This document summarizes the key points about referencing and citation styles from a lecture delivered by Dr. V. E. Unegbu. It discusses that referencing and citation are done to avoid plagiarism and acknowledge other people's work. It then explains some common referencing styles like MLA, Harvard, and APA and provides examples of how to reference different materials like books, journal articles, websites using these styles.

1. REFERENCING
LECTURE DELIVERED AT
THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
BABCOCK UNIVERSITY
BY
Dr. V. E. UNEGBU

2. CITATION &REFERENCING
• Referencing is done to show respect to the
copyright owners’ of works used in the course
of writing.
• It is an acknowledgement of other people’s
work cited or paraphrased while writing your
own work.

3. CITATION AND REFERENCING
• Citation and referencing go hand in hand and
both are solutions to plagiarism.
• Plagiarism is the act of copying someone’s
work without acknowledging it. It is using
someone’s mental endeavour as if it is your
own.
• It is stealing someone’s work.
• Citation is an act of quoting. It is citing
someone’s work when it is used by another.

4. TYPES OF CITATION/REFERENCING
• Citation made in the body of one’s literary work is
called in-text citation, and any citation outside the
body of the work has a different name but both are
called referencing.
• There are different kinds depending on the positioning
of the reference
• At the bottom, footnote; at the end of the chapter,
endnote and at the end of the book or dissertation,
references.
• There is also a reference page – where all references
cited in a work is recorded
• Bibliography

5. REFERENCING ELEMENTS
• Referencing elements consist of elements such
as: the name of the author(s), publication details
consisting of the year of publication, city of
publication and publisher, the title of an
information material which can be a book,
journal article or web page and page number.
• The author is usually written surname first,
followed by the first and middle name, titles are
excluded e.g. Dr, Mrs., Professor, etc.

6. Types of Referencing Styles
• Recognized methods of referencing by
bodies/associations. 7 are here listed.
• Modern Language Association (MLA) referencing style,
• Harvard referencing method
• American Psychological Association (APA)
• Chicago Manual of style
• Council of Science Editors (CSE) referencing style
• Oxford referencing style
• Vancouver referencing style, etc. etc.
• In this presentation, the first three will be discussed.
They are the most widely used referencing styles.

7. MLA: Instruction on Writing
• The first line of each paragraph is indented one-half of
an inch.
• Any quotation exceeding four lines has to be in block
text indented an inch on both sides of the margin of
the paper.
• In reference page, the second and following lines of
each reference entry is indented one-half of an inch.
• The reference list has to be arranged in alphabetical
order letter-by-letter not word-by-word.
• Authors’ names must be written in full and complete as
they appear on the text, not initials.

8. HARVARD REFERENCING METHOD
(16TH ED.)
In-text citation
• For in-text citation, a page number is required
whether you are paraphrasing, quoting or
summarizing: (Onuoha 2014, p. 12)
• Book: Middleton, V. T. C. & Hawkins, R. 1998,
Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective.
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Web page
Madukoma, E. 2008. Mirror on the wall. [online]
Available at: http://www.iahsll.edu.ng [Accessed
9 Jun. 2014].

9. HARVARD REFERENCING METHOD
(16TH ED.) Contd.
• Chapter in a book
Marshall, W. A. 1975, ‘The child as a mirror of his
brain’s development’. In: Sants, J & Butcher, H. J.
(eds). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks:
Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd.
• Journal article (print)
Unegbu, V. E. and Onuoha, U. D. 2013, ‘Library
and information science training for professional
recognition and development in Nigeria’,
International Journal of Business and Social
Science, 4(10), pp.267 - 271.

10. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE
• Adopted by writers in psychology, economics, education,
business, library and information science, and in many other
social science
• In-text Citation: When citing an author from a book or from a
journal in the body of book or any type of writing, the
author’s last name and the year of publication of the work are
required e.g. Okoro (2012) said that education is power. If the
paraphrasing comes before the author, then it would be:
Education is said to be power (Okoro, 2012).
• If they are multiple authors say V. E. Okoro and S. B. Adam.
The first example reads Okoro and Adam (2012) while the
second reads Okoro & Adam (2012). The difference is the use
of ‘and’ and “&”.

11. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE CONTD.
• Direct Quotation: If information is copied from a
source verbatim (exactly how it appeared on the
original work), the cited work must be enclosed
in parenthesis and the page of the source from
where it is quoted added. For example, “Any
analytical decision maker relies on information
that is systematically acquired” (Unegbu &
Oghenekome, 2011, p.45).
• APA referencing requires double spacing either
in-text or on reference page.

12. APA Style Examples
• One Author (Book)
Nwogu, J. A. (2005). Role of library
and information centres in disaster
management. Ibadan: Emaphine
Publishers.
Up to 7 or More Authors: Ayande, A.,
Okorie, V. C., Amaefule, E. N.,
Unegbu, C. C.,Amadi, Y. O., John, J.
J.,…. Ijaw, N. A. (2014). AIDS is
punishment for disobedient human
beings created in the image of God.
Owerri: Agu and Sons Printers
More than seven, then list the first six
names, put ellipsis and write the last
author.
• Chapter in a Book
Olusegun, K. A. (2013). Child-parent
relationships, peer relationships, and
peer-group pressure. In Okorie, E. C.
& Nwachukwu, A. B.(Eds.), Book of
relationships pressure and groups
(pp. 55-57). Owerri: Alao Printing
Press.
• Journal Article
Haliso, Y. & Onuoha, U. D. (2010).
Perceived influence of academic
qualifications, gender, religious
affiliation and ethnic sentiment on
mentoring practices among librarians
in selected university libraries in
Nigeria. African Research and
Documentation, 114 (4), 33-46.

13. APA Style Examples Contd.
• Magazine & Newspaper
Mathews, J., Berrett, D., &
Brillman, D. (2005, May 16).
Other winning equations.
Newsweek, 145(20), 58-59.
• Odinkalu, C. (2014, June
12). This crisis must not be
wasted. The Guardian:
Conscience, Nurtured by
truth.p.17.
• Author: Last, F. M. (Year,
Month, Date). Entry Name
[Def. Number]. In F. M. Last
(Ed.) & F. M. Last (Trans.),
Website Title. Retrieved
Month Date, Year, from URL
• Hemorrhage [Def. 1]. (n.d.).
Merriam-Webster Online. In
Merriam-Webster.
Retrieved January 2, 2013,
from http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/cita
tion.

14. APA: Encyclopedia from Database
• Holmes, H. (2003).
Advertising of food. In
S. H. Katz (Ed.),
"Advertising of Food"
Encyclopedia of Food
and Culture. Vol. 1, pp.
16-20). New York, NY:
Scribner’s. Retrieved
July 2, 2010, from
http://www.gale.cengag
e.com
• Bunson, M. R. (2012).
Historical overview. In
Encyclopedia on Ancient
Egypt. (3rd ed., pp. Xii-
Xv). New York, NY:
Infobase Publishing.
Retrieved January 3,
2013, from
http://www.infobasepu
blishing.com