Circulatory shock is the decreased blood flow throughout the body. During hypotensive conditions, the cardiac output decreases, and fails to supply all the body organs. Nervous system with pituitary gland is going to release hormones to stimulate the activity of homeostasis by kidneys If the blood pressure of vascular system falls below the normal levels, a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) is released from the endocrine cells (endocrine system) of the kidney and renin is released from the juxtra glomerular apparatus of the kidney. The activation of renin- angiotensin system (RAS) causes the secretion of aldosterone and anti diuretic hormone (ADH), which together causes increased thirst and fluid intake that in turn causes increase in blood volume and pressure via high absorption rate of fluids in the digestive tract (digestive system). Activation of RAS also causes increased red cell production that contributes for increasing the blood volume. Angiostensin converting enzyme is going to convert angiotentin I into angiotensin II & this is going to stimulate aldosterone to increase blood volume by increasing renal tubular reabsorption. If teh respiratory system is unable to eliminate higher bicarbonate through the CO2 may lead to high blood acidity with low pH after sever muscular activity then homeostasis is attained due to high conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II result in eliminating of high bicarbonate through renal system Aldosterone specifically increases sodium and water reabsorption from renal tubules and eliminates potassium finally increases venous return to improve blood pressure. Therefore, aldosterone is main manager of renal sodium ion concentration. Erythropoietin released -----> renin released --------> increased red blood cell production -------> aldosterone secreted from adrenal cortex due to activation of adrenal receptors---> vesicular release of hormonal protein---> vesicular release--> K+ eliminates & sodium input takes place -- ---------> ADH secreted -----------> Increased fluid intake and retention ---------> rising blood pressure Synthesis of hormone ---> storage of hormone in membrane vesicles --> vesicular release of hormone --> hormone circulation through blood stream ---> diffusion across target cell plasma membrane --> binding of hormone to receptor (because aldosretone is a steroidal mieralocorticoid acts on nuclear receptors of cells in the distal tubule and the collecting duct\'s principal cells in neuron) ---> receptor activation ---> target cell response to hormone Explanation: Considerable rise in peripheral resistance followed by activation of vasoconstriction finally result in increase in blood pressure. The posterior pituitary: It is composed of predominantly neuronal projections associated with axons of magnocellular neurosecretory cells. These projections are extending from posterior pituitary into hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and these neuronal cells secrete neurohypop.

1. Circulatory shock is the decreased blood flow throughout the body. During hypotensive
conditions, the cardiac output decreases, and fails to supply all the body organs. Nervous system
with pituitary gland is going to release hormones to stimulate the activity of homeostasis by
kidneys
If the blood pressure of vascular system falls below the normal levels, a hormone called
erythropoietin (EPO) is released from the endocrine cells (endocrine system) of the kidney and
renin is released from the juxtra glomerular apparatus of the kidney. The activation of renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) causes the secretion of aldosterone and anti diuretic hormone (ADH),
which together causes increased thirst and fluid intake that in turn causes increase in blood
volume and pressure via high absorption rate of fluids in the digestive tract (digestive system).
Activation of RAS also causes increased red cell production that contributes for increasing the
blood volume.
Angiostensin converting enzyme is going to convert angiotentin I into angiotensin II & this is
going to stimulate aldosterone to increase blood volume by increasing renal tubular reabsorption.
If teh respiratory system is unable to eliminate higher bicarbonate through the CO2 may lead to
high blood acidity with low pH after sever muscular activity then homeostasis is attained due to
high conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II result in eliminating of high bicarbonate
through renal system
Aldosterone specifically increases sodium and water reabsorption from renal tubules and
eliminates potassium finally increases venous return to improve blood pressure. Therefore,
aldosterone is main manager of renal sodium ion concentration.
Erythropoietin released -----> renin released --------> increased red blood cell production ------->
aldosterone secreted from adrenal cortex due to activation of adrenal receptors---> vesicular
release of hormonal protein---> vesicular release--> K+ eliminates & sodium input takes place --
---------> ADH secreted -----------> Increased fluid intake and retention ---------> rising blood
pressure
Synthesis of hormone ---> storage of hormone in membrane vesicles --> vesicular release of
hormone --> hormone circulation through blood stream ---> diffusion across target cell plasma
membrane --> binding of hormone to receptor (because aldosretone is a steroidal
mieralocorticoid acts on nuclear receptors of cells in the distal tubule and the collecting duct's
principal cells in neuron) ---> receptor activation ---> target cell response to hormone
Explanation:
Considerable rise in peripheral resistance followed by activation of vasoconstriction finally result
in increase in blood pressure.
The posterior pituitary: It is composed of predominantly neuronal projections associated with

2. axons of magnocellular neurosecretory cells. These projections are extending from posterior
pituitary into hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and these neuronal cells secrete
neurohypophysial hormones such as oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
directly into the blood that carrier to the site of action in the pheripheral region.
Hypothalamus initially detects the osmolarity of plasma and triggers stimulation of autonomic
nervous system to release adrenaline or epinephrine through autonomic ganglia innervated with
juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys result in release of renin. This renin has crucial role in
maintaining blood pressure via renin-angiostensin- mechanism. Normally adrenaline is a
hormone that stimulates higher blood pressure result in vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
increases peripheral resistance and, subsequently, increases blood pressure.
Normal healthy human being blood pressure should be below 120 mm of Hg of systolic blood
pressure and over 80 mm of Hg diastolic pressure. Blood pressure and homeostasis is under the
control of vasomotor center in the brain and this principal center regulates blood pressure in
addition to pituitary endocrine activity.
Loss of sodium causes decreased blood pressure and blood volume. In the course of maintenance
of normal homeostatic conditions, our body works through various hormones and enzymes.
When the blood pressure falls below the normal levels, a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) is
released from the endocrine cells of the kidney and renin is released from the juxtra-glomerular
apparatus of the kidney. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, and angiotensin-
converting enzyme converts AT I to AT II. Angiotensin II has pressor activity on vascular
smooth muscle.
Decreased fluid volume also stimulates the thirst center in the brain, which causes increased fluid
intake. Release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by the hypothalamus
(releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) that acts on anterior pituitary to release ACTH).
Aldosterone retains the sodium and excretes potassium. The two molecules cause increased fluid
intake and retention that in turn causes increase in blood volume and pressure.
Solution
Circulatory shock is the decreased blood flow throughout the body. During hypotensive
conditions, the cardiac output decreases, and fails to supply all the body organs. Nervous system
with pituitary gland is going to release hormones to stimulate the activity of homeostasis by
kidneys
If the blood pressure of vascular system falls below the normal levels, a hormone called
erythropoietin (EPO) is released from the endocrine cells (endocrine system) of the kidney and
renin is released from the juxtra glomerular apparatus of the kidney. The activation of renin-

3. angiotensin system (RAS) causes the secretion of aldosterone and anti diuretic hormone (ADH),
which together causes increased thirst and fluid intake that in turn causes increase in blood
volume and pressure via high absorption rate of fluids in the digestive tract (digestive system).
Activation of RAS also causes increased red cell production that contributes for increasing the
blood volume.
Angiostensin converting enzyme is going to convert angiotentin I into angiotensin II & this is
going to stimulate aldosterone to increase blood volume by increasing renal tubular reabsorption.
If teh respiratory system is unable to eliminate higher bicarbonate through the CO2 may lead to
high blood acidity with low pH after sever muscular activity then homeostasis is attained due to
high conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II result in eliminating of high bicarbonate
through renal system
Aldosterone specifically increases sodium and water reabsorption from renal tubules and
eliminates potassium finally increases venous return to improve blood pressure. Therefore,
aldosterone is main manager of renal sodium ion concentration.
Erythropoietin released -----> renin released --------> increased red blood cell production ------->
aldosterone secreted from adrenal cortex due to activation of adrenal receptors---> vesicular
release of hormonal protein---> vesicular release--> K+ eliminates & sodium input takes place --
---------> ADH secreted -----------> Increased fluid intake and retention ---------> rising blood
pressure
Synthesis of hormone ---> storage of hormone in membrane vesicles --> vesicular release of
hormone --> hormone circulation through blood stream ---> diffusion across target cell plasma
membrane --> binding of hormone to receptor (because aldosretone is a steroidal
mieralocorticoid acts on nuclear receptors of cells in the distal tubule and the collecting duct's
principal cells in neuron) ---> receptor activation ---> target cell response to hormone
Explanation:
Considerable rise in peripheral resistance followed by activation of vasoconstriction finally result
in increase in blood pressure.
The posterior pituitary: It is composed of predominantly neuronal projections associated with
axons of magnocellular neurosecretory cells. These projections are extending from posterior
pituitary into hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and these neuronal cells secrete
neurohypophysial hormones such as oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
directly into the blood that carrier to the site of action in the pheripheral region.
Hypothalamus initially detects the osmolarity of plasma and triggers stimulation of autonomic
nervous system to release adrenaline or epinephrine through autonomic ganglia innervated with
juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys result in release of renin. This renin has crucial role in
maintaining blood pressure via renin-angiostensin- mechanism. Normally adrenaline is a

4. hormone that stimulates higher blood pressure result in vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
increases peripheral resistance and, subsequently, increases blood pressure.
Normal healthy human being blood pressure should be below 120 mm of Hg of systolic blood
pressure and over 80 mm of Hg diastolic pressure. Blood pressure and homeostasis is under the
control of vasomotor center in the brain and this principal center regulates blood pressure in
addition to pituitary endocrine activity.
Loss of sodium causes decreased blood pressure and blood volume. In the course of maintenance
of normal homeostatic conditions, our body works through various hormones and enzymes.
When the blood pressure falls below the normal levels, a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO) is
released from the endocrine cells of the kidney and renin is released from the juxtra-glomerular
apparatus of the kidney. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, and angiotensin-
converting enzyme converts AT I to AT II. Angiotensin II has pressor activity on vascular
smooth muscle.
Decreased fluid volume also stimulates the thirst center in the brain, which causes increased fluid
intake. Release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by the hypothalamus
(releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) that acts on anterior pituitary to release ACTH).
Aldosterone retains the sodium and excretes potassium. The two molecules cause increased fluid
intake and retention that in turn causes increase in blood volume and pressure.