contribution of city planning principles to promote well being

1. Seminar [2016-2017]
CITY PLANNING AS
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
-SOUNDARYA JUPUDI
MASTERS IN CITY PLANNING
IIT KHARAGPUR

2. AIM :
Study of how characteristics of the urban environment combine to shape health
outcomes.
OBJECTIVE :
• To understand the perspectives of public health and
its interdependence on city planning.
• To understand various aspects of health that influence city planning.
• Study of urban health challenges of today.
SCOPE :
• Relational and systems approach to urban health, requiring health
assessments that help urban policy making.
• Provides details for the city planning as preventive medicine strategies.
LIMITATIONS :
The project shall not deal with city planning in Indian context.

3. METHODOLOGY
UNDERSTANDING THE INTER DEPENDENCE
OF CITY PLANNING & PUBLIC HEALTH
CONTRIBUTIONS OF CITY PLANNING TO PUBLIC HEALTH
HISTORY
INFLUENCE OF CITY PLANNING OVER PUBLIC HEALTH
IMPROVEMENT AND BENEFITS
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
APPROACH

4. CITY PLANNING
Work to improve the
welfare of community.
Geographic model Biomedical model
PUBLIC HEALTH
Disease prevention &
control.
Hygienic and healthy
surroundings.
INTERDEPENDENCE OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND CITY PLANNING :
COMMON MISSION AND
PERSPECTIVE
• Improve human well being.
• Emphasize needs assessment.
• Manage complex social systems.
• Focus on population level.
• Needs of vulnerable population.
CONVENIENT EQUITABLE EFFICIENT

5. source : City planning for health and sustainable development
European Sustainable Development and Health Series: 2

6. Promotes or discourages
physical activity.
Disaster management.
Air quality & respiratory
health
Water quality
Sanitation
Incidence of disease
outbreak
Quality of life
Mental well being
Barrier free environment
Pedestrian injuries
Road accidents
Deaths
BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
( community spaces,
neighborhood ,
walkways, open
spaces )
URBAN DESIGN &
ROAD NETWORK
LAND USE PATTERN
NEIGHBOURHOOD
DESIGN
INFLUENCE OF CITY PLANNING OVER PUBLIC HEALTH :

7. 1854 CHOLERA OUTBREAK , LONDON :
Caused by sewage pollution in drinking water.
Geographic analysis was the key planning tool to identify the issue.
source : UCLA School of public health, department of epidemiology.

8. 1872
• Connections among sanitation and health conditions. By Frederick law Olmsted
1902
• Garden city concept by Ebenezer Howard
• Solution to unhealthy conditions and shift from over crowded areas to low density sub-
urban areas.
1913
• Proposal of classic urban fabric over sub-urban areas.
1920 & 1930
• Increase in efficiency towards hygienic conditions
• Control of diseases
• Functional sanitation systems.
Less of a need for reformers and planners to deal directly with health concerns
Growth of urban areas.
1999
• World health organization highlights the aspects of urban environments that support
health
• city planning to deal with environmental issues again through the lens of sustainability, but
without a direct focus on health
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CITY PLANNING AND PUBLIC HEALTH :

9. URBAN CHALLENGES OF TODAY :
• Urbanization is outpacing the development of infrastructure,
• Industrialization and mass immigration.
• Increasing demand for housing and jobs in urban areas.
• Leading causes of death shifted from infectious diseases to chronic
conditions
CLOSED SYSTEM
whole is equal to the sum of its
individual parts
Mechanistic world view
Static & Isolated planning
policies
Unsustainable
Fragmented
Rigid
OPEN SYSTEM
the whole as greater than the
sum of the parts
Ecological world view
Dynamic planning policies
Sustainable
Adaptable
Flexible

10. APPROACH :
Integration of public health issues with urban planning.
Role of public health sector Implication on city planning
• Impact of changes in built
environment on population.
• Traffic studies & impact of
automobile on air quality.
• Study of pedestrian injury
patterns.
• Impact of land use pattern on
public health.
 Designing communities around people
rather than around automobiles.
 Promote liveable community, reduce
violence.
 Encourage use of mass transit system
and non polluting vehicle.
 Changing existing zoning codes to
encourage multiuse land-development
Patterns.

11. Improvement of current situation :
• Create more walk able neighbourhoods including incorporating connected street
networks, higher density
• Mixed use planning,
• Reduced exposure to traffic
• Use of public transport
• The provision of high quality infrastructure to supports active modes of transport (cycle
paths and cycle parking)
• Improve urban design policy and the study of its impact on different population groups
• Age friendly urban design that caters for young and older members of the community
• Research on the independent effects of urban form on sense of community and
mental health.
Source: City planning for health and sustainable development.

12. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION launched Health Cities Programme in 1986.
• Liverpool, United Kingdom
• Copenhagen, Denmark
• Chittagong, Bangladesh
• Lodz, Poland
LEVELS OF HEALTH INTEGRATION IN PLANNING :
LEVEL 1
recognition of the essential life support role of
settlements
LEVEL 2
recognition of facets of settlement planning and
design affect health and well-being
LEVEL 3
Mesh with environmental sustainability, social
justice and economic development
Source: City planning for health and sustainable development.

13. CASE STUDY : HAFENCITY , HAMBURG
One of the largest water front developments of Europe…
Began in 1999, is expected to be completed by 2030.
Population : 95 / hectare
HISTORY:
Brownfield development area is 157 hectares in size, with 123 hectares of land
area.
AIM :
create a 'compact' city of short journeys with residential areas that are
compatible with the neighbouring port activity
OBJECTIVES :
• Approach to tackling future-adaptive urban development.
• To protect and enhance human network
• Revitalization of downtown.
• Bringing people closer to water.
• Sustainability of city during flood events.

14. LOCATION
1. DALMANNKAI
2. GRASSBROOK
3. STRANDKAL
4. OBERSEEQUARTIER
5. ERICUS
6. ELBTORQUARTIER
7. AM LOHSEPARK
8. OBERHAFEN
9. BAAKENHAFEN
10.ELBBRUKEN
1
3
2
4
6
5
7 8
9 10

15. DESIGN APPROACH ADOPTED :
• UNRESTRICTED VIEW OF
WATERFRONT TO ALL BUILDINGS
• PROVISION OF COURTYARDS
WITHIN SAME BUILDING.
• ARRANGEMENT OF BUILT FORM TO
SHARE COURTYARD OPEN TO WATER
FRONT ON ONE SIDE.
• ARRANGEMENT OF BUILT FORM AND
PUBLIC AREA OPEN TO WATER
FRONT ON BOTH SIDE.
• ELEVATED AS WELL AS SLOPING
PUBLIC AREAS NEAR WATER FRONT.
• ELEVATED PUBLIC AREAS WITH LOW
RISE BUILT FORM.
Source: Hafencity Hamburg ,essentials quarters projects.
• GROUPED AROUND INTERNAL
COURTYARDS OPENING TOWARD
• ‘TOWER’ LIKE BUILDING
FORM FOR 3600 VIEWS.

16. Source : http://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/hafencity-development-facts-and-figures.html

17. Source : http://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/hafencity-development-facts-and-figures.html

18. LAND DISTRIBUTION :
Source : http://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/hafencity-development-facts-and-figures.html

19. MARCO
POLO
TERRACES
MAGELLAN
TERRACES
PUBLIC OPEN SPACES :

20. Source: Hafencity Hamburg ,essentials quarters projects.

21. Source: Hafencity Hamburg ,essentials quarters projects.

22. • FOR NO MEASURES TAKEN
• BUILDING DIKES
• ELEVATED FOUNDATIONS
ACHIEVEMENTS:
•EFFICIENT LAND USE :
Enhancing the ecological value of old
industrial area.
•MIXED LAND USE :
Work places , cultural & leisure facilities are
closely clustered.
•PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION &
SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY:
Obstacle free routes – cyclists & pedestrian
areas are isolated form motorized traffic.
Use of electrical vehicles.
Subways and metros.
•DISASTER MANAGEMENT :
Sustainability of city during flood events.
Source: Hafencity Hamburg ,essentials quarters
projects.

23. CONTRIBUTIONS OF CITY PLANNING TO PUBLIC HEALTH
PHYSICAL SURVIVAL
Provision of basic needs & built environment
MENTAL SURVIVAL
Supportive community & neighborhood
HEALTH AWARENESS
Public participation & prevention
HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE
Infrastructure & facilities
Healthy
environment&
lifestyle
WELL
BEING
Source: City planning for health and sustainable development.

24. CONCLUSION
 work in an interdisciplinary manner.
 efforts to reduce place based poverty, hazardous living conditions
 contribute to health outcomes for different population groups living across
urban neighbourhoods.
 They must accept the fact that diverse populations understand their own
needs and can offer significant contributions to the planning process.

25. BIBLIOGRAPHY :
Duhl .L.J. (1999).Healthy cities And the city Planning Process ; A background
Document on links Between health and Urban. Europe.
Corburn .Jason.(2015).city planning as preventive medicine,
Preventive medicine source : www.elsevier.com/locate/ypmed
Retrieved from the guardian:
https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/mar/15/john-snow-cholera-
map
J. Jackson. Richard.(2010).Creating A Healthy Environment: The Impact of the
Built Environment on Public Health. Washington.
World Health Organisation.(1997).City planning for health and sustainable
development: European Sustainable Development and Health Series:
2.Copenhagen.
Retrieved from HafenCity Hamburg GmbH:
Source: http://www.hafencity.com/en/media/news.html
HafenCity Hamburg ,essentials quarters projects march 2016 English

26. Marcus . Clare Cooper .(2007) Interdisciplinary Design and Research
Volume I, Issue I: Design and Health.
Farley. Thomas.(2009). Active design guidelines : promoting physical activity
and health in design. New York
Drummond. Jocelyn Pak.(2013) A History of Health + Urbanism + Architecture.
the American institute of Architects.
Corburn .Jason.(2009). Toward the healthy city :People, places, and the politics
of urban planning. Massachusetts

27. THANK YOU