
4.19 Field Test of Reinforcement Bars
I have done some field tests for checking the quality of reinforcement bars in my site.
Descriptions are given below:
4.19.1 Surface checking
I checked the cross section surface of the bar. It was smooth and free of paint.
Figure 4.35: Surface of the Bar

41
4.19.2 Bending Test
When a worker was bending a bar, I checked its surface to know it was cracked or not. But I
didn’t found any crack on that bending fragment.
Figure 4.36: Bending a Bar Figure 4.37: Checking Fragment of Bar
4.19.3 Color Checking
When they first bought the reinforcement bars it should be in blackish gray color. And the bars at
my site are also in blackish gray color.
Figure 4.38: Bar Color Checking

42
Comparisons between standard tests with field tests of sand are given below:
SL Standard Result Field Test Result
1. Bar cross section should be smooth and paint free It was smooth and paint free
2. After bending it should not cracked It did not crack
3. Color should be blackish gray It was blackish gray
4.21 Water
In my site clean potable water is used in concrete mixing and curing work.
Figure 4.39: Water

43
4.22 Block Making
For maintaining the clear cover of reinforcement the block are made. It was made by cement and
sand. The size of the blocks that used in my site was 1 inch, 1.5 inch and 3 inch. 1.5 inch blocks
were used in beam. 1 inch blocks used in slab and stair to maintain the clear cover of its bottom
reinforcement and 3 inch blocks used to maintain the clear cover of top reinforcement.
Figure 4.40: Block Casting
Figure 4.41: The Blocks
Figure 4.42: Measuring Blocks

44
4.23 Formwork Materials
4.23.1 Wooden Planks
Wood is very common and available materials that use in the construction work. In my site
wooden planks was use for making shuttering of beam, slab and stairs. The width of the wooden
planks is 6 in and the thickness is 1 in.
Figure 4.43: Wooden Planks
Figure 4.44: Wooden Planks Width Figure 4.45: Wooden Planks Thickness
1 inch
6 inch

45
4.23.2 Wooden Runner
Wooden runners are very similar to wooden planks. It is use to hold the wooden plank. It is use
on top of bamboo. Its width is 3 in and thickness is 2 in.
Figure 4.46: Wooden Runners
Figure 4.47: Wooden Runner Width Figure 4.48: Wooden Runner Thickness
Wooden runner
2 inch
3 inch

46
4.23.3 Bamboo Props
Bamboo is also common and easily available materials in construction works. Bamboo was use
to support the runners of beam and slab.
Figure 4.49: Bamboo Props
Figure 4.50: Measuring Bamboo Props
First, took bamboo perimeter.
Then divided by π (3.1416). we
will found diameter of bamboo
w

47
My supervisor told me to records some bamboos diameters at the site. I selected 30 bamboos
randomly and found out their diameters. Descriptions are given below:
SL NO Perimeter
(in)
D=P/π (in) SL NO Perimeter
(in)
D=P/π (in)
Average
Diameter
(in)
01 9 2.86 16 7.5 2.38
2.60
02 9.8 3.12 17 6 1.90
03 8.5 2.71 18 6.5 2.06
04 9.1 2.89 19 9 2.86
05 8.8 2.80 20 10 3.18
06 9 2.86 21 10.5 3.34
07 10.3 3.27 22 11 3.50
08 8 2.55 23 10 3.18
09 9.5 3.02 24 9.5 3.02
10 8.5 2.70 25 8.5 2.70
11 9 2.55 26 10 3.18
12 9.5 3.02 27 9.5 3.02
13 8.5 2.70 28 10.5 3.34
14 10 3.18 29 9 2.86
15 9.5 3.02 30 8 2.55
Table 4.17: Bamboos Diameter

48
4.23.4 Steel Forms
In my site steel forms are used to make column shuttering. Steel forms make beams and columns
surface smooth. But it is more costly then shuttering that made of wood.
Figure 4.51: Steel Forms
4.23.5 Nut Bolt & Turn Bolt
Nut bolt used to hold one steel form to another and turn bolt use to keep column vertical
adjustment.
Figure 4.52: Nut Bolt Figure 4.53: Turn Bolt
Turn
bolt

49
4.23.6 Plain Sheet
Plain sheet are used for slab and stair shuttering. It was placed over the wooden plank of slab and
stair. The length of the plain sheet was 6 ft and width was 3 ft.
Figure 4.54: Plain Sheet
Figure 4.55: Measuring Plain Sheet
6 ft
3 ft

50
4.24 Construction Equipments
4.24.1 Mixture Machine
The mixture machine was used to mix the concrete. The machine runs by diesel engine.
Figure 4.56: Mixture Machine
4.24.2 Vibrator Machine
It was used to compact the mixed concrete into the beam, slab and column and so that the voids
can remove.
Figure 4.57: Vibrator Machine
Vibrator Machine

51
4.24.3 Roof Hoist
It was used to lift up the concrete mixture from the ground to the roof.
Figure 4.58: Roof Hoist
4.24.4 Reinforcement Bar Cutter
Reinforcement cutter is usually used for cutting the reinforcement. In my site there are two type
of reinforcement cutters used. The big one was used for cutting wide diameter reinforcements.
Figure 4.59: Reinforcement Cutter

52
CHAPTER FIVE:
Construction of Column
5.1 General
In this chapter I am going to narrate the construction work of column and its whole procedure
including column kicker, reinforcement, shuttering, casting and curing.
5.2 About Column
A column is a compression member that carries load. Column is very important element of the
building. So, everyone should be attentive to do proper construction works of column.
5.3 Column Layout Plan
By looking at the column layout plan we can easily found the column position and the total
number of columns. There are total 14 columns in my project.
Figure 5.1: Layout of Column

53
5.4 Column Schedule
Just like column layout plan, we can easily found the size and the details of the reinforcement
bars of column by looking at the column schedule. In my project there are six types of column
such as- C1, C2, C3, C3A, C4 and C5.
Figure 5.2: Column Schedule
The design specifications of those six types of column for 4th
, 5th and 6th
floor are given below:
Type of
column
No. of
Column
Column Size
(in)
Dia of Bar
(mm)
No. of Bar Clear Cover
(in)
Spacing
(in)
C1 2
(12″x20″)
16mm ϕ 8
1.5″ 10mm ϕ @
5-9-5
C2 4 20mm ϕ 8
C3 2 (12″x30″)
16mm ϕ 4
20mm ϕ 6
C3A 2 (10″x40″) 16mm ϕ 14
C4 2 (12″x30″)
25mm ϕ
12
C5 2 (15″x30″) 12
Table 5.1: Column Design Specifications

54
5.5 Construction Work of Column
The whole construction process of column can be done by these following steps. The steps
are given below:
1. Column kicker work
2. Column reinforcement Placing
3. Column shuttering
4. Column casting
5. Column curing work
5.6 Column Kicker Work
The column kicker was made before the start of the column constructions work. It was made for
finding the correct location of column. For making the shuttering of column kicker they used the
wooden planks. According to the column cross section they made kicker shuttering. When
workers finished the shuttering works, I have checked the cross section of the column and height
of the kicker. I have also checked the cleat cover of the reinforcement bars. After that they
prepared mix concrete for casting of the column kicker. The mixing ratio of the concrete was
1:1.5:3. The materials that used on the concrete were cement, sand and stone chips. The height of
the kicker casting was 6 inch.
Figure 5.3: Making Shuttering for Column Kicker

55
Total wooden planks used in the making of column kickers are given below:
Table 5.2: Shuttering of Column Kicker
Figure 5.4: Measuring Column Kicker
ColumnType
ColumnSize
No.ofColumn
Column Length Column Width
Volume(cft)
Wood
length
(ft)
Wood
width
(ft)
Wood
thickn
ess
(ft)
No.
of
side
Wood
length
(ft)
Wood
width
(ft)
Wood
thickn
ess
(ft)
No.
of
side
C1 (12″x20″)
2 1.17 0.5 0.08 2 1 0.5 0.08 2 0.348
C2 (12″x20″)
4 1.17 0.5 0.08 2 1 0.5 0.08 2 0.348
C3 (12″x30″)
2 3 0.5 0.08 2 1 0.5 0.08 2 0.64
C3A
(10″x40″)
2 3.83 0.5 0.08 2 0.83 0.5 0.08 2 0.744
C4 (12″x30″)
2 3 0.5 0.08 2 1 0.5 0.08 2 0.64
C5 (15″x30″)
2 3 0.5 0.08 2 1.25 0.5 0.08 2 0.68
Total= 3.40 cft
40 inch
Column– C3A
10 inch

56
Figure 5.5: Column Kicker Casting
Figure 5.6: Checking Kicker Height
6 inch

57
5.7 Column reinforcement Placing
The workers started working on the reinforcement bars of column after finishing the column
kicker work. Some are making tie bars and ring for column and some are placing those bars
in the column and some are binding tie bars with main bars. I have observed the entire work
process of the workers. I have checked whether the tie spacing is ok or not according to the
drawing book. I have also checked whether the clear cover from tie bar to column is 1.5
inches or not. I have also calculated total number of main bars and tie bars of each column in
the field. In my project every column was rectangular. The diameter of the main bar of
column was 16mm ϕ, 20mm ϕ and 25mm ϕ respectively. The diameter of tie bar and ring of
column was 10mm ϕ and tie bar spacing was 5″-9″-5″ @ C/C
Figure 5.7: Reinforcement Bars Placing
Figure 5.8: Binding Tie with Main Bar

58
Figure 5.10: Checking Clear Cover of Column
Main bar: 14-16mm ϕ
Tie bar: 10mm ϕ
Column type – C3A
Ring: 10mm ϕ
Ring: 10mm ϕ
Figure 5.9: Checking Reinforcement
Bar of Column
Clear cover 1.5 inch

59
Figure 5.11: Checking Spacing of tie Bars in Middle
Figure 5.12: Checking Spacing of tie Bars in bottom of Column
 9″+9″= 18″
 18/2= 9″
 Average 9″c/c
 4.5″+ 5.1″=9.6″
 9.6/2=4.8″
 Average 4.8 c/c
 4.8″+ 5.0″+5.1″=14.9″
 14.9/3=4.96″
 Average 4.96″ c/c

60
5.7.1 Estimation of Column Reinforcement
Calculation of reinforcement for column-3A
Tie bars
Length = 2× (A+B) +4″
= 2× (37+7) +4″
= 92″ = 7ʹ7″
= 7.58ʹ
20 -10mm ϕ = 20×0.19×7.58
= 28.80 kg
Ring-1
Length = 2× (A+B) +4″
= 2× (24.67+7) +4″
= 67.34″
= 5.61ʹ
20 -10mm ϕ = 20×0.19×5.61
= 21.31 kg
Ring-2
Length = 2× (A+B) +4″
= 2× (12.32+7) +4″
= 42.64″
= 3.55ʹ
20 -10mm ϕ = 20×0.19×3.55
= 13.49 kg
Total weight = (87.36+28.80+21.31+13.49)
= 150.96 kg
Here,
16 mm ϕ = 0.48 kg/ft
Number of bar = 14
Bar length = 13 ft
(Including lapping length)
A= 40″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 37″
B= 10″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 7″
Here,
10mm ϕ = 0.19 kg/ft
Number of tie bar = 20
A= 40″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 37″
= 37/6=6.16
= 6.16×4
= 24.67″
B= 10″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 7″
Number of ring = 20
A= 40″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 37″
= 37/6=6.16
= 6.16×2
= 12.32″
B= 10″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 7″
Number of ring = 20
Main Bar
14 -16mm ϕ = 14×0.48×13
= 87.36 kg

61
Estimation of column reinforcement according to the design book is given below:Columntype
ColumnSize(in)
NO.ofcolumn
Bartype
Bardia.(mm)
UnitWeight
(kg/ft)
No.ofbar
Barlength(ft)
Weight(kg)
C1
(12″x20″)
2
Main bar 16 0.48 8 13 99.84
Tie bar 10 0.19 20 4.58 34.81
Ring 10 0.19 20 2.92 20.90
C2
(12″x20″)
4
Main bar 20 0.75 8 13 312
Tie bar 10 0.19 20 4.58 69.62
Ring 10 0.19 20 2.92 41.80
C3
(12″x30″)
2
Main bar
20 0.75 6 13 117
16 0.48 4 13 49.92
Tie bar 10 0.19 20 6.25 47.5
Ring 10 0.19 20 2.25 20.90
C3A
(10″x40″)
2
Main bar 16 0.48 14 13 174.7
Tie bar 10 0.19 20 7.58 57.61
Ring
10 0.19 20 5.61 42.63
10 0.19 20 3.55 26.98
C4
(12″x30″)
2
Main bar 25 1.17 12 13 365.1
Tie bar 10 0.19 20 6.25 47.5
Ring 10 0.19 20 3.25 24.7
C5
(15″x30″)
2
Main bar 25 1.17 12 13 365.1
Tie bar 10 0.19 20 6.75 51.3
Ring 10 0.19 20 3.58 27.21
Total = 1976.89 kg
Table 5.3: Estimation of Column Reinforcement According to the Drawing

62
Estimation of column reinforcement that actually use in the field is given below:Columntype
ColumnSize(in)
NO.ofcolumn
Bartype
Bardia.(mm)
UnitWeight
(kg/ft)
No.ofbar
Barlength(ft)
Weight(kg)
C1
(12″x20″)
2
Main bar 16 0.48 8 13 99.84
Tie bar 10 0.19 19 4.58 33.07
Ring 10 0.19 19 2.75 19.86
C2
(12″x20″)
4
Main bar 20 0.75 8 13 312
Tie bar 10 0.19 19 4.58 66.14
Ring 10 0.19 19 2.75 39.71
C3
(12″x30″)
2
Main bar
20 0.75 6 13 117
16 0.48 4 13 49.92
Tie bar 10 0.19 19 6.25 45.13
Ring 10 0.19 19 2.25 16.25
C3A
(10″x40″)
2
Main bar 16 0.48 14 13 174.7
Tie bar 10 0.19 18 7.58 51.85
Ring
10 0.19 18 5.61 38.37
10 0.19 18 3.55 24.28
C4
(12″x30″)
2
Main bar 25 1.17 12 13 365.1
Tie bar 10 0.19 19 6.25 45.13
Ring 10 0.19 19 3.25 23.47
C5
(15″x30″)
2
Main bar 25 1.17 12 13 365.1
Tie bar 10 0.19 19 6.75 48.74
Ring 10 0.19 19 3.58 25.85
Total = 1943.29 kg
Table 5.4: Estimation of Column Reinforcement that Used in the Field

63
5.7.2 Comparison for Column Reinforcement Bars
There was some slightly difference in reinforcement of column that used in practical field with
design book. Descriptions are given below:
Column Types Total Required (kg) Use in Field (kg) Difference (+/-)
C1 155.55 152.77 -2.78
C2 423.42 417.85 -5.57
C3 235.32 228.30 -7.02
C3A 301.92 291.21 -10.71
C4 457.30 453.70 -3.60
C5 443.61 439.69 -3.92
Table 5.5: Comparison of Column Reinforcement
Figure 5.13: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) Used in Column
C1 C2 C3 C3A C4 C5
DESIGN 155.55 423.42 235.32 301.92 457.3 443.61
ACTUAL 152.77 417.85 228.3 291.21 453.7 439.69
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Comparison of Reinforcement Bars Used in Column

64
5.8 Column Shuttering
The workers started working on the column shuttering after finishing the reinforcement placing
of the column. Only steel form plate was used in column shuttering at my project. The shuttering
was hold by using nut bolt and rivet. Bamboo props were also used. It was used to keep
shuttering straight. Using plumb bob they checked whether the vertical alignment of column was
straight or not. They also checked the clear cover of column. It was kept according to the design.
The clear cover of the column is 1.5 inch.
Figure 5.14: Making column Shuttering
The table of estimation for column steel shuttering is given below:
Type of
column
No. of
Column
Column
Size (in)
Column
Height (ft)
Required Amount
(sft)
Total Amount
(sft)
C1 2 (12″x20″)
8.33'
44.48 88.96
C2 4 (12″x20″) 44.48 177.92
C3 2 (12″x30″) 58.31 116.62
C3A 2 (10″x40″) 69.31 138.62
C4 2 (12″x30″) 58.31 116.62
C5 2 (15″x30″) 62.48 124.95
Total = 763.69 sft
Table 5.6: Estimation of Steel Shuttering of Column

65
5.9 Column Casting
After finishing the shuttering work, the workers were ready to casting of column. They used
mixer machine for mixing the concrete. The materials that used in the concrete mixture were
cement, sand and stone chips. The mixing ratio of the concrete was1:1.5:3. During the casting of
column they used vibrator to fill the void.
Figure 5.15: Column Casting

66
5.9.1 Estimation of Column Casting
In my site there are six types of column such as- C1, C2, C3, C3A, C4 and C5. The estimation of
the materials that used on those columns is given below:
Column Type- C3A
Number of column = 2
Column height = 8.33'
Column size = (10"×40") = (0.83'×3.33')
Volume of column = (0.83'×3.33'×8.33') = 23.02 cft
Total volume = (23.02×2) = 46.04 cft [no. of column= 2]
Dry volume = (46.04×1.5) = 69.03 cft
Mixing ratio = 1:1.5:3
Summation of the ratio = (1+1.5+3) = 5.5
Cement = (69.03/5.5) ×1 = 12.55 cft
= 10.05 bags [1.25 cft = 1 bag]
Sand = (69.03/5.5) ×1.5 = 18.84 cft
Stone Chips = (69.03/5.5) ×3 = 37.67 cft
Estimation of the casting materials for column is given in table:
Column
Types
Column
Size
Column
Length
(ft)
No of
Column
Volume
(cft)
Dry
Volume
(cft)
Cement
(bag)
Sand
(cft)
Stone
Chips
(cft)
C1 (12″x20″) 8.33' 2 30.48 45.72 6.65 12.47 24.94
C2 (12″x20″) 8.33' 4 60.64 91.44 16.62 24.94 49.88
C3 (12″x30″) 8.33' 2 41.65 62.48 9.09 17.04 34.08
C3A (10″x40″) 8.33' 2 46.05 69.07 10.05 18.84 37.67
C4 (12″x30″) 8.33' 2 41.65 62.48 9.09 17.04 34.08
C5 (15″x30″) 8.33' 2 52.06 78.09 11.35 21.29 42.59
Total= 62.85 117.62 235.24
Table 5.7: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Column

67
But in the field total cement used = 60 bags [1 bag =1.25 cft]
= 75 cft
Dry volume = (75×5.5)/1 = 412.50 cft [mixing ratio =5.5]
Actual used of sand = (412.50/5.5) ×1.5 = 112.50 cft
Actual used of stone chips = (412.50/5.5) ×3 = 225 cft
Comparison of casting materials between estimation and actual used in the field is given below:
Materials Estimation Actual Used Difference (+/-)
Cement 62.85 bags 60 bags -2.85
Sand 117.62 cft 112.50 cft -5.12
Brick Chips 235.24 cft 225 cft -10.24
Table 5.8: Comparison of Casting Materials for Column
Figure 5.16: Comparison of Casting Materials for Column
Cement (bag) Sand (cft) Stone Chips (cft)
Estimated 62.85 117.62 235.24
Actual used 60 112.5 225
Difference 2.85 5.12 10.24
0
50
100
150
200
250
Comparison of Casting Materials

68
5.10 Column Curing
After two days the column shuttering was removed. Then the column curing was started. The
column was wrapped by jute fabric and sprinkling water by hose pipe constantly. They spread
water by pipe 3 times in a day. They did it nearly 15 days.
Figure 5.17: Column Curing
5.11 Work Schedule for Column
Figure 5.18: Column Work Schedule

69
CHAPTER SIX:
Construction of Beam & Slab
6.1 General
In this chapter I am going to describe the construction works of beam and slab and its whole
process including beam and slab shuttering work, reinforcement work, casting and curing.
6.2 About Beam & Slab
A beam is a horizontal member of a structure that carries transverse loads and a slab is a flat
horizontal surface which supported by beam and column, it transfers load to the beam.
The layout of beam and slab of my project are given below:
6.3 Beam Layout plan
There are 10 types of beam in my project. Such as FB-1, FB-2, FB-3, FB-4, FB-5, FB-6A, FB-7,
FB-8, FB-9, FB-10.
Figure 6.1: Layout of Beam

70
6.4 Beam Schedule
FB-1
FB-2
FB-5
FB-4
FB-3

71
Figure 6.2: Beam Schedule
FB-6A
FB-7
FB-9
FB-10
FB-8

72
6.5 Reinforcement Details for Slab
By looking at the drawing we can identified the position of the slab reinforcement bars.
Figure 6.3: Slab Reinforcement Details
BOTTOM BAR
1) 10 mm ϕ 6″ C/C ALT. CKD
3) 10 mm ϕ 8.5″ C/C ALT. CKD
4) 10 mm ϕ Binder 10″ C/C where necessary
TOP BAR
a) 1-10 mm ϕ ext.betn ckd
b) 2-10 mm ϕ ext.betn ckd
c) 2-12 mm ϕ ext.betn ckd
SLAB THICKNESS = 6″ where not shown

73
6.6 Construction Work of Beam & Slab
The whole construction process of beam and slab can be done by these following steps. The
steps are given below:
1. Beam and slab shuttering work
2. Beam and slab reinforcement placing
3. Beam and slab Casting
4. Slab curing work
5. Beam and slab de-shuttering
6.7 Beam and slab shuttering work
After finishing the column construction work they started making shuttering of the beam and
slab. In my project beam and slab shuttering were made using only wood. At first they made
beams bottom, then the sides of the beam. They provided bamboo props to support the beams
bottom. The distance between one bamboo to another was 2 feet. After that they started placing
wooden runners for slab shuttering. The distance between one wooden runner to another was
also 2 feet. They placed wooden runners in short direction of the panel. After placing wooden
runners, they provided bamboos to hold the runners. Then they placed wooden planks above the
runners for slab. They used 70% of total area of the slab. The beams sides were connected with
the wooden planks of the slab. After that they provided plain sheet over the wooden planks. I
also measured beams width and depth.
Figure 6.4: Making Beam Shuttering

74
Figure 6.5: Beam Shuttering Figure 6.6: Bamboo Props
Figure 6.7: Slab Shuttering
Figure 6.8: Measuring Beams Size & Depth
10″
16″

75
6.8 Estimation of Shuttering
I estimated wooden planks, wooden runners and bamboo props of shuttering for beam and slab
individually. Shuttering estimation of wooden planks, wooden runners and bamboo props for
beam and slab are given.
6.8.1 Estimation of Wooden Planks for Beam
The estimation of beams bottom wooden planks are given below:
Beam
Types
Beam Size
(in)
Number of
Beam
Beam
Length (ft)
Beam
Width (ft)
Wood
Thickness (ft)
Volume
(cft)
FB-1 (10″x21″) 2 54ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 7.440
FB-2 (10″x21″) 2 35ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 4.822
FB-3 (10″x21″) 2 14.09ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 1.941
FB-4 (10″x21″) 1 10.83ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 0.746
FB-5 (10″x21″) 2 13.33ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 1.837
FB-6A (10″x21″) 1 35.83ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 2.408
FB-7 (10″x24″) 1 31.91ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 2.198
FB-8 (10″x21″) 1 31.91ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 2.198
FB-9 (10″x21″) 2 5.5ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 0.758
FB-10 (10″x18″) 1 10ʹ 0.83ʹ 0.08ʹ 0.689
Total = 25.031 cft
Table 6.1: Estimation of Beams Bottom Wooden Plank

76
The estimation of beams sides wooden planks are given below:
Beam
Types
Beam
Size (in)
Number
of Beam
Beam
Length
(ft)
Side
Wood
Width
(ft)
Wood
Thickness
(ft)
Number
of Sides
Volume
(cft)
FB-1 (10″x21″) 2 55.58ʹ Outside 2.17ʹ 0.08 1 20.02
Inside 1.75ʹ 0.08ʹ 1 16.15
FB-2 (10″x21″) 2 36.25ʹ Both
side
1.75ʹ 0.08ʹ 2 21.06
FB-3 (10″x21″) 2 18.33ʹ Both
side
1.75ʹ 0.08ʹ 2 10.26
FB-4 (10″x21″) 1 18.67ʹ Outside 2.17ʹ 0.08ʹ 1 3.36
Inside 1.75ʹ 0.08ʹ 1 2.71
FB-5 (10″x21″) 2 15.17ʹ Outside 2.17ʹ 0.08ʹ 1 5.46
Inside 1.75ʹ 0.08ʹ 1 4.41
FB-6A (10″x21″) 1 40.25ʹ Both
side
2ʹ 0.08ʹ 2 13.36
FB-7 (10″x24″) 1 40.25ʹ Both
side
2ʹ 0.08ʹ 2 13.36
FB-8 (10″x21″) 1 40.25ʹ Both
side
2ʹ 0.08ʹ 2 13.36
FB-9 (10″x21″) 2 7.17ʹ Both
side
1.75ʹ 0.08ʹ 2 4.17
FB-10 (10″x18″) 1 11.67ʹ Both
side
1.75ʹ 0.08ʹ 2 3.39
Total = 131.26 cft
Table 6.2: Estimation of Beams sides Wooden Plank

77
6.8.2 Estimation of Wooden Runners for Beam
The estimation of beams sides wooden runners are given below:
Beam
Types
Beam Size
(in)
Beam
Length
(ft)
No of
Beam
No
of
Side
No of
runner
Runner
length
(ft)
Runner
Width
(ft)
Runner
Thickne
(ft)
Volume
(cft)
FB-1 (10″x21″) 55.58ʹ 2 2 29 2.5ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 12.33
FB-2 (10″x21″) 36.25ʹ 2 2 20 2ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 6.80
FB-3 (10″x21″) 18.33ʹ 2 2 11 2ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 3.74
FB-4 (10″x21″) 18.67ʹ 1 2 11 2.5ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 2.34
FB-5 (10″x21″) 15.17ʹ 2 2 9 2.5ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 3.83
FB-6A (10″x21″) 40.25ʹ 1 2 22 2.25ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 4.21
FB-7 (10″x24″) 40.25ʹ 1 2 22 2.25ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 4.21
FB-8 (10″x21″) 40.25ʹ 1 2 22 2.25ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 4.21
FB-9 (10″x21″) 7.17ʹ 2 2 5 2ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 1.70
FB-10 (10″x18″) 11.67ʹ 1 2 7 2ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 1.19
Total = 44.56 cft
Table 6.3: Estimation of Beams sides Wooden Runners

78
The estimation of beams bottom wooden runners are given below:
Beam
Types
Beam Size
(in)
Beam
Length
(ft)
No of
Beam
No of
runner
Runner
length
(ft)
Runner
Width (ft)
Runner
Thickness
(ft)
Volume
(cft)
FB-1 (10″x21″) 54ʹ 2 28 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 1.98
FB-2 (10″x21″) 35ʹ 2 19 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 1.33
FB-3 (10″x21″) 14.09ʹ 2 8 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.56
FB-4 (10″x21″) 10.83ʹ 1 7 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.25
FB-5 (10″x21″) 13.33ʹ 2 8 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.56
FB-6A (10″x21″) 35.83ʹ 1 19 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.67
FB-7 (10″x24″) 31.91ʹ 1 17 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.59
FB-8 (10″x21″) 31.91ʹ 1 17 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.59
FB-9 (10″x21″) 5.5ʹ 2 4 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.28
FB-10 (10″x18″) 10ʹ 1 6 0.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 0.21
Total = 7.02 cft
Table 6.4: Estimation of Beams Bottom Wooden Runners

79
6.8.3 Estimation of Bamboos for Beam
The estimation of beams bamboos are given below:
Beam
Types
Beam
Size (in)
Beam
Length (ft)
No of
Beam
Estimated
Bamboos
Actual
Number
Average
dia. of
Props (in)
Average
height of
Props (ft)
FB-1 (10″x21″) 54ʹ 2 56 54 7.29″ 8.85ʹ
FB-2 (10″x21″) 35ʹ 2 38 36 7.99″ 9.12ʹ
FB-3 (10″x21″) 14.09ʹ 2 16 14 6.84″ 8.96ʹ
FB-4 (10″x21″) 10.83ʹ 1 7 5 7.32″ 4.65ʹ
FB-5 (10″x21″) 13.33ʹ 2 16 14 7.03″ 8.76ʹ
FB-6A (10″x21″) 35.83ʹ 1 19 17 7.29″ 8.51ʹ
FB-7 (10″x24″) 31.91ʹ 1 17 18 7.87″ 8.36ʹ
FB-8 (10″x21″) 31.91ʹ 1 17 18 6.93″ 8.73ʹ
FB-9 (10″x21″) 5.5ʹ 2 8 8 7.81″ 8.76ʹ
FB-10 (10″x18″) 10ʹ 1 6 5 8.28″ 9.2ʹ
Total=200 nos Total=189 nos
Table 6.5: Estimation of Bamboos for Beams
Figure 6.9: Comparison between Actual number and estimated number of Bamboo for Beam
200
189
11
0
50
100
150
200
250
Estimated Number Actual Number Difference
Comparison between Actual & Estimated
number of Bamboos for Beam

80
6.8.4 Estimation of Wooden Planks for Slab
The estimation of slab wooden planks is given below:
Panel Name Panel Size Number of
Panel
Wood
Thickness (ft)
Total value ×
70%
Value (cft)
Panel-1 (18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ) 2 0.08″ 0.7 29.413
Panel-2 (19.5ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 0.08″ 0.7 20.778
Panel-3 (19.5ʹ×18.58ʹ) 1 0.08″ 0.7 21.050
Panel-4 (14.25ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 0.08″ 0.7 15.184
Panel-5 (18.58ʹ×14.25ʹ) 1 0.08″ 0.7 15.383
Lobby (10ʹ×4.33ʹ) 1 0.08″ 0.7 2.516
Varandah (2.83ʹ×37.33ʹ) 1 0.08″ 0.7 6.138
Total = 110.462 cft
Table 6.6: Estimation of Slab Wooden Planks
6.8.5 Estimation of Wooden Runners for Slab
The estimation of slab wooden runners is given below:
Panel
Name Panel Size
Number
of Panel
Number
of runner
Wood
length
(ft)
Wood
width
(ft)
Wood
thickness
(ft)
Volume
(cft)
Panel-1 (18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ) 2 11 13.5ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 12.62
Panel-2 (19.5ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 11 9.17ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 8.57
Panel-3 (19.5ʹ×18.58ʹ) 1 11 18.58ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 8.69
Panel-4 (14.25ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 8 9.17ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 6.24
Panel-5 (18.58ʹ×14.25ʹ) 1 11 14.25ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 6.66
Lobby (10ʹ×4.33ʹ) 1 6 4.33ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 1.10
Varandah (2.83ʹ×37.33ʹ) 1 20 2.83ʹ 0.25ʹ 0.17ʹ 2.41
Total = 46.29 cft
Table 6.7: Estimation of Slab Wooden Runners

81
6.8.6 Estimation of Bamboos for Slab
The estimation of bamboos that used in the slab is given below:
Panel
Name Panel Size
Number of
Panel
Estimated
Bamboos
Actual
Number
Average
dia. of
Props (in)
Average
height of
Props (ft)
Panel-1 (18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ) 2 154 142 7.88″ 10.12ʹ
Panel-2 (19.5ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 132 128 7.32″ 10.21ʹ
Panel-3 (19.5ʹ×18.58ʹ) 1 110 97 7.95″ 10.08ʹ
Panel-4 (14.25ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 96 88 8.14″ 10.26ʹ
Panel-5 (18.58ʹ×14.25ʹ) 1 88 84 7.77″ 9.92ʹ
Lobby (10ʹ×4.33ʹ) 1 18 16 8.06″ 9.89ʹ
Varandah (2.83ʹ×37.33ʹ) 1 40 36 7.46″ 10.18ʹ
Total=638 nos Total=591 nos
Table 6.8: Estimation of Bamboos for Slab
Figure 6.10: Comparison between Actual number and estimated number of Bamboo for Slab
638
591
47
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Estimated Number Actual Number Difference
Comparison between Actual & Estimation
Number of Bamboos for Slab

82
6.8.7 Estimation of Plain Sheet for Slab
The estimation of plain sheet that used in the slab is given below:
Panel
Name
Panel Size Panel
No.
Panel Area
(sft)
Plain Sheet
Size
Plain Sheet
Area (sft)
Plain Sheet
Used (nos)
Panel-1 (18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ) 2 506.25
(6ʹ×3ʹ) 18
28
Panel-2 (19.5ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 357.63 20
Panel-3 (19.5ʹ×18.58ʹ) 1 362.31 20
Panel-4 (14.25ʹ×9.17ʹ) 2 529.53 30
Panel-5 (18.58ʹ×14.25ʹ) 1 264.76 15
Lobby (10ʹ×4.33ʹ) 1 43.30 5
Varandah (2.83ʹ×37.33ʹ) 1 105.64 6
Total= 124
Table 6.9: Estimation of Plain Sheet for Slab

83
6.9 Beam & Slab Reinforcement Placing
6.9.1 Reinforcement placing of Beam
After finishing beam and slab shuttering they started working on reinforcement placing of beam.
In my site 3-20mm ϕ main bars at the bottom and 2-20mm ϕ main bars at the top was used in all
beams. The diameter of the stirrup was 10mm. Also there was extra top bars and extra bottom in
the beams. The extra top bars and extra bottom bar diameter was 16mm, 20mm and 25mm
respectively At first main longitudinal bars were placed in 3 feet above the beam shutter. As I
said early 3 bars at the bottom and 2 bars at the top were placed. Before placing those bars the
workers bent the bars from end for making development length. The main bars development
length was 6 inch. For beam top bars the lap was provided at the middle third zone of the span
and for bottom bars the lap was provided at the L/4 portion of one side of the span. After placing
the main bars then they marked top bars by white markers for arranging stirrups. After that they
started placing stirrups in the beams. Then they bind stirrups and main bars with steel wire. They
also placed extra top bars and extra bottom bars according to the drawing. The clear cover of the
extra top bar and extra bottom bars from main bars was 1 inch. They used 20mm bars in width of
beam to maintaining clear cover. The clear cover of the beam was 1.5 inch. They gave 1.5 inch
concrete blocks between stirrups and beam shutter for maintaining clear cover. The stirrup hook
length was (3×2) =6 inch and hook angle was 135º and stirrup spacing was 6″-9″-6″ @ C/C.
Figure 6.11: Reinforcement Bars of the Beam

84
Figure 6.12: Workers are Placing Reinforcement of Beam
Figure 6.13: Measuring Lapping length of Beam
Figure 6.14: Location of the Lapping Length
For bottom bar,
lap provided L/4
portion of the span
For top bar, lap
provided middle
portion of the span
FB-1
25″

85
Figure 6.15: Measuring Extra Top Bar of Beam
Figure 6.16: Measuring Development Length & Stirrup Hook Length
Figure 6.17: Measuring Stirrup Spacing in the middle & side of the Beam
Extra Top Bars25 mm bars
Used to maintain
clear cover
6 inch
3 inch
9 inch
6 inch
4ʹ-9″
FB-2

86
Beams lapping length adding with beams main bar:
Beam Bar
Type
Bar
Length
(ft)
No of
Lap
Lap
Length (ft)
Total Lap
Length
(ft)
Total Bar
length (ft)
FB-1
Main
Bar
56.42 2 2.08 4.16 60.58
FB-2 37.92 1 2.08 2.08 40
FB-6A 40.91 1 2.08 2.08 42.99
FB-7 40.91 1 2.08 2.08 42.99
FB-8 40.91 1 2.08 2.08 42.99
Table 6.9: Adding Lap length with Beams Main Bar
6.9.2 Estimation of Beam Reinforcement
Calculation of reinforcement for beam FB-1
Here, number of beam = 2
Main Bars
(3+2) -20mm ϕ = 5×0.75× {(19.5+19.5+15+0.83+0.5+1+2.66)-0.25}
= 5×0.75×59.08
= 221.55 kg
Stirrups
(Left side) = 17.5/7 = 30 = 31 nos rings
(Middle) = 17.9/7 =30.6 = 31 nos rings
(Right side) = 14/7 = 24.13 = 25 nos rings
Total rings = (31+31+25) = 87 nos
Here,
20mm ϕ =0.75 kg/ft
Development length= (6″+6″) =1ʹ
Left column=20/2=10″=0.83ʹ
Right column=12/2=6″=0.5ʹ
Clear cover= (1.5″+1.5″)=3″=0.25ʹ
Lapping length= 2.66ʹ
6″+9″+6″=21″; Average 21/3 = 7″

87
Ring length
Formula = 2× (A+B) +6″
= 2× (18+7) +6″
= 56″ = 4ʹ8″
= 4.67ʹ
87 -10mm ϕ = 87×0.19×4.67
= 74.38 kg
Extra top bars
Right side
2 -20mm ϕ = 2×0.75× (14/5+1+0.5) =6.60 kg
Middle right
1 -20mm ϕ = 1×0.75× (17.75/4+14/4+1) =7.81 kg
3 -20mm ϕ = 3×0.75×9.42 =21.44 kg
Middle left
1 -25mm ϕ = 1×1.19× (17.75/4+17.5/4+2.5) =15.48 kg
3 -20mm ϕ = 3×0.75×12.01 = 27.02 kg
Left side
3 -25mm ϕ = 3×1.19× (17.5/5+0.83) = 15.46 kg
3 -20mm ϕ = 3×0.75×3.33 = 7.49 kg
Extra bottom bars
Left side
2 -16mm ϕ = 2×0.48× {17.5- (17.5/8+17.5/8)}
= 2×0.48×13.13
= 12.6 kg
Middle side
2 -16mm ϕ = 2×0.48× {17.75- (17.75/8+17.75/8)}
= 2×0.48×13.32
= 12.79 kg
Total weight = (221.55+74.38+6.60+7.81+21.44+27.02+15.46+7.49+12.60+12.79) ×2
= 811.16 kg
A= 21″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 18″
B= 10″-(1.5″+1.5″) = 7″
Here,
10mm ϕ = 0.19 kg/ft
16mm ϕ = 0.48 kg/ft
20mm ϕ = 0.75 kg/ft
25mm ϕ = 1.19 kg/ft
Number of beam = 2

88
Estimation of beam reinforcement according to the design book is given below:BeamType
BeamSize
NoofBeam
BarTypes
BarDia
(mm)
Unit
Weight
(kg/ft)
NoofBar
BarLength
(ft)
Total
Length(ft)
Weight(kg)
FB-1
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 60.58 295.40 443.10
Extra Top
20 0.75 - - 98.63 147.95
25 1.18 - - 17.17 41.26
Extra Bottom 16 0.48 - - 26.32 25.26
Stirrup 10 0.19 87 4.67 406.29 154.39
Total= 811.16 kg
FB-2
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 40 196.25 294.38
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 50.07 75.10
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 14.67 22
Stirrup 10 0.19 59 4.67 275.53 104.70
Total= 496.18 kg
FB-3
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 19.83 99.15 148.73
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 60.76 91.14
Extra Bottom - - - - - -
Stirrup 10 0.19 26 4.67 121.42 46.14
Total= 286 kg
FB-4
(10″x21″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 12.83 64.15 48.11
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 12 9
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 7.50 5.62
Stirrup 10 0.19 18 4.67 84.06 15.97
Total= 78.70 kg
FB-5
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 15.92 79.6 119.4
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 24.58 36.87
Stirrup 10 0.19 24 4.67 112.08 42.58

89
Total= 198.88 kgFB-6A
(10″x21″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 42.99 211.20 158.4
Extra Top
20 0.75 - - 52.84 39.63
25 1.18 - - 12.76 15.05
Extra Bottom 16 0.48 - - 22.94 11.01
Stirrup 10 0.19 64 4.67 298.88 56.78
Total= 280.87 kg
FB-7
(10″x24″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 42.99 211.20 158.4
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 82.30 61.72
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 11.44 8.58
Stirrup 10 0.19 58 5.17 299.86 56.97
Total= 285.67 kg
FB-8
(10″x21″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 42.99 204.55 158.4
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 86.20 64.65
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 13.69 10.26
Stirrup 10 0.19 58 4.67 270.86 51.46
Total= 284.77 kg
FB-9
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 6 8.19 49.14 73.72
Extra Top - - - - - -
Stirrup 10 0.19 11 4.67 51.37 19.52
Total= 93.24 kg
FB-10
(10″x18″)
1
Main Bar 16 0.48 6 11.83 70.98 34.07
Extra Top 16 0.48 - - 2.71 1.30
Stirrup 10 0.19 18 4.17 75.06 14.26
Total= 49.63 kg
Total Weight= 2865.10 kg
Table 6.10: Estimation of Beam Reinforcement According to the Drawing

90
Estimation of beam reinforcement that actual used in the field is given below:BeamType
BeamSize
NoofBeam
BarTypes
BarDia
(mm)
Unit
Weight
(kg/ft)
NoofBar
BarLength
(ft)
Total
Length(ft)
Weight(kg)
FB-1
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 60.58 295.40 443.10
Extra Top
20 0.75 - - 98.63 147.94
25 1.18 - - 17.17 40.52
Extra Bottom 16 0.48 - - 26.32 25.27
Stirrup 10 0.19 89 4.67 415.63 157.92
Total= 814.74 kg
FB-2
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 40 196.25 294.38
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 50.07 75.10
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 14.67 22
Stirrup 10 0.19 62 4.67 289.54 110.02
Total= 501.50 kg
FB-3
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 19.83 99.15 148.73
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 60.76 91.14
Stirrup 10 0.19 28 4.67 130.76 49.68
Total= 289.54 kg
FB-4
(10″x21″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 12.83 64.15 48.11
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 12 9
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 7.50 5.63
Stirrup 10 0.19 19 4.67 88.73 16.86
Total= 79.60 kg
FB-5
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 15.92 79.60 119.40
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 24.58 36.88
Stirrup 10 0.19 24 4.67 112.08 42.58

91
Total= 198.88 kgFB-6A
(10″x21″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 42.99 211.20 158.4
Extra Top
20 0.75 - - 52.84 39.63
25 1.18 - - 12.76 15.06
Extra Bottom 16 0.48 - - 22.94 11.01
Stirrup 10 0.19 63 4.67 294.21 55.90
Total= 279.99 kg
FB-7
(10″x24″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 42.99 211.20 158.4
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 82.30 61.73
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 11.44 8.58
Stirrup 10 0.19 59 5.17 305.03 57.98
Total= 286.69 kg
FB-8
(10″x21″)
1
Main Bar 20 0.75 5 42.99 211.20 158.4
Extra Top 20 0.75 - - 86.20 64.65
Extra Bottom 20 0.75 - - 13.69 10.27
Stirrup 10 0.19 59 4.67 275.53 52.35
Total= 285.77 kg
FB-9
(10″x21″)
2
Main Bar 20 0.75 6 8.19 49.14 73.72
Extra Top - - - - - -
Stirrup 10 0.19 11 4.67 51.37 19.52
Total= 93.24 kg
FB-10
(10″x18″)
1
Main Bar 16 0.48 6 11.83 70.98 34.07
Extra Top 16 0.48 - - 2.71 1.30
Stirrup 10 0.19 17 4.17 70.89 13.47
Total= 48.84 kg
Total Weight= 2878.79 kg
Table 6.11: Estimation of Beam that Used in the Field

92
6.9.3 Comparison for Beam Reinforcement Bars
There was some slightly difference in reinforcement of beam that used in practical field with
design book. Descriptions are given below:
Beam Types Design Required (kg) Actual Used (kg) Difference (+/-)
FB-1 811.16 814.74 +3.58
FB-2 496.18 501.50 +5.32
FB-3 286 289.54 +3.54
FB-4 78.70 79.60 +0.90
FB-5 198.88 198.88 0.00
FB-6A 280.87 279.99 -0.88
FB-7 285.67 286.69 +1.02
FB-8 284.77 285.77 +1
FB-9 93.24 93.24 0.00
FB-10 49.63 48.84 -0.79
Table 6.12: Comparison of Beam Reinforcement
Figure 6.18: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) Used in Column
FB-1 FB-2 FB-3 FB-4 FB-5 FB-6A FB-7 FB-8 FB-9 FB-10
Design Required 811.16 496.18 286 78.7 198.88 280.87 285.67 284.77 93.24 49.63
Actual Used 814.74 501.5 289.54 79.6 198.88 279.99 286.69 285.77 93.24 48.84
Difference (+/-) 3.58 5.32 3.54 0.9 0 0.88 1.02 1 0 0.79
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Comparison of Reinforcement Bar Used in Beam

93
6.9.4 Reinforcement placing of Slab
After finishing the beam reinforcement work they started placing reinforcement of slab. In my
site 10 mm diameter reinforcement was used as main bar in short and long direction of the slab.
At first main bars was placed in short direction, then its binder was placed above the main bars in
long direction. After that they bind them together with steel wire. They placed main bars and its
binder according to the drawing. They placed crank bars in L/5 portion of the panel length.
Crank bars were placed alternatively. It means they placed one crank bar in between two straight
bars or one straight bar was placed in between two crank bars. In between the crank bars they
provided extra top bars. The extra top bars were provided above the straight bars. Extra top bar
provided in L/4 portion of the panel length and the bend portion of the crank bar is 1.5 inch.
During reinforcement bar placing I have checked spacing of the bars, clear cover of the bars
from the shuttering.
Figure 6.19: Placing Reinforcement of Slab
Figure 6.20: Reinforcement of Slab Placing Complete

94
Figure 6.21: Measuring Crank Length
Figure 6.22: Measuring Spacing of Top Bars
Figure 6.23: Measuring Spacing of Bottom Bars
L/5
6 inch
(7+7) =14
=14/2
=7 inch

95
6.9.5 Estimation of Slab Reinforcement
Calculation of reinforcement for slab Panel-2
Short Direction Reinforcement
Total reinforcement in short direction = 19.5/8.5
= 27
= 28 nos
Number of straight bar = 14
Number of CKD bar = 14
Number of extra top bars = same as straight bar = (14×2) ×2
= 56
Straight bar = 14× (9.17+0.83+0.83) ×0.19
= 28.80 kg
CKD bar = 14× (9.17+0.83+0.83+0.25) ×0.19
= 29.47 kg
Extra top bar = 56× (2.33+0.83) ×0.19
= 33.64 kg
Panel – 2
(19ʹ6″×9ʹ2″)
Short direction bar dia = 10mm ϕ @
8.5″ c/c ALT. CKD
Here,
10mm = 0.19 kg/ft
Provided extra top bar in both
direction, that’s why we have to
multiply by 2.
Here,
For Beam= (10″+10″) = (0.83+0.83)
For CKD= (1.5″+1.5″) = 3″ = 0.25
Diameter=0.19 kg/ft
Number of bar= 14
Here,
Extra top bar= L/4 = 2ʹ-4″
= 2.33
TOP BAR
a) 1-10 mm ϕ ext.betn ckd
b) 2-10 mm ϕ ext.betn ckd
c) 2-12 mm ϕ ext.betn ckd
BOTTOM BAR
3) 10 mm ϕ 8.5″ C/C ALT. CKD
4) 10 mm ϕ Binder 10″ C/C where necessary

96
Long Direction Reinforcement
Total reinforcement in long direction = 9.17/0.58
= 15.8
= 16 nos
Number of straight bar = 8
Number of CKD bar = 8
Number of extra top bars = same as straight bar = (8×2)
= 16
Straight bar = 8× (19.5+0.83+0.83) ×0.19
= 32.16 kg
CKD bar = 8× (19.5+0.83+0.83+0.25) ×0.19
= 32.54 kg
Extra top bar = 16× (4.92+0.83) ×0.19
= 17.48 kg
Total weight of bars in panel-2 = (28.80+29.47+16.82+32.16+32.54+17.48)
= 157.27 kg
Figure 6.24: Number of Panel in Slab
Long direction bar dia = 10mm ϕ @
7″ c/c ALT. CKD
Here,
10mm = 0.19 kg/ft
Here,
Extra top bar = L/4
= 19.5/4
= 4ʹ-11″
= 4.92
1
1
42
2
3 5
4
L V

97
Calculation of reinforcement bars for slab in short direction is given below:Panelname
Panelsize
Noofpanel
Bartypes
Bardiameter(mm)
Unitweight(kg/ft)
Noofbar
Barlength(ft)
Weight(kg)
Weightaccordingto
thedesign(kg)
Difference
(+/-)
Panel-1
18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ
2
Straight 10 0.19 17 15.16 97.94 101.48 -3.54
Crank 10 0.19 16 15.41 93.70 94.57 -0.89
Extra top 10 0.19 34 4.26 55.16 52.88 +2.28
Panel-2
19.5ʹ×9.17ʹ
2
Straight 10 0.19 14 10.83 57.62 59.68 -2.06
Crank 10 0.19 14 11.08 58.94 61.06 -2.12
Extra top 10 0.19 56 3.16 67.24 65.42 +1.82
Panel-3
19.5ʹ×18.58ʹ
1
Straight 10 0.19 20 20.24 76.91 78.86 -1.95
Crank 10 0.19 19 20.49 73.97 74.63 -0.66
Extra top 10 0.19 80 5.50 83.60 84.77 -1.17
Panel-4
14.25ʹ×9.17ʹ
2
Straight 10 0.19 11 10.83 45.26 48.76 -3.50
Crank 10 0.19 10 11.08 42.10 44.94 -2.84
Extra top 12 0.27 44 2.33 55.36 53.24 +2.12
Panel-5
18.58ʹ×14.25
ʹ
1
Straight 10 0.19 17 15.91 51.39 50.07 +1.32
Crank 10 0.19 16 16.16 49.13 48.56 +0.57
Extra top 10 0.19 68 3.58 46.25 46.87 -0.62
Lobby
10ʹ×4.33ʹ
1
Top bar 10 0.19 15 5.99 17.07 17.07 0
Bottom bar 10 0.19 15 5.99 17.07 17.07 0
Varandah
2.83ʹ×37.3ʹ
1
Top bar 10 0.19 46 3.66 31.98 31.98 0
Bottom bar 10 0.19 46 3.66 31.98 31.98 0
Total= 1052.67kg 1063.89kg -11.22
Table 6.13: Estimation of Beam Reinforcement in Short Direction

98
Calculation of reinforcement bars for slab in long direction is given below:Panelname
Panelsize
Noofpanel
Bartypes
Bardiameter(mm)
Unitweight(kg/ft)
Noofbar
Barlength(ft)
Weight(kg)
Weightaccordingto
thedesign(kg)
Difference
(+/-)
Panel-1
18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ
2
Straight 10 0.19 14 20.41 108.58 106.48 +2.10
Crank 10 0.19 13 20.66 106.06 103.72 +2.34
Extra top 10 0.19 28 5.50 58.52 60.96 -2.44
Panel-2
19.5ʹ×9.17ʹ
2
Straight 10 0.19 8 21.16 64.32 67.14 -2.82
Crank 10 0.19 8 21.44 65.18 67.82 -2.64
Extra top 10 0.19 16 5.75 34.96 37.36 -2.4
Panel-3
19.5ʹ×18.58ʹ
1
Straight 10 0.19 19 21.16 76.39 74.84 +1.55
Crank 10 0.19 19 21.44 77.39 75.43 +1.96
Extra top 10 0.19 76 5.75 83.03 85.12 -2.09
Panel-4
14.25ʹ×9.17ʹ
2
Straight 10 0.19 8 15.91 48.36 46.50 +1.86
Crank 10 0.19 8 16.16 49.12 48.04 +1.08
Extra top 12 0.27 16 4.41 38.10 40.26 -2.16
Panel-5
18.58ʹ×14.25
ʹ
1
Straight 10 0.19 15 20.24 57.68 55.40 +2.28
Crank 10 0.19 14 20.49 54.50 51.97 +2.53
Extra top 10 0.19 60 5.50 89.10 87.63 +1.47
Lobby
10ʹ×4.33ʹ
1
Top bar 10 0.19 7 11.66 15.51 15.51 0
Bottom bar 10 0.19 7 11.66 15.51 15.51 0
Varandah
2.83ʹ×37.3ʹ
1
Top bar 10 0.19 4 37.33 28.37 28.37 0
Bottom bar 10 0.19 4 37.33 28.37 28.37 0
Total= 1099.05kg 1096.43kg +2.62
Table 6.14: Estimation of Beam Reinforcement in Long Direction

99
6.9.6 Comparison for Slab Reinforcement Bars
Comparison of Reinforcement Bars for Slab in Long Direction of bar diagram is given below:
Figure 6.25: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) for Slab in Long Direction
Comparison of Reinforcement Bars for Slab in Short Direction of bar diagram is given below:
Figure 6.26: Comparison of Reinforcement Bars (kg) for Slab in Short Direction
1099.05
1096.43
2.62
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Actual Used
Design Required
Difference (+/-)
Comparison of Reinforcement (kg) for Slab in
Long Direction
1052.67
1063.89
11.22
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Actual Used
Design Required
Difference (+/-)
Comparison of Reinforcement (kg) for Slab in
Short Direction

100
6.10 Beam & Slab Casting
After finishing the reinforcement work of beam and slab, they were preparing for beam and slab
casting. The beam and slab was casted together in my site. Casting was started at 7.30 am in my
site. The materials that used in the casting were cement, Sand and brick chips. 67% sylhet sand
and 33% local sand used during the casting. Local sand was used to reduce the cost. They used
mixer machine for mixing the concrete. Mixture machine was used for making the concrete
mixture. The mixing ratio of the concrete was 1:2:4.
Figure 6.27: Slab & Beam Casting
Figure 6.28: Mixer Machine Used for Mixing Concrete

101
Figure 6.29: Using Vibrator for Compaction of Concrete
Figure 6.30: Concrete Leveling Process of Slab Surface
Figure 6.31: Using Roof Hoist

102
6.10.1 Estimation of Beam & Slab Casting
In my site the beam and slab were casted together. But here, I estimated beam and slab casting
individually. There are 10 types of beam and 7 types of panel (including lobby and varandah) are
there. The estimation of the materials that used on beams and slab are given below:
Panel- 1
Number of panel = 2
Panel thickness = 5" = 0.43'
Panel size = (18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ)
Panel volume = (18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ×0.43) = 108.84 cft
Total casting = (108.84×2) = 217.68 cft [no. of panel= 2]
Dry volume = (217.68×1.5) = 326.53 cft
Mixing ratio = 1:2:4
Summation of the ratio = (1+2+4) = 7
Cement = (326.53/7) ×1 = 46.65 cft
= 37.32 bags [1.25 cft = 1 bag]
Sand = (326.53/7) ×2 = 93.29 cft
Brick Chips = (326.53/7) ×4 = 186.58 cft
Estimation of the casting materials for slab is given in table:
Panel
Name Panel Size
Panel
Thickness
(in)
Panel
No
Volume
(cft)
Dry
Volume
(cft)
Cement
(bag)
Sand
(cft)
Brick
Chips
(cft)
Panel-1 (18.75ʹ×13.5ʹ) 5″ 2 217.68 326.53 37.32 93.29 186.58
Panel-2 (19.5ʹ×9.17ʹ) 5″ 2 153.78 230.67 26.36 65.91 131.81
Panel-3 (19.5ʹ×18.58ʹ) 5.5″ 1 166.66 249.99 28.57 71.43 142.85
Panel-4 (14.25ʹ×9.17ʹ) 5″ 2 112.37 168.56 19.26 48.16 96.32
Panel-5 (18.58ʹ×14.25ʹ) 5″ 1 113.84 170.76 19.52 48.79 97.57
Lobby (10ʹ×4.33ʹ) 5″ 1 18.62 27.93 3.19 7.98 15.96
Varanda (2.83ʹ×37.33ʹ) 6″ 1 52.82 79.23 9.05 22.64 45.27
Total= 143.27 358.2 716.36
Table 6.15: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Slab

103
Beam Type- FB1
Number of beam = 2
Beam length = 55.58'
Beam size = (10"×21") = (0.58'×1.75')
Volume of column = (0.58'×1.75'×55.58') = 56.41 cft
Total casting = (56.41×2) = 112.82 cft [no. of beam= 2]
Dry volume = (112.82×1.5) = 169.23 cft
Cement = (169.23/7) ×1 = 24.18 cft
= 19.34 bags [1.25 cft = 1 bag]
Sand = (169.23/7) ×2 = 48.35 cft
Brick Chips = (169.23/7) ×4 = 96.70 cft
Estimation of the casting materials for beam is given in table:
Beam
Types Beam Size
Beam
Length
(ft)
No of
Beam
Volume
(cft)
Dry
Volume
(cft)
Cement
(bag)
Sand
(cft)
Brick
Chips
(cft)
FB-1 (10″x21″) 55.58ʹ 2 112.82 169.23 19.34 48.35 96.70
FB-2 (10″x21″) 36.25ʹ 2 105.13 157.69 18.02 45.05 90.09
FB-3 (10″x21″) 18.33ʹ 2 53.16 79.74 9.11 22.78 45.56
FB-4 (10″x21″) 18.67ʹ 1 27.07 40.61 4.64 11.60 23.21
FB-5 (10″x21″) 15.17ʹ 2 43.99 65.98 7.54 18.85 37.70
FB-6A (10″x21″) 40.25ʹ 1 58.36 87.54 10 25.01 50.02
FB-7 (10″x24″) 40.25ʹ 1 66.82 100.22 11.45 28.63 57.27
FB-8 (10″x21″) 40.25ʹ 1 58.36 87.54 10 25.01 50.02
FB-9 (10″x21″) 7.17ʹ 2 20.79 31.19 3.56 8.91 17.82
FB-10 (10″x18″) 11.67ʹ 1 14.59 21.88 2.50 6.25 12.50
Total= 96.16 240.4 480.80
Table 6.16: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Beam

104
As I said earlier, the beam and slab was casted together in my site. So the summation of the
casting materials of beam and slab are:
The total cement estimation = (96.16+143.27) = 239.43 bags
The total sand estimation = (240.40+358.20) = 598.60 cft
The total brick chips estimation = (480.80+716.36) = 1197.16 cft
But in the field total cement used = 226 bags = 282.50 cft [1 bag =1.25 cft]
Dry volume = (282.50×7)/1 = 1977.50 cft [mixing ratio =7]
Actual used of sand = (1977.50/7) ×2 = 565 cft
Actual used of brick chips = (1977.50/7) ×4 = 1130 cft
Comparison between estimation and actual use of casting materials in the field is given below:
Sand 598.60 cft 565 cft -33.60
Table 6.17: Comparison of Casting Materials for Beam & Slab
Figure 6.32: Comparison of Casting Materials for Beam & Slab
Cement (bag) Sand (cft) Brick Chips (cft)
Estimated 239.43 598.6 1197.16
Actual used 226 565 1130
Difference 13.43 33.6 67.16
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400

105
6.11 Slab Curing Work
After the casting, next day they gave water on the surface of the slab for curing work. Before that
they made a temporary boundary from cement mortal. They were curing the slab for 21 days.
Figure 6.33: Curing Work of Slab
6.12 Beam & Slab De-Shuttering
The shuttering of the beam and slab was removed after 21 days from casting.
Figure 6.34: De-Shuttering of Beam & Slab

106
6.13 Work Schedule for Beam & Slab
Figure 6.35: Beam & Slab Work Schedule

107
CHAPTER SEVEN:
Construction of Stair
7.1 General
In this chapter I am going to discuss the construction works of stair case and its whole procedure
including shuttering work, reinforcement work, casting and curing.
7.2 About Stair
Stair is an important component of a building. It is a series of steps for passing from one level to
another. In a building it is a path to go from floor to another. So everyone needs special
consideration to fix the good location and to do proper construction works of stair case.
7.3 Stair Layout Plan
By looking at the stair layout plan we can easily found stair case size, landing size, number of
flight, number of tread and the details of reinforcement bar that used in the stair.
Figure 7.1: Stair Plan

108
In my project, the stair case had four flights (shows in fig 7.1). The first and third flights were
same and it had five steps. The second and fourth flights were also same and it had three steps.
The tread width was 10 inch and the riser height was 6 inch. The waist slab length of first and
third flights was 4 ft 11 inch and the waist slab length of second and fourth flights was 2 ft 11
inch. The thickness of the stair was 6 inch. The stair case had four landing and the dimension of
those four landing was same. The landing dimension was 3 ft 9 inch X 3 ft 9 inch (3ʹ-9″×3ʹ-9″).
7.4 Stair Reinforcement Details
The reinforcement that used in the stair was 10 mm and 12 mm bars. 12 mm bar used in long
direction of the stair and 10 mm bar used in short direction of the stair.
Figure 7.2: Stair Plan with Reinforcement Details
1st and 3rd flights of stair with reinforcement details
2nd & 4th flights of stair with reinforcement details

109
7.5 Construction Work of Stair
The whole construction process of stair case can be done by these following steps. The
steps are given below:
1. Stair shuttering work
2. Stair reinforcement placing
3. Tread and riser placing
4. Stair Casting
5. Stair curing work
7.6 Stair shuttering work
At first they provided bamboo as props to supports the runners. The distance between one
bamboo to another was 2 feet. After providing bamboo props, they placed wooden runners above
the bamboo props. The wooden runners were placed in short direction of the waist slab and
landing. The distance between one runner to another was also 2 feet. Then they placed wooden
planks above the runners. The wooden planks were used 70% of total area of the waist slab.
After that they provided plain sheet over the wooden planks.
Figure 7.3: Workers were Making Shuttering Figure 7.4: Shuttering of Waist Slab

110
Figure 7.5: Waist Slab Sides Wood Figure 7.6: Bamboo Props Supporting Runners
7.7 Estimation of Shuttering
I estimated wooden planks, wooden runners and bamboo props of shuttering for stair case.
Shuttering estimation of wooden planks, wooden runners and bamboo props for stair are given.
7.7.1 Estimation of Wooden Planks for Stair
The estimation of stair flight sides wooden planks are given below:
Flight Name No of Side Wood Length
(ft)
Wood
Width (ft)
Wood
Thickness (ft)
Volume (cft)
1st
Flight 2 5.10 1.5 0.08 1.22
2nd
Flight 2 2.92 1.5 0.08 0.70
3rd
Flight 2 5.10 1.5 0.08 1.22
4th
Flight 2 2.92 1.5 0.08 0.70
Total= 3.84
Table 7.1: Estimation of Stair Flight sides Wooden Planks
The estimation of stair flight bottoms (waist slab) wooden planks are given below:
Flight Name Wood Length
(ft)
Wood Width
(ft)
Wood
Thickness (ft)
Total value ×
70%
Volume (cft)
1st
Flight 5.10 3.75 0.08 0.7 1.07
2nd
Flight 2.92 3.75 0.08 0.7 0.61
3rd
Flight 5.10 3.75 0.08 0.7 1.07
4th
Flight 2.92 3.75 0.08 0.7 0.61
Total= 3.36
Table 7.2: Estimation of Stair Flight Bottoms (Waist Slab) Wooden Planks

111
The estimation of stair landings wooden planks are given below:
Landing Name Wood Length (ft) Wood Width (ft) Wood Thickness (ft) Volume (cft)
1st
Landing 3.75 3.75 0.08 1.13
2nd
Landing 4.25 3.75 0.08 1.28
3rd
Landing 4.25 3.75 0.08 1.28
4th
Landing 3.75 3.75 0.08 1.13
Total= 4.82
Table 7.3: Estimation of Stair Landing Wooden Planks
7.7.2 Estimation of Wooden Runners for Stair
The estimation of stair flight sides wooden runners are given below:
Flight Name No of
Side
No of
Runner
Runner
length (ft)
Runner
Width (ft)
Runner
Thickness (ft)
Volume
(cft)
1st
Flight 2 3 1.75 0.25 0.17 0.45
2nd
Flight 2 2 1.75 0.25 0.17 0.29
3rd
Flight 2 3 1.75 0.25 0.17 0.45
4th
Flight 2 2 1.75 0.25 0.17 0.29
Total= 1.48
Table 7.4: Estimation of Stair Flight sides Wooden Runners
The estimation of stair flight bottoms and landing wooden runners are given below:
Flight/Landing
Name
No of
Runner
Runner length
(ft)
Runner Width
(ft)
Runner
Thickness (ft)
Volume (cft)
1st
Flight 3 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.48
1st
Landing 2 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.32
2nd
Flight 2 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.32
2nd
Landing 2 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.32
3rd
Flight 3 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.48
3rd
Landing 2 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.32
4th
Flight 2 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.32
4th
Landing 2 3.75 0.25 0.17 0.32
Total= 2.88
Table 7.5: Estimation of Stair Flight Bottoms & Landing Wooden Planks

112
7.7.3 Estimation of Bamboos for Stair
The estimation of stairs bamboo props are given below:
Flight/Landing Name Estimated Bamboos Actual Number Average dia of Props (in)
1st
Flight 6 6 7.14″
1st
Landing 4 4 6.76″
2nd
Flight 4 4 6.95″
2nd
Landing 4 4 7.05″
3rd
Flight 6 6 7.34″
3rd
Landing 4 4 6.88″
4th
Flight 4 4 7.43″
4th
Landing 4 4 7.25″
Total= 36 Total= 36
Table 7.6: Estimation of Stairs Bamboo Props
7.8 Stair Reinforcement Placing
After finishing the stair shuttering work they started placing reinforcement bar for stair. In my
site 12 mm diameter reinforcement was used as main bar in long direction of the stair. 10 mm
diameter reinforcement bar used in short direction of the stair as binder. In landing of the stair
the spacing of main bar at top layer was 12mm @ 5″ C/C and at bottom layer was 12mm @10″
C/C. In waist slab the spacing of main bar at bottom layer was 12mm @ 5″ C/C and the spacing
of binder at bottom layer was 10mm @ 8″ C/C. They also provided 12 mm diameter
reinforcement bar at top layer in L/4 portion of the waist slab.
Figure 7.7: Placing reinforcement Bar of Stair

113
Figure 7.8: Bar Details of Stair (Landing) Figure 7.9: Bar Details of Stair (Waist Slab)
Reinforcement bars calculation of stair case is given below:
Flight
Type
NOS
Layer
Type
Bar
Type
Bar
Dia.
(mm)
Unit
Weight
(kg/ft)
No. of Bar
Bar
length
(ft)
Total
length
(ft)
Weight
(kg)Bar
Req.
Actual
Used
WaistSlab
(1st
&3rd
)
2
Top Main 12 0.27 7 7 2.56 17.92 9.68
Binder 10 0.19 6 6 3.75 22.50 8.56
Bottom Main 12 0.27 10 10 5.10 51 27.54
Binder 10 0.19 9 9 3.75 33.75 12.82
WaistSlab
(2nd
&4th
)
2
Top Main 12 0.27 7 7 1.46 10.22 5.52
Binder 10 0.19 4 4 3.75 15 5.70
Bottom Main 12 0.27 10 10 2.92 29.20 15.76
Binder 10 0.19 5 5 3.75 18.75 7.12
Landing
4
Top Main 12 0.27 10 10 3.75 37.50 40.50
Binder 10 0.19 7 7 3.75 26.25 19.95
Bottom Main 12 0.27 6 6 3.75 22.50 24.30
Binder 10 0.19 7 7 3.75 26.25 19.95
Total = 197.40 kg
Table 7.7: Estimation of Reinforcement of Waist Slab for Stair
12 mm @ 5″ C/C
(Both top & bottom layer) (L/4)
12 mm @ 10″ C/C
(Binder)
10 mm @ 8″ C/C
12 mm @ 5″ C/C
(Bottom layer)

114
7.9 Tread & Riser Placing
After finishing the reinforcement work of stair case, they were working on tread and riser
placing. According to the design tread and riser woods were placed above the reinforcement of
the waist slab. In my project the stair had four flights. 1st
and 3rd
flights were same and it had 5
steps. 2nd
and 4th
flights were same and it had 3 steps. They used plumb bob for measuring the
vertical adjustment of placing tread and riser. They also used water leveling process for
measuring the horizontal adjustment of placing tread and riser. The tread height was 6 inch and
the riser width was 10 inch.
Figure 7.10: Steps of Stair
Figure 7.11: Measuring Vertical & Horizontal Adjustment by Plumb bob & Water Leveling Process
Second flight
3 steps
First flight
5 steps
Water leveling processPlumb bob

115
Figure 7.12: Checking Tread Height Figure 7.13: Checking Riser Width
7.10 Stair Casting
After placing tread and riser they were preparing for stair casting work. In my project, the stair
casting work was done in two steps. In first step they casted two flights of the stair. The other
two flights were casted during the slab casting. The materials that used in the casting work were
brick chips, sylhet sand and cement. Local sand was also used. It was add to reduce cost. The
mixing ratio of the concrete was 1:2:4. The thickness of the stair is 6 inch.
Figure 7.14: Stair Casting
6 inch
10 inch

116
7.10.1 Estimation of Stair Casting
The estimation of the materials that used on stair casting is given below:
Landing
Number of landing = 4
Landing thickness = 6" = 0.5'
Landing area = (3.75ʹ×3.75ʹ)
Landing volume = (3.75ʹ×3.75ʹ×0.5') = 7.03 cft
Total volume = (7.03×4) = 28.12 cft [no. of landing= 4]
Dry volume = (28.12×1.5) = 42.18 cft
Cement = (42.18/7) ×1 = 6.03 cft
= 4.82 bags [1.25 cft = 1 bag]
Sand = (42.18/7) ×2 = 12.05 cft
Brick Chips = (42.18/7) ×4 = 24.10 cft
Waist Slab
Number of waist slab = 2
Waist slab thickness = 6" = 0.5'
Waist slab area = (3.75ʹ×5.10ʹ) [1st
and 3rd
waist slab]
Waist slab volume = (3.75ʹ×5.10ʹ×0.5') = 9.56 cft
Total volume = (9.56×2) = 19.13 cft [no. of waist slab= 2]
Dry volume = (19.13×1.5) = 28.69 cft
Cement = (28.69/7) ×1 = 4.09 cft
= 3.28 bags [1.25 cft = 1 bag]
Sand = (28.69/7) ×2 = 8.19 cft
Brick Chips = (28.69/7) ×4 = 16.39 cft

117
Steps
Number of steps = 16
Step length = 3.75ʹ
Tread length = 6" = 0.5ʹ
Riser height = 10" = 0.83ʹ
Step area = (1/2×0.5ʹ×0.83ʹ)
Step volume = (1/2×0.5ʹ×0.83'×3.75ʹ) = 0.78 cft
Total volume = (0.78×16) = 12.45 cft [no. of step= 16]
Dry volume = (12.45×1.5) = 18.68 cft
Cement = (18.68/7) ×1 = 2.67 cft
= 2.14 bags [1.25 cft = 1 bag]
Sand = (18.68/7) ×2 = 5.34 cft
Brick Chips = (18.68/7) ×4 = 10.68 cft
Estimation of the casting materials for stair is given in table:
Flight
Types
NOS Area (sft) Thickness
(in)
Volume
(cft)
Dry
Volume
(cft)
Cement
(bag)
Sand
(cft)
Brick
Chips
(cft)
Landing 4 3.75ʹ×3.75ʹ 6" 28.12 42.18 4.82 12.05 24.10
Waist Slab
(1st
& 3rd
)
2 3.75ʹ×5.10ʹ 6" 19.13 28.69 3.80 8.19 16.39
Waist Slab
(2nd
& 4th
)
2 3.75ʹ×2.92ʹ 6" 10.95 16.43 1.88 4.69 9.39
Steps 16 1/2×0.5ʹ×0.83ʹ - 12.45 18.68 2.14 5.34 10.68
Total= 12.64 30.27 60.56
Table 7.8: Estimation of the Casting Materials of Stair

118
But in the field total cement used = 11 bags [1 bag = 1.25 cft]
= 13.75 cft
Dry volume = (13.75×7)/1 = 96.25 cft [mixing ratio = 7]
Actual used of sand = (96.25/7) ×2 = 27.50 cft
Actual used of brick chips = (96.25/7) ×4 = 55 cft
Comparison of casting materials between estimation and actual used in the field is given below:
Sand 30.27 cft 27.50 cft -2.77
Table 7.9: Comparison of Casting Materials for Stair
Figure 7.15: Comparison of Casting Materials for Stair
Cement (bag) Sand (cft) Stone Chips (cft)
Estimated 12.64 30.27 60.56
Actual used 11 27.5 55
Difference 1.64 2.77 5.56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

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7.11 Stair Curing Work
After the casting, next day started curing work of stair. They wrapped the stair case by jute
fabric. They spread water by hose pipe constantly. They did it almost 15 days.
Figure 7.16: Curing Work of Stair
7.12 Work Schedule for Stair
Figure 7.17: Stair Work Schedule

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CHAPTER EIGHT:
Conclusion
8.1 General
In this chapter I have talked about the things that I have learned during my practicum period. I
have also give conclusion of the entire report of construction work of my project.
8.2 Knowledge Development
During my three months practicum period I have learned many things from my site. Before that I
didn’t know much about construction works in the practical field. Things that I have learned
from my site are given below:
– Before that I didn’t know much about design specifications but now I know about it.
– Before that I didn’t understand much structural drawing, now I understand it fully.
– Before that I didn’t know what project engineer’s task is, but now I know.
– Before that I didn’t knew much about contraction materials, but now I know many things
about contraction material properties.
– I have learned how to estimated shuttering materials, reinforcement bars.
– I have also learned about casting materials.
– I have learned the process of reinforcement bars placement.
– I have learned how to manage construction work properly.
– I have learned how to deal with supervisor, contractor and labours.
8.3 Conclusion
Before joining here I did not know much about the construction work process. But now I have
learned so many things concerning the construction work. I have learned about structural
drawing and its design specifications. I have learned about the estimation of shuttering,
reinforcement bars and casting materials. I also learned about the reinforcement placement work.
The theoretical knowledge that I have gained from studying for the last four year, while
observing the construction work I have found there has been huge difference between the
theoretical knowledge with practical work. It was not possible to oversee the whole construction

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works in three months. But I have tried my best to learn the process of construction work in this
short time.
It was a great learning experience at Basic Builders Ltd construction project for three months. I
think this experience will be helpful in my future career. I am very much thankful to Basic
Builders Ltd for the support.
8.4 References
 Design of Concrete Structures by H. Nilson, David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan
 Engineering Materials by Dr. M.A. Aziz
 http://www.basicbuildersltd.com/

Civil Engineering Practicum Report

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